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Cir THE CANADIAN! = Arctic Inuit’ woman's packing parka to carry baby snow (there are many different words to describe snow) the area north of the treeline an imaginary line that marks twenty-four hours of continuous daylight for at least one day a year jacket frled bread made of flour and lard introduced by traders @ fierce winter snow storm fish ice a house (igloo) school snowhouse; a dome- shaped house made. of snow blocks ©1998 S&S Leaming Materials Limited @ lh | innait: elder Inuit the people; name. given to people of the Canadian Arctic nuk: aman inuksuit; stone markers on the tundra shaped like a man In It: the common language of the Canadian Inuit boots made of Caribou or seal skin polar bear; shown on the Canadian $2 coin (nanook) REE : seal Northem Lights: Aurora Borealis; coloured lights in the winter sky that wave up and down. Duna; land Nunavut: “Our Land”, the newest Canadian territory under Inuit rule J37child parka: hooded jacket, from Alaskan Aleut permafrost: — permanent frozen ground, a large amount of Nunavut is covered with permanently frozen ground pualu: mittens Qablunaat: a white man; non- native (kabloonag) gammag: sod house gomutik: sled pulled by dog teams; sled now made of wood and Pulled by snowmobiles (komatik) gayaq: kayak; one-man hunting or fishing boat quiliq: stone lamp used for heat and light ¢kudluk) sod: soil mixed with grass and roots, formed into bricks to build a sod house tundra: tupik: ©1998 $ &$ Leaming Materials Limited 8 the “line* which halts the growth of Boreal Forest, North of the treeline is tundra caribou; arctic deer; shown on the Canadian 25¢ coin treeless; Arctic plains; Covered in marsh and lakes tent snowy Owl; shown on the Canadian $50 dollar bill (ookpik) a half-moon-shaped woman's knife with a metal blade and bone handle a large open boat made of a wood or whalebone frame covered with watrus hide or seal skinsiP = Matching ff Match the Picture to the word. Word Study, 3 kayak —__ ulu snowknife Snowhouse (igiu)___ kamiks (boots) —__ harpoon —_ stone lamp (Qulliq) Parka fishing spear sled ©1998 S&S Learaing Matern UnRee cy T37Alphabetical Order There are many new words to discover when =="! studying the Inuit. Put these words in Word Study /’ alphabetical order. Watch out for letters with 4 more than one word listed. Yukon ocean parka bannock Inuit drum ulu char fur lamp caribou walrus tent husky Arctic snow blizzard harpoon spear icicles kayak mittens Eskimo — quilt zipper jet vest games raven Nunavut Zr@oa7™moO8 > PD >p language as an everyday language in the Arctic. Inuktitut is an P Official language in Canada’s Nunavut Territory. The schools now have trained northern teachers to teach Inuktitut SN language in the classrooms, Some computers even have a “MacTitut” programme to write syllabics. There are magazines, T.V. and radio Programmes produced in Inuktitut to encourage se the use of the language in the homes, Today the language is challenged to develop new words of that deal with modern terms used in medicine, technology, government and business. (©1998 S&S Leaming Materials Umited a Ji37THE CANADIAN(SSS Arctic INuit's The Inuktitut Language Use the alphabet to write your name. Final letters (or combinations) are written like our apostrophes, smaller than regular letters and in the upper position. @ Inuktitut Syllabic and Roman Orthography Alphabet | For the sound of b use p, for d use t and for w use U, For the letter y use |, foro use u and for @ use i because there are no e, 0 or y letters in their alphabet, ©1998 $& $ Looming Materials Limited 32 J137The Inuktitut Language Match the words to their syllabic form. Try your own words. 1. gajaq (kayak) __ JILP% 2, nanuq (polar bear) __ apy? 3. amaruq (wolf) — AY» 4. iglu (house) _ pDPAP | 5. ukpik (snowy owl) _ ao ©1996 $ & S Leaming Materials Limited 33 J137ih Northern Lights We thy, “Gy : My he low i gti Ye jplee, Z What causes the Northern Lights? The sun gives off hot electrons that collide with molecules of gas in the earth’s cold, upper atmosphere. The collision Qives off a light. The colours depend on the types of gases present. The Magnetic North Pole pulls electrons in like the giant magnet it is, causing a larger number of electrons to gather in the Arctic. ©1998 $ & $Leaming Materials Limited 4 J137A The Northern Lights or Aurora Borealis are seen during the winter months in the Arctic. They swirl, dip, dance, dart and whirl their colourful light show across the dark, Arctic sky. Their ever changing patterns move up and down, near and far. They have a cloud- like glow coloured in shades of purple, blue, green, yellow and sometimes even red. The Inuit believed the lights were a Powerful spirit. Shamans often called upon the lights to help them with their magic. If you whistle to the Northern Lights, they will come near you. If you spit at them, they will run away. “Long ago we thought when there were lots of Northern Lights they could be dangerous. When we played outside, they would come close to us and make lots of noise. We would be quiet and they would go away.” Fifie Ofoakyok ©1998 $ &$ Leaming Materia’ Limited 35 J17THE CANADIAN re) = Arctic Inuit 7 hi 7 bn a Y s a2 7 Oe ok “ : UG + - * 5 hg te .. 