Khon Kaen

Program: Chemical, Energy, and Environmental Engineering

University

Experimental design assisted by statistic methodology

Associate Professor Dr. Kitirote Wantala

Head of Chemical Kinetics and Applied Catalysis Laboratory (CKCL)
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering
Khon Kaen University

Website: https://sites.google.com/site/ckclkku12/
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

ค้นหาคาว่า Response Surface Methodology = 50,692 papers

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

ค้นหาคาว่า Factorial Design = 54,767 papers

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

ค้นหาคาว่า Response Surface Methodology = 3.7 ล้าน

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

งานอาจารย์ >30 งาน (>50%) ที่ใช้ Design of Experiment

เพราะ?????????????
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Approaches to Experimentation
➢ Build-test-fix

➢ One-factor-at-a-time (the classical approach)

➢ Designed experiments (DOE)

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Approaches to Experimentation: Build-Test-Fix

•Build-test-fix
–the trial-and-error approach
–“pound it to fit, paint it to match”
–impossible to know if true optimum achieved
•you quit when it works!
–consistently slow
•requires intuition, luck, rework
•re-optimization and continual trouble-shooting
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

One-factor-at-a-time experiments (OFAT)

➢ OFAT is a prevalent, but potentially disastrous type of
experimentation commonly used by many engineers and scientists in
both industry and academia.
➢ Tests are conducted by systematically changing the levels of one
factor while holding the levels of all other factors fixed. The “optimal”
level of the first factor is then selected.
➢ Subsequently, each factor in turn is varied and its “optimal” level
selected while the other factors are held fixed.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

One-factor-at-a-time experiments (OFAT)

➢ OFAT experiments are regarded as easier to implement, more easily
understood, and more economical than factorial experiments. Better
than trial and error.
➢ OFAT experiments are believed to provide the optimum
combinations of the factor levels.
➢ Unfortunately, each of these presumptions can generally be shown
to be false except under very special circumstances.
➢ The key reasons why OFAT should not be conducted:
▪ Do not provide adequate information on interactions
▪ Do not provide efficient estimates of the effects
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

One-factor-at-a-time experiments (OFAT)

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

One-factor-at-a-time experiments (OFAT)

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

One Factor at a Time is NOT a DOE

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Why experiments need to be designed

•For many, experimental design means unhappy memories

of mathematics or statistics lessons, and is generally
thought of something difficult that should be left to
statisticians

•WRONG on both counts.

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Why experiments need to be designed?

• Designing simple but good experiments doesn’t require

difficult mathematics.
•Instead, experimental design is more about common
sense, knowledge insight and careful planning.
•It does require a certain type of common sense, and there
are some basic rules.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Steps in Design of Experiment (DOE)

➢ Identify the appropriate response to characterize the process
➢ Select factors (experimental variables) and limit to 3-5 factors
➢ Determine low and high levels (values) to input variables
➢ A screening experiment may be used to identify variables that contribute
significantly to the response
➢ Select experimental design (design matrix or table)
➢ Perform experiment and remember to replicate and randomize the run order
➢ Analyze results using mean response by ANOVA, main and interaction
effects, and normal plot of effects
➢ Develop model and validate the results by confirmation runs
➢ Plot the response surface and optimize the response
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Key terms
➢ Experiment: Process of collecting sample data
➢ Design of Experiment: Plan for collecting the sample
➢ Response Variable: Variable measured in experiment (outcome, y)
➢ Experimental Unit: Object upon which the response y is measured
➢ Factors: Independent Variables
➢ Level: The value assumed by a factor in an experiment
➢ Treatment: A particular combination of levels of the factors in an
experiment
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

➢Main effect: The effect of a independent variable on experiment

➢Interaction:
–Effect of one input factor depends on levelof another input factor
➢Confounding:
-Where the effect of a variable has not been separated from the effect of
another variable
➢ Replication:
–Completely re-run experiment with same input levels
–Used to determine impact of measurement error
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Objectives of Design of Experiments

➢ Maximum Information using Minimum of Resources

➢ Determine Influence of Factors upon the Response

➢ Determine which combination of Factors and Levels Optimizes the

Response

➢ Identify Interactions

➢ Build Empirical Models (Equations)

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Screening to fine significantly to the response

Plackett-Burman Design of Experiments
➢Two level fractional factorials
➢Efficient estimations
➢Interactions between factors ignored
➢Used In Matrix Form
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Matrix Pattern of 7 Factors

