Hazard Identification and Control

DR. ERIS ELIANDDY BIN SUPENI

OUTLINES

• Definition Hazard, Risk, and Danger

• Types of Hazard
• Hazard Identification and Analysis Definition and its
importance
• Risk Assessment Definition, and its methodologies
(Quantitative and Qualitative)
• Risk Control Definition and its importance
• Occupational Safety Analysis
• Control program in measuring and monitoring environment

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DEFINITION OF HAZARD, RISK, AND DANGER

Hazard
A condition with the potential of causing injury to
personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of
material, or lessening of the ability to perform prescribed
function (Goetsch, 2017)

Risk
A likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers
adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard (Health &
Safety Authority, 2019)

Danger
A possibility of suffering harm or injury

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TYPES OF HAZARD

Physical / Ergonomic
Chemical /
Mechanical (Falling, Impact,
Dust
vison etc)

Temperature
extreme Noise &
Vibration
Types of
Biological Hazard Pressure

Radiation Electrical

Fire

Low
HAZARD MANAGEMENT

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

Part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, item,

thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm.

When the hazard identification is done?

1) During design and implementation

Designing a new process or procedure
Purchasing and installing new machinery

2) Before tasks are done

Checking equipment or following processes
Reviewing surroundings before each shift

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (CONT)

3) While tasks are being done

Be aware of changes, abnormal conditions, or sudden emissions

4) During inspections
Formal, informal, supervisor, health and safety committee

5) After incidents
Near misses or minor events
Injuries

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METHODS OF IDENTIFYING HAZARD

• Review of documents and

publications
• Inspection and observation
Measurement of the
atmosphere monitoring the
environment or medical
surveillance of workers
• Hazard Analysis

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WHERE TO FIND THE INFORMATION ABOUT HAZARD?

1. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)

2. Manufacturer’s operating instructions, manuals, etc.
3. Test or monitor for exposure (occupational hygiene testing
such as chemical or noise exposure)
4. Results of any job safety analysis
5. Experiences of other organizations similar to yours
6. Trade or safety associations
7. Information, publications, alerts, etc. as published by
reputable organizations, labour unions, or government
agencies
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HAZARD ANALYSIS

A systematic process for identifying hazards and recommending

corrective action

Why?
Ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

TWO approaches to do hazard analysis

1)Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
2)Detailed Hazard Analysis (DHA)

Meng Xi
 COMPARISON BETWEEN PHA AND DHA
PHA DHA
Examine likelihood of an accident being Application of analytical, inductive, and
caused by hazard, severity of injury, deductive methods
illness, or property damage

Checklist Failure Mode and Effect analysis (FMEA)

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Hazard and operability review (HAZOP)
Human Error Analysis (HEA)
Risk Analysis
Technic of operation review (TOR)

Meng Xi
RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk assessment is the process of evaluating risks to workers'

safety and health from workplace hazards

Why important?

Risk assessment help us to ensure that hazards don't cause

incidents and losses. We may not to be able to eliminate all of
hazards, however we can minimize the probability of incidents
occurring through risk assessment.

Meng Xi
 METHODS IN RISK ASSESSMENT
Qualitative
Based upon personal judgement
backed by more generalized
data.
•Checklist technique
•Failure Mode and Effect
Analysis (FMEA)
•Hazard Operability Analysis
(HAZOP)
Quantitative
Based on known risk information
applied to circumstances being
considered
•Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
•Hazard Analysis (HAZAN)
•HRA (Human Reliability
Assessment)
•Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
•Failure Mode, Effect and
Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
Meng Xi
QUALITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT

• Qualitative risk assessment aims to determine

impact and probability of risk in safety fields
by using different scale: low, medium, and
high

Yoges
HAZOP[Hazard & Operability Studies]

Chemical process systems

Study that identifies –> extended to other types
hazards and operability of systems -> complex
problems operation & software
systems

Only predict problems

Analysis method that
associated with system or
develop by Chemical and
process failures
process Industries

Yoges
HAZOP PROCESSES

Yoges
HAZOP EXAMPLES

Yoges
FMEA (FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS)

 Examine potential failures in different products, designs,

processes, and services

 Helps avoid costs incurred from product failure and liability

 Developed in the USA in the 1960s by national aeronautics

space agency (NASA)

Yoges
FMEA PROCESS

Yoges
FMEA EXAMPLE

Description of FMEA Worksheet

Protection:The spreadsheets are not protected or locked.

