Centroid - Introduction

25 November 2020 09:38

Lines of action of forces

Centre of earth

A body is subjected to gravitational force directed towards the center of the earth.

The magnitude of this force depends on the mass of the body.

Since the size of the bodies are small when compared to the size of the earth, gravitational forces can be assumed
to be parallel.

Centre of Gravity:

The point at which the whole weight of the body may be assumed to be concentrated.

The point through which the resultant gravitational force (weight) of the body acts for any orientation of the body.

A body has only one center of gravity for all positions of the body and is represented by CG or simply G or C

Centroid

The term "center of gravity" applies to the bodies with mass and weight, while the term "centroid" applies to plane
areas (when the calculation concerns a geometrical shape only).

In case of plane figures such as rectangle, triangle, circle, semicircle, etc if the total area is concentrated at one and
only one point it is defined as centroid.

Centroid is the point in a plane area such that the moment of the area, about any axis, through that point is zero.

Centroid_MI Page 1
Centroid_MI Page 2
Centroid of simple figures
25 November 2020 10:11

Using method of moments (First moment of area)

Moment of Total area ‘A’ about y-axis = Algebraic Sum of moment of elemental ‘dA’ about the same axis

Centroid_MI Page 3
Axis of Symmetry
25 November 2020 10:30

It is an axis w.r.t. which for an elementary area on one side of the axis , there is a corresponding elementary area on
the other side of the axis (the first moment of these elementary areas about the axis balance each other)
If an area has an axis of symmetry, then the centroid must lie on that axis.
If an area has two axes of symmetry, then the centroid must lie at the point of intersection of these axes.

Centroid_MI Page 4
Standard Cases (From first principles) - Rectangle
25 November 2020 11:13

Centroid_MI Page 5
Right angled Triangle
25 November 2020 11:17

Centroid_MI Page 6
Semicircle
25 November 2020 11:20

Centroid_MI Page 7
Centroid_MI Page 8
Problem 1
25 November 2020 12:01

Locate the position of centroid of hatched portion with respect to reference axes shown

Centroid_MI Page 9
Problem 2
25 November 2020 12:06

Locate the centroid of shaded area with respect to the axes shown in the figure

Centroid_MI Page 10
Problem 3
25 November 2020 12:09

Calculate the centroidal coordinate of shaded area shown in figure with respect to given
reference axis AB

Centroid_MI Page 11
General
03 December 2020 09:46 AM

Centroid_MI Page 12
Second Moment of Area
25 November 2020 12:10

• The product of area and square of the distance from reference axis is called second moment of area about the reference axis.

• Also known as Moment of Inertia represented by ‘I’.

• The axis about which the second moment of area of a plane figure is considered, is denoted by the subscripts

Iox = ∫y2dA
Ioy = ∫x2dA

where:
‘y’ and ‘x’ are the distance of the elemental area dA from X and Y axes respectively.

The moment of inertia of the entire area A about the pole ‘O’ (Z-axis) is, by similar definition
Ioz = ∫r2dA, known as polar moment of inertia.

Ioz = Iox + Ioy - Perpendicular axis theorem

The moment of inertia of an area is purely mathematical property of the area and in itself has no
physical significance.

Second moment of area can be considered as the sum of a number of elements each consisting of
an area multiplied by distance squared

• Second moment of area can be considered as the sum of a number of elements each consisting
of an area multiplied by distance squared.

• The dimension of the second moment of area is given by L4 and its unit is m4.

• Sign of each term is positive since the distance is squared.

• The first moment of area about the centroidal axis is zero whereas the second moment of area
about the centroidal axis is non zero.

• Moment of inertia plays a major role in design of beams, columns, machine and also helps in
selection of members in structural design.

Centroid_MI Page 13
Applications
25 November 2020 12:30

Moment of inertia (MI) is merely a mathematical term. However when used in combination with other terms (given below) it has significance

Bending Formula

Torsion Formula

Deflection formula

Column formula

Moment of inertia plays a major role in design of beams, columns, machine and also helps in selection of members in structural design.

Centroid_MI Page 14
Radius of Gyration
25 November 2020 12:54

Radius of gyration is defined as a constant distance of all elemental areas which have been rearranged without altering the total moment of inertia.

It is the distance from the axis to a point where the concentrated area of
the same size could be placed to have the same second moment of area
with respect to the given axis.

Centroid_MI Page 15
 Parallel Axis Theorem
25 November 2020 02:59

Moment of inertia of any area about an axis AB is equal to the

M.I. about parallel centroidal axis plus the product of the total
area and square of the distance between the two axes.

Centroid_MI Page 16
Standard Cases - Rectangle
25 November 2020 04:54

(Moment of Inertia by direct integration)

Centroid_MI Page 17
Triangle
25 November 2020 05:00

Centroid_MI Page 18
Centroid_MI Page 19
Circle
25 November 2020 05:13

Centroid_MI Page 20
Centroid_MI Page 21
Problem 4
25 November 2020 05:15

Find M.I about horizontal centroidal axis for the area shown. Also calculate radius of gyration

Centroid_MI Page 22
Centroid_MI Page 23
Centroid_MI Page 24
Problem 5
02 December 2020 12:45

Determine M.I with respect to reference axes Y-Y shown

Centroid_MI Page 25
Centroid_MI Page 26
Problem 6
02 December 2020 12:56

Determine second moment of area about centroidal horizontal and vertical axes

Centroid_MI Page 27
Centroid_MI Page 28
Problem 7
02 December 2020 02:31

Compute MI about vertical centroidal axis

Centroid_MI Page 29