Row f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7
r1 + + + - + - -
r2 - + + + - + -
r3 - - + + + - +
r4 + - - + + + -
r5 - + - - + + +
r6 + - + - - + +
r7 + + - + - - +
r8 - - - - - - -
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Parameters
Run order A B C D E F G Response
1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 9
2 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 11
3 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 2
4 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1
5 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 9
6 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 74
7 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 7
8 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4
Effect 72 -38 82 -68 -68 80 74
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

PB Design

➢ Only magnitude of effect is important

– Sign is meaningless

➢ In example, most → least important effects:

–[C, F, G] → A → D,E → B
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Major Approaches to DOE

➢ Factorial Design
➢ Taguchi Method (Orthogonal Arrays)
➢ Response Surface Design
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

What are factorial designs

➢ Two or more independent variables are manipulated in a single
experiment simultaneously
➢ They are referred to as factors
➢ The major purpose of the research is to explore their effects jointly
➢ Factorial design produce efficient experiments, each observation
supplies information about all of the factors
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Factorial vs. OFAT

➢ Factorial design -experimental trials or runs are performed
at all possible combinations of factor levels in contrast to
OFAT experiments.

➢ Factorial and fractional factorial experiments are among

the most useful multi-factor experiments for engineering and
scientific investigations.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

DOE -Factorial Designs

•Full factorial
–simplest design to create, but extremely inefficient
–each factor tested at each condition of the factor
–number of tests: N = Xk where X = number of conditions, k = number of factors
•example: 8 factors, 2 conditions each,
N = 28= 256 tests
–results analyzed with ANOVA

–cost: resources, time, materials, …

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Coding
➢ In order to normalize the data and eliminate unit confusion, it is common
practice to code the levels
➢ Coding Values:
Coded value = (Original value –Mean) / (Range / 2)

➢ Example:
To code the original values of factors:
low coded value = -1 or –
high coded value= 1 or +
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Main Effect Interaction Effect

Actual Run A B C AB AC BC ABC Response
5 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 66
2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 70
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 66
4 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 71
3 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 66
6 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 73
8 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 68
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 72
SUM 20 2 6 -2 2 0 -4 552
Diviser 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8
Effect 5 0.5 1.5 -0.5 0.5 0 -1 69

Only the main effect A is significant

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

The normal probability plot of the effects is

Effect i Percentile Normal Percentile

ABC -1 1 0.071429 -1.465233793
AB -0.5 2 0.214286 -0.791638608
BC 0 3 0.357143 -0.366106357
B 0.5 4 0.5 0
AC 0.5 5 0.642857 0.366106357
C 1.5 6 0.785714 0.791638608
A 5 7 0.928571 1.465233793
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

ANOVA to Analyze the Experimental Design Results

ANOVA is commonly used to analyze the experimental design results with the
software available today. Below is the ANOVA table for this design that was
generated from the SPC for Excel software.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Normal Probability Plot

EXCEL:
Percentile pi= (i-0.5)/n
Normal percentile =NORMSINV(pi)
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Taguchi method
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

RSM is used to analyze problems where there are several
variables influencing the response and the purpose of the
experiment is to optimize the response.

Let’s say we’re dealing with two factors that affect the
response Y. Then the model is Y = f(X1, X2) where f(X1, X2)
is a response surface.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

If there is some curvature in the relationship, we try a second-

order polynomial to fit the response.

No model ever perfectly fits the relationship, but over a

relatively small region, they seem to work pretty well.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Response Surface Designs

The following designs are widely used for fitting a quadratic model:
•Central Composite Design (uniform precision of effect estimates)
•Box-Behnken Design (almost uniform precision of effect estimates,
but usually fewer runs required than for CCD)
The choice between these models is usually decided by the
availability of these designs for a given number of runs and number
of factors.
Note that there are other suitable designs (usually available in
statistical software that supports DOE).
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Central Composite Design

A CCD consists of 3 parts:

•factorialpoints
•axialpoints
•centre points

A CCD is often executed by adding

points to an already performed
2k-design (highly efficient, but beware
of blocking!).
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Box-Behnken designs
These are designs that
consists of combinations from
2k-designs.
Properties:

•efficient (few runs)

•(almost) rotatable

•no corner points of hypercube(these are extreme conditions which are often
hard to set)
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Techniques of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Three principal techniques
➢Setting up a series of experiments.
➢Determining a mathematical model that best fits the data
collected.
➢Determining the optimal settings of the experimental factors
that produce the optimum value of the response.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Paper 1. Response surface optimization of the photocatalytic

decolorization of a simulated dyestuff effluent
M.S. Secula, G.D. Suditu, I. Poulios, C. Cojocaru, I. Cretescu,
Chemical Engineering Journal 141 (2008) 18–26