S ys te m Potential F M EA Num be r

S ubs ys te m Failure Mode and Effects Analysis P re pa re d B y

C o m po ne nt (Design FMEA) F M EA Da te

De s ign Le a d Ke y Da te R e vis io n Da te
C o re Te a m P a ge of

Ac tio n R e s ults
P o t e nt ia l P R e s p o n s ib ilit y
P o t e n t ia l P o t e n tia l S C u rre n t D R R e c o m m e nde

Ne w RPN
Ne w S e v

Ne w De t
Ne w Oc c
It e m / C a u s e (s ) / r & T a rg e t A c t io n s
F a ilu re E f fe c t( s ) e D e s ig n e P d
F u n c tio n M e c h a n is m (s o C o m p le t io n Ta ke n
M o d e (s ) o f F a ilu re v C o n t ro ls t N A c tio n ( s )
) o f F a ilu re b D a te

C o o la nt C ra c k/bre a k. Le a k 8 Ove r pre s s ure 8 B urs t, va lida tio n 1 64 Te s t inc lude d in J .P . Aguire 11/1/95
c o nta inm e nt. B urs t. Side wa ll pre s s ure c yc le . pro to type a nd E. Eglin 8/1/96
Ho s e fle x. B a d s e a l. pro duc tio n
c o nne c tio n. P o o r ho s e re te va lida tio n te s ting.
C o o la nt fill. M

Write down each failure Response Plans and Tracking

mode and potential
consequence(s) of that
Risk Priority Number - The combined weighting
Severity - On a scale of 1- of Severity, Likelihood, and Detectability.
10, rate the Severity of RPN = Sev X Occ X Det
each failure (10= most
severe). See Severity

Likelihood - Write down Detectability - Examine the current

the potential cause(s), and design, then, on a scale of 1-10,
on a scale of 1-10, rate the rate the Detectability of each failure
Likelihood of each failure (10 = least detectable). See
(10= most likely). See Detectability sheet.

Yoges
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT

Quantitative risk assessment is sought to obtain some numerical

results that express the probability of each risk factor and its
consequences (Mazareanu,2007)

Advantage Disadvantage

Considers frequency Difficult to find data on risks

(occurrence) and severity in a
more comprehensive and
complex way than other
methods
Have high level of subjectivity
in the assumptions driving an
“objective” quantitative
analysis
Adhe
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

Definition
FTA is a systematic method of system analysis which examines
systems from top to down
It provides graphical symbols for ease of understanding
Incorporates mathematical tools to focus on critical area

Purposes of FTA
Identify potential causes of system failure before the failures
actually occur
Evaluate the probability of the top event using analytical or
statistical method
(Marshall, 2012)

Adhe
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (SYMBOLS)

• There are two types of symbols:

a. Gate symbols  shows the relation between events
b. Event symbols  shows the type of events

Gate Symbols Event Symbols

OR gate denotes that an

output event occurs if
any one of the input
events occur
Basic fault event (P)
Undeveloped event (S)  lack of
information

AND gate denotes that

Intermediate event (G) 
an output event occurs if
combination of fault events
all the input events occur
Conditional event (C)  restriction
that applies to a logic gate

Adhe
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (HOW TO USE)

a) Define the fault condition (top level failure)

b) Determine the possible reasons for the failure to occur
(using technical information and professional judgments)
c) Continue to break down each element with additional gates
to lower levels. Consider the relationship between the
element to determine “and” or an “or” logic gate
d) Finalize and review the complete diagram
e) Evaluate the probability of occurrence for each of the lowest
level elements and calculate the statistical probabilities from
the bottom up

Adhe
 FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (EXAMPLE AND CALCULATION)
(Pandey,2005)

Top event (T) T1

Event Probability
Basic (P) 0.01
Conditional (C) 0.50
AND  Multiplication (X)
Undeveloped (S) 0.001

Intermediate G2
G1
event
(G) T = G1.G2
G1 = P1 + P2 + P3
OR  plus (+) G2 = P4 + P5

G1 = (0.01)x 3 = 0.03
G2 = (0.01)x 2 = 0.02
T = (0.03)(0.02) = 0.0006
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

Basic Event (P)

Adhe
TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN ERROR RATE PREDICTION (DEFINITION)

• The risk assessment should not ignore the role of human in

accidental events and the consequences that may derive from
human error

• THERP is a technique in the field of human reliability

assessment (HRA)

• THERP aims to calculate probability of successful

performance of necessary activities for realization of a task

• THERP is using a fault tree approach

Adhe
TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN ERROR RATE PREDICTION (ASSUMPTION)

Human error can be broken down into two categories:

1)Error of Omission – leaving out a step of the task or the whole

task itself
2)Error commission
•Errors of selection – error in use of controls or in issuing of
commands
•Errors of sequence – required action is carried out in the wrong
order
•Errors of timing – task is executed before or after when required
•Errors of quantity – inadequate amount or in excess

Adhe
TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN ERROR RATE PREDICTION (STEPS)

a) Decompose operator tasks into elements

b) List and analyze the related human operations
c) Identify human errors that can occur and the relevant
human error recovery modes
d) Assign nominal HEPs to each element
e) Determine of effects of PSF (performance shaping factor) on
each element
f) Calculate effects of dependence between tasks
g) Model human actions in an HRA risk model; eg: event tree
analysis

Adhe
TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN ERROR RATE PREDICTION (Example)

Adhe
TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN ERROR RATE PREDICTION (Example)

Adhe
TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN ERROR RATE PREDICTION (Example)

Adhe
EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA)

• ETA is a system model representing

system safety based on the safeties
of subevents.