7% F vs Paha Read the poems about the Northern Lights. Then close your eyes to picture their dance. Create your own “picture” of the Northern Lights using words to describe their movement, shapes and colours. The Northern Lights Aurora Borealis On Arctic nights Flickering flames of colour Are magical sights. Across the Arctic nights. Ribbons of blue They dance and twirl, Curls of yellow They dip and swirl. Mysterious northern sights. They dart and whirl. Waves of purple Swirls of green The Northern Lights Earth and sky unite. Colour ignites Ripples of red On winter nights, Streams of white Joanne trons Illuminate the Northern Lights, Joanne Irons ©1998 S$ & $ Leaming Materiais Umited % JV37 ese4 THE CANADIAN (B= % | Arctic Inuit Amammial is an animal that gives birthto__ young, Itfeeds____ ____to its young, Mammals have — covering their bodies. Mammals are — _. __ __ blooded, which means their bodies are always the same temperature. is q fish? Fish hatch from __, Often the parents are not around to______.__theyoung. re Saft SOS rch ore _______ blooded, which means their body temperature changes, Fish live in Fish are covered in > What is a bird? > \? Most birds hatch from —___ _ Birds ore _________ blooded, which means their body temperature stays the same. Most birds _________ their young. Birds are coveredin_-__-__ Most birds can_____., ©1998 S&S Learning Moteriols Limited a2 JTHE CANADIAN( Arctic Animals There are a number of animals that live i in the Arctic. Sortthe animals into the correct column. Arctic hare snowy owl Arctic tern Arctic fox polar bear lemming caribou whitefish snow goose Canada goose ermine tundta swan Arctic char musk oxen walrus narwhal wolf wolverine beluga loon gull lake trout grayling raven pike Pfarmigan tinged sealThe Seal Hu Seals were an important food for the Inuit. They ate the meat, used the skins for boots, mittens, parkas, dog harnesses and ropes. The blubber was burned in the stone |. lamps (qallig) to give light and warmth. A hunter would stand over a breathing hole on the ocean ice for hours without moving, waiting for the seal to come up for air. If the hunter moved his feet, the seal would hear it and go to another breathing hole. The hunter learned to be patient or his family would go hungry. The Inuit were not the only ones hunting seals on the sea ice; polar bears also waited at the breathing holes to catch seals. A harpoon was used to spear the seal. In the summer the hunter would use his kayak to hunt seals in the ocean. poon lown feathers moved when the harpoon pa < nf <= SeQ.came up to breathe hunter to stand on sea ice ehs' \"}“Sear’s breathing hole in the ice ©1998 S&S Leaming Materais Umfed 8 WaTSealskin Kamiks Do you know how to make a pair of kamiks from a seal? Number the steps in the correct order. CL stretch and scrape the skin ‘©1998 S&S leaming Material Umifedee Seal Crossword Puzzle: Read the puzzle clues carefully. Complete the “Seal Crossword Puzzle” Across: l.a male seal 2. the weapon used to hunt seals 3. spring boots needed to be this he's . 4. animals used to find the seal’s breathing hole 5. Inuit used this to feed their family and their dogs 9. the most common northern seal 10. a seal’s favourite meal 11, the boat used to hunt seals in 12.a baby seal —— 7 13. the fat burned in stone lamps V4 j ~ Down: 1. in the game of Qjaraaq you spear with this 2. to stalk an animal for food 3. long stiff hairs by a seal’s nose 6. to move through water 7. seals are this animal's favourite meal 8. they steer the seal through the water (©1998 S&S Leaming Molerak United a WaT'/®IZ2Nq PIOMSSOID |Dag, SU Syejque> ‘Yy) ‘AINJO1D9 senio elzznd ey posy TT @ ©1998 S&S Leaming Matera United‘ditional Fishii Summer fishing was an important sourc: Of food for the Inuit. Fish fed the families and the dogs until caribou meat was available later in the season. Fish camps were set up with tents and drying racks at favourite fishing spots. A stone weir or trap was built in a