Paper 2. Optimization for decolorization of azo dye acid

green 20 by ultrasound and H2O2 using response
surface methodology
Zhanmei Zhang, Huaili Zheng
Journal of Hazardous Materials 172 (2009) 1388–1393
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Paper 1.
• The photocatalytic decolorization
• the azo dye Reactive Black 5 as colorant
•a commercial available TiO2 powder as catalyst.
• The optimization of the reaction parameters of the Reactive Black 5 (RB5)
photodegradation was performed by response surface methodology based on
central composite design.
• The color removal efficiency was selected as the response for optimization
• The experimental factors
•TiO2 dose
•The initial concentrations of H2O2
•The initial concentrations of Fe3+.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

DOE based on central composite

Central Composite Design
Factors: 3 Replicates: 1
Base runs: 16 Total runs: 16
Base blocks: 1 Total blocks: 1

Two-level factorial: Full factorial

Cube points: 8
Center points in cube: 2
Axial points: 6
Center points in axial: 0

Alpha: 1.215
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Design Table
Run A B C Run A B C
1 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 9 -1.215 0.000 0.000
2 1.000 -1.000 -1.000 10 1.215 0.000 0.000
3 -1.000 1.000 -1.000 11 0.000 -1.215 0.000
4 1.000 1.000 -1.000 12 0.000 1.215 0.000
5 -1.000 -1.000 1.000 13 0.000 0.000 -1.215
6 1.000 -1.000 1.000 14 0.000 0.000 1.215
7 -1.000 1.000 1.000 15 0.000 0.000 0.000
8 1.000 1.000 1.000 16 0.000 0.000 0.000
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

START → All program → Minitab 15 →

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Factorial → Run number > 2K + 2Q

K = number of effects
Q = number of numerical effects
Factorial technique used to study the text effects
such as:
Compared → between Catalyst A and Catalyst B
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Response Surface →
Response Surface technique used to study the numeric
effects such as:
•Catalyst loading
•pH
•Temperature
•Etc.
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Stat → DOE → Response Surface → Create RSD

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Central composite → Number of factors

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Design → Number of center points? → Value of Alpha?

→ Number of replicates?
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Factors become to active → Factors

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Factors → In put Name? Range? (low and high)

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Results → Summary table and design table →[OK]→[OK]

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

After pushed [OK] → The design table is shown.

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

You have to set up experiments following run order

After finish the experiment process→ in put % removal data
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

After finish in put % removal data

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Stat → DOE → Response Surface → Analyze RSD

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Analyze RSD → Color removal (%)→Select

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Term → Linear / Linear + squares / etc.

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Graphs → Standardized → Residuals plots

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Results → Full table ….

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Storage… → Click choose data (show in table)→[OK]

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

<3.5

Well scatter Lying on strength line

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Response Surface Regression: Colour remov versus [TiO2] g/L, [Fe3+] mg/L, ...
The analysis was done using coded units.
Estimated Regression Coefficients for Colour removal efficiency (%)

Term Coef SE Coef T P

Constant 95.2380 4.491 21.206 0.000
[TiO2] g/L 2.7499 2.469 1.114 0.308 95% Confidence
[Fe3+] mg/L 5.1142 2.469 2.071 0.084
[H2O2] mg/L 2.2045 2.469 0.893 0.406 PValue < 0.05
[TiO2] g/L*[TiO2] g/L 2.4646 3.742 0.659 0.535 Significant effect
[Fe3+] mg/L*[Fe3+] mg/L -7.7706 3.742 -2.076 0.083
[H2O2] mg/L*[H2O2] mg/L 2.4907 3.742 0.666 0.530
[TiO2] g/L*[Fe3+] mg/L 0.5428 2.889 0.188 0.857 PValue > 0.05
[TiO2] g/L*[H2O2] mg/L -0.9992 2.889 -0.346 0.741 Insignificant effect
[Fe3+] mg/L*[H2O2] mg/L 0.7412 2.889 0.257 0.806

S = 8.17071 PRESS = 3409.19

R-Sq = 65.42% R-Sq(pred) = 0.00% R-Sq(adj) = 13.56%
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Analysis of Variance for Colour removal efficiency (%)