• Called an event tree because the

graphical presentation of sequenced
events grows like a tree as the
number of events increase

• ETA consists of an initiating event,

probable subsequent events and
final results caused by the sequence
of events

Adhe
EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA) - STEPS

Adhe
EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA) - Example

Adhe
 EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA) – Example of Explosion

Accident sequences
How to determine the accident sequence ?

Start with first significant

deviation that may lead to
unwanted consequences

Probability of an
event
Is it possible to have more than 2 alternatives?

Frequency of the accidental event

Adhe
 EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA) – Pros and Cons

 Pros
• Visualize event chains following an accidental event
• Visualize barriers and sequence of activation
• Good basis for evaluating the need

 Cons
• No standard for the graphical representation of the event tree
• Only one initiating event can be studied in each analysis
• Easy to overlook subtle system dependencies
• Not well suited for handling common cause failures in the quantitative
analyses
• The event tree does not show acts of omission

Adhe
 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)
1.What is JSA
A process through which all the
various steps in a job are
identified and listed in order

• Needs to be done in steps

• Analysing any potential
hazards
• Establishing procedures for
decreasing hazard potential

Malinka
TASK ASSESSMENT (1)

• Has a narrower scope

• Focuses on the job performed
• Does not trust in single memory
• Detects the unfounded hazards
• Raises safety and health awareness
• Identifies the safest methods of doing the job
• Improves the communication between workers and
supervisors
• Brings training opportunities

Malinka
SAFE METHOD (2)

ELIMINATE THE HAZARDS

Try different approach to achieve the same objectives

ENGINEERING CONTROL
Install guards; Use different tools and materials

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Training; Signs; Job planning and inspection

PPE - PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

The last resort for protecting workers

Zhao
IMPLEMENTING THE JSA (3)

Implementing JSA among Employees

PLANNING IDENTIFICATION EXECUTION

 Establish JSA group  Identify strength and  Develop training

 Give the group weakness section to employee
awareness training  Identify improvement  Record hazards from
 Develop safety and  Check working employees
health principles environment  Timely feedback

Zhao
MONITORING THE SYSTEM (4)

Example:
All monitoring steps in terms of ensuring corrective action is
taken

Zhao
PROMOTING SAFETY

Safety Rules and Regulations

1.Organization must have rules
2.Knowledge about the rules
3.Enforced objectively and consistently
The law tends to view employers who do not meet these three
criteria as being negligent

Hazrol
DEVELOPING SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS

Hazrol
PROMOTING SAFETY

Hazrol
PROMOTING SAFETY

Suggestion Program Visual Awareness

Sample of safety suggestion form

Hazrol
PROMOTING SAFETY

Hazrol
ENVIRONMENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Hazardous Waste Waste Reduction

Reduction Standard Program

Hazrol
STEPS IN ESTABLISHING WASTE REDUCTION PROGRAM

Hazrol
Waste Reduction Auditing

1. Target the Processes

2. Analyze the Processes

3. Identify Reduction Alternatives

4. Consider the Cost-Benefit Ratio for Each Alternative

5. Select the Best Option

Hazrol
WHAT IS RISK CONTROL

Risk control is a series of methods and measures by

which firms evaluate potential losses and take
action to reduce or eliminate such threats.

Shao
THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

Shao
 RISK CONTROL CYCLE

Identify
assets
Implement
control Plan for
maintenance

Prepare ranked
vulnerability risk
Assess Measure risk to
worksheet
controls asset

Develop
control
strategy &
plans Adequate Yes Acceptable risk
Controls? Yes

No
No

Shao
 RISK CONTROL STRATEGIES

1. Avoidance
Applying safeguards that eliminate or reduce the
remaining uncontrolled risks for the vulnerability
2. Transference
Shifting the risk to other areas or to outside entities
3. Mitigation
Reducing the impact should the vulnerability be exploited
4. Acceptance
Understanding the consequences and accepting the risk
without control or mitigation
Shao
References
Goetsch,D.L.(2015). Hazard Analysis / Prevention and Safety
Management. In Occupational safety and health for
technologists, engineers, and managers (8th ed.). Pearson
Hazards and Risk - Health and Safety Authority. (2018). Retrieved
from https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/
Texas Department of Insurance Division of Workers’ Compensation
Workplace & Medical Services, Outreach & Education.
(n.d.). Fault Tree Analysis. Retrieved from
https://www.tdi.texas.gov/pubs/videoresource/stpfaulttree.
pdf
Johnson, K.G. and Khan, M.K. (2003) A Study into the Use of the
Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA) in the
Automotive Industry in the UK. Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 139, 348-
356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00542-9
TERIMA KASIH / THANK YOU
www.upm.edu.my