Organic Chemistry

Specific Name Reactions

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 Specific Name Reactions

Sandmeyer Reaction
 Specific Name Reactions

Gatterman Reaction Cu/HCl

ArCl+N2+CuX

Cu/HBr
ArBr+N2+CuX

Note: The yield in Sandmeyer reaction is found to

be better than Gattermann reaction
 Specific Name Reactions

Balz-Schiemann Reaction

+ +
−
→ Ar − N2 BrF4− ⎯⎯⎯
ArN2 Cl + HBF4 ⎯⎯ Heat
→ Ar − F + BF3 + N2

Fluoroboric acid
 Specific Name Reactions

Finkelstein Reaction R − X + NaI ⎯⎯

→R − I + NaX
( X = Cl,Br )

Note: This reaction in forward direction can be favoured

by precipitating NaX formed in dry acetone (according to
Le Chatelier’s principle).
 Specific Name Reactions

Swarts Reaction H3C − X + AgF ⎯⎯

→H3C − F + AgX
( X = Cl,Br )

Note: Finkelstein Reaction and Swarts Reaction are known

as halogen exchange reaction.
 Specific Name Reactions
dry ether
Wurtz Reaction CH3Br + 2Na + BrCH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3 − CH3 + 2NaBr
Bromomethane Ethane

dry ether
C2H5Br + 2Na + BrC2H5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → C2H5 − C2H5
Bromoethane n − Butane
 Specific Name Reactions

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

Fittig Reaction
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Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction

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Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction

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Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction

Note: Aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedel-

Crafts reaction because the carboxyl group is deactivating
and the catalyst aluminium chloride (Lewis acid) gets
bonded to the carboxyl group.
 Specific Name Reactions

Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction

 Specific Name Reactions

Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction

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Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction

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Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
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Kolbe’s Reaction
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Rosenmund Reduction
 Specific Name Reactions
+
Stephen reaction RCN + SnCl2 + HCl ⎯⎯
H3 O
→RCH = NH ⎯⎯→RCHO

Etard reaction
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Gatterman – Koch reaction

Clemmensen Reduction

(Clemmensen reduction)
 Specific Name Reactions

Wolff Kishner Reduction

(Wolff-Kishner reduction)
 Specific Name Reactions
+
Tollens’ test RCHO + 2  Ag (NH3 )2  3OH ⎯⎯
→RCOO + 2Ag + 2H2O + 4NH3

Fehling’s test R − CHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH ⎯⎯

→RCOO + Cu2O + 3H2O
Red-brown ppt
 Specific Name Reactions

Aldol reaction Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen

undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst
to form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones
(ketol), respectively. This is known as Aldol reaction.
 Specific Name Reactions

Aldol condensation.
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Cross aldol condensation:

 Specific Name Reactions

Cannizzaro reaction:
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Kolbe electrolysis
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Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ )reaction

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Gabriel phthalimide synthesis

Note: Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this

method because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic
substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide.
 Specific Name Reactions

Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction

Carbylamine reaction

Note: Secondary and tertiary amines do not show this reaction

and is used as a test for primary amines.
 Specific Name Reactions

Hinsberg’s Test (a) The reaction of benzenesulphonyl chloride with primary amine
yields N-ethylbenzenesulphonyl amide.
 Specific Name Reactions

Hinsberg’s Test (b) In the reaction with secondary amine, N,N-diethyl- benzenesulphonamide
is formed. Since N, Ndiethylbenzene sulphonamide does not contain any
hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom, it is not acidic and hence insoluble
in alkali.
 Specific Name Reactions

Hinsberg’s Test (c) Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride.

Note: This test is used for the distinction of primary, secondary and
tertiary amines and also for the separation of a mixture of amines.
However, these days benzenesulphonyl chloride is replaced by p-
toluenesulphonyl chloride.
 Specific Name Reactions

Coupling Reactions

p-Hydroxyazobenzene (orange dye)

Similarly the reaction of diazonium salt with aniline yields p-aminoazobenzene.

p-Aminoazobenzene (yellow dye)

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