shallow part of the river near the camp. When the fish swam into the trap the Inuit would spear them with a “kakivak”, or spear. The fish were eaten raw, boiled in soup, baked or dried in the sun. Fish eggs were also dried and considered a tasty treat. In the winter, fish were Caught by jigging a line through a crack or hole in the ice. Fish were eaten frozen as well as cooked, Arctic char, a member of the salmon family, is a delicious fish to eat and very healthy for you. Cod, lake trout, graying, pike Gackfish), flounder and whitefish are other types of fish caught in Arctic waters, Today fish continues to be an important food source for the Inuit, They set nets from boats in the summer and under the ice in the winter to ensure a good supply of fish for their families. Some northern communities have set up commercial fisheries and ship the fish to the South for profit. Tourists and sportsmen visiting the North often hire Inuit guides to take them fishing. Other Inuit work as guides at the fishing lodges across the Arctic, This provides an important source of income for them. (©1996 S&S Leaning Material Unifed mz) Tathe Fish Camp Number the activitiesin orderatthe fish camp. 1. set up camp 2. build a stone weir 3. spear the fish 4. clean the fish 5. dry the fish 6. eat the fish ECO Let's Learn Inuktitut fish - ekalun fish spear - kakivak dried fish - piffy stone weir - saputi fish net - kubiak ‘©1998 S&S Teaming Material Limited ow TarThe Iglu The Inuit traditionally lived in iglus of snow during the winter months. They cooked, ~ slept and worked inside of it, Identify the = pictures and fit the words into the iglu. ing__S!Ne/amp tt, sew) ‘©1998 S&S Learning Mateilas Lmiied 74THE CANADIAN(ESS Arctic Inuit’ Daylight and Darkness Told by Robert Kemuktuk Long ago our land was always in darkness. If never got light, not even during the summer. Itis said that a bear had stolen the sun and hidden it in his den, The bear's cubs used the sun for a ball. They would throw the ball around to make it bounce, They played this game for days on end, One day, a white fox came to the bear's den. As she came close to the entrance, Fox said, “Let there be daylight and darkness, for it is better to hunt in the daylight and rest when it is dark.” The bear growled, “Darkness, darkness, it is better to hunt in the darkness.” Fox snuck into thé den. She saw the bear's cubs playing with the sun, It bounced and rolled across the floor towards Fox, Quickly Fox grabbed the sun and ran out. She raced back fo her own den. There she said, “Let there be daylight and darkness. It is better to hunt in the light and rest in the darkness.” Fox began to sing: “Aanga kauyagangat ubluk A aagakangarakanga A ag akangang kaonga kau agangat ubluk” As she sang this song it began to get light. From then on there was both daylight and darkness in our land. * Research other cultures for stories that tell how daylight and darkness came to the world. ©1998 $ & S Leaming Materials United 7 JazPractising Pun tuati Here is an old-time tale told to me by Robert Kemuktuk. | was in such a hurry to write it down that | forgot to add punctuation. All of the sentences run together. Rewrite the story using the correct punctuation. Remember to begin your new sentences with a capital letter, The Fox and the Man Once there was an Inuk who went fishing every morning each night when he returned he found a hot meal waiting for him he could not understand this as he lived alone one day he decided to see who was cooking for him he went out as usual but hid behind a small hill he waited and watched to see who would come soon a white fox appeared and went into his tent the man could smell good things cooking he was very curious why a fox would cook for him so he quietly returned to the tent the fox turned when the man entered and he saw that the fox was really an Inuit woman dressed in a beautiful white fox parka she explained that she had no home and that she knew he too was alone they stayed together from then on and were very happy ©1998 S&S Leaming Materials Limited 68 waTHE CANADIAN‘ > ARCTIC an) Storytellii Write and illustrate your own Inuit style story. Here are some titles you may wish to use or choose one of your own. Why Caribou Lose Their Antlers My Big Arctic Char (A Fishing Story) Where The Sun Goes In The Winter My First Hunt (Caribou, Seal, or Rabbit) Why The Arctic Fox Has A ShortNose A New Parka for Taipat Why The Northem Lights Dance The Blizzard Why The Stars Twinkle Ekalun Gets His/Her First Fish Why The Polar Bear Has A Black Nose The ChildWho: ‘Could Talk To The Caribou How Ptarmigan Tricked