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Regression 9 757.93 757.926 84.214 1.26 0.402
Linear 3 422.51 422.512 140.837 2.11 0.200
Square 3 320.67 320.674 106.891 1.60 0.285
Interaction 3 14.74 14.740 4.913 0.07 0.972
Residual Error 6 400.56 400.563 66.760
Lack-of-Fit 5 400.31 400.308 80.062 314.09 0.043
Pure Error 1 0.25 0.255 0.255
Total 15 1158.49
F regression > 4 : Pvalue < 0.05 → Precision
F regression < 4 : Pvalue > 0.05 → Precision
F Lack-of-Fit < 4 : Pvalue > 0.05 → Precision
F Lack-of-Fit > 4 : Pvalue < 0.05 → Precision
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Create contour and surface plots

Stat→ DOE→Response surface→ contour/surface plots
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Click contour plot → Generate plots for all pairs of factors

On separate graphs
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Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Click contour→ Used defaults or other? → data display

Area
Contour
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Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Click surface plot → Set up

→Generate plots for all pairs of factors→ set up the same contour plot

[OK]

[OK]
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

R-Sq = 65.42% R-Sq(adj) = 13.56%

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Paper 2. (good results)

• The photocatalytic decolorization
• the azo dye Azo dye AG 20 as colorant
•The optimization of the reaction parameters of the Azo dye AG 20
decolorization was performed by response surface methodology based on
Box-Behnken design
• The color removal efficiency was selected as the response for optimization
• The experimental factors
•Power density (W/ml)
•pH
•The initial concentrations of H2O2 (mM)
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

DOE based on Box-Behnken Design

Box-Behnken Design

Factors: 3 Replicates: 1
Base runs: 15 Total runs: 15
Base blocks: 1 Total blocks: 1

Center points: 3
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Design Table
Run A B C Run A B C
1 -1 -1 0 10 0 +1 -1
2 +1 -1 0 11 0 -1 +1
3 -1 +1 0 12 0 +1 +1
4 +1 +1 0 13 0 0 0
5 -1 0 -1 14 0 0 0
6 +1 0 -1 15 0 0 0
7 -1 0 +1
8 +1 0 +1
9 0 -1 -1
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

START → All program → Minitab 15 →

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Stat → DOE → Response Surface → Create RSD

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Box-Behken→ Number of factors

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Design → Number of center points? →Number of replicates?

Without alpha value

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Factors → In put Name? Range? (low and high)

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

After that, we also set up value the same previous

example and analyze RSD
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

After finish in put % removal data

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

<3.5

Well scatter Lying on strength line

 Thammasat
Program: NCE-EHWM / Chemical Engineering
University

Estimated Regression Coefficients for Observed (Y) %

Term Coef SE Coef T P
Constant 90.900 0.5088 178.671 0.000
Power density (W/ml) 2.475 0.3115 7.944 0.001
pH 22.338 0.3115 71.698 0.000
H2O2 concentration (mM) 3.613 0.3115 11.595 0.000
Power density (W/ml)* -5.650 0.4586 -12.320 0.000
Power density (W/ml)
pH*pH -28.125 0.4586 -61.330 0.000
H2O2 concentration (mM)* -6.425 0.4586 -14.010 0.000
H2O2 concentration (mM)
Power density (W/ml)*pH 1.075 0.4406 2.440 0.059
Power density (W/ml)* 1.675 0.4406 3.802 0.013
H2O2 concentration (mM)
pH*H2O2 concentration (mM) 3.000 0.4406 6.809 0.001
S = 0.881192 PRESS = 47.82
R-Sq = 99.95% R-Sq(pred) = 99.34% R-Sq(adj) = 99.85%
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Analysis of Variance for Observed (Y) %

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Regression 9 7222.89 7222.89 802.54 1033.54 0.000
Linear 3 4145.12 4145.12 1381.71 1779.40 0.000
Square 3 3025.93 3025.93 1008.64 1298.96 0.000
Interaction 3 51.85 51.85 17.28 22.26 0.003
Residual Error 5 3.88 3.88 0.78
Lack-of-Fit 3 2.84 2.84 0.95 1.82 0.374
Pure Error 2 1.04 1.04 0.52
Total 14 7226.78
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

R-Sq = 99.95% R-Sq(adj) = 99.85%

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

From contour and surface plot → optimum condition

STAT→ DOE→ RS → Response Optimizer
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Selected→ % removal → set up

 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Selected→ Target / maximum→ lower/target/upper

[OK]

[OK]
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University

Results→ The optimum condition → validation at

this point > 5 times to check the model
 Khon Kaen
Program: Chemical Engineering/ Environmental Engineering
University