The Hungry Fox Matfa's Lucky Day lords you might magic strange travel powerful tricky angry helpful reward camouflage harpoon shaman catch night curious happy worried hungry storm lost Remember a good story tells: You might start your story with: Long, long ago... Long before people lived in the north. Where it happened; Why it happened; When it happened; Who is in the story. itis said... In the old days...... Long, long ago when animals could falk... ©1998 $ & S Learning Materials Limited 9 J137Stones shaped like a man, /nuksuif. Cin-NOOK-soo-it”) ca be found across the arctic. Built of large stones, some are more than two metres high (six feet) and thousands of years old. With no roads, maps or street signs to direct them the Inuit built these stone markers to guide travellers. Inuksuit wer also built to point out a good fishing spot, or to mark where c family camped and hunted. Some showed where a hunter had stored his caribou meat and skins, Inuksuit were used to funnel caribou towards the hunters during caribou hunts. Some were used to warn of danger and others were though to hold spirits and were used by the shaman, There may be other reasons the Inuit built Inuksuit that we do not know about. We do know that the Inuksuit showed travellers that others had passed this way before them. ©1998 S & S Learning Materials Limited 94 JiThe Drum Dance Many dancers learned how to dance by watching the older dancers. The dancer beat the drum, danced and sang a dance song all at the same time. The songs were often stories about hunting, bad weather, hunger, famities and fights between friends. Sometimes friends sang challenge songs to each other. Dances were sometimes held to ask a shaman to do something, change the weather, summon caribou or find relatives lost on the land. There were also traditional songs sung, The songs carried part of the Inuit’s oral history. Mostly drum dancing was fun and entertaining. Anyone could dance, there was no special order, but a dancer could not put the drum down when he had finished; he had to Pass it along to someone else. Dancers had special dance parkas made of caribou with fancy decorations and fringe on them. The men might wear gloves with long fringes that would fly about when they danced. The drum (qllautik) was: made. from a wooden frame with a caribou skin stretched over it and held tight with braided sinew. A ‘wooden handle was tied to the frame with sinew. A drum beater was made of wood and wrapped in caribou skin to soften the voice of the drum. Dancers beat the frame of the drum, not the skin, Long ago large dance iglus were built for the event, Today dances take place in community halls and school gyms, 1, List four different types of drum dance songs. 2. Itis bad luck fo lay a drum down on its rim side. Why? ©1998 S&S Leoming Materia Limited 7 J37Games were played at gatherings, on the trail to warm up orin the snowhouse to entertain during the long winters. Both children and Adults played games. ing - Malugai Equipment: three stones, balls or beanbags To play: Place two stones (beanbags or balls) in one hand and onein the other hand. Begin tossing stones into the ir. Catch and retoss, ° ° by ty } -O Oo Guessin Equipment: one small stone, penny or button lo play: One Player hides the “stone” in one hand then holds both clenched hands out for the opponent to see, The opponent taps the Seal Races Position: Lie on your stomach, push up with your arms and drag your feet. Arms pull the body in the race, legs must drag. To play: Thiscan bea relay race with teams or individuals facing against each other, First over the finish line wins. ©1998 S&S Leaming Materials Limited 100 JN37a THE CANADIAN = Arctic Nuit Wolt Toplay: Wolf isa tag game. The wolf chases the caribou (other players). If the wolf catches someone, that player then becomes the new wolf, Thong Game Equipment: 2 dowels (22 to 25cm long and 4 cm thick), 1 leather ‘thong orlace 30cm long To play: Drill two holes near the middle of each dowel and thread the leather lace through the holes as illustrated, Tie offin the midale. Sitting on the floor, face your opponent, legs straight and feet touching. Each Playerholdsthe dowel,onehandoneachend. Tryto pull youropponent off the ground. Cob i Tunumiu To play: Sit back to back, try to push your opponent over a given line using your hands, feet and back, ©1998 $ & SLeaming Materials Limited 101 J37THE CANADIAN RcTIC INUIT'S Wrestling - Tukettitoaut To play: Stand facing your opponent. Place your hands on each other's shoulders. Using just one leg try to trip your opponent. You must keep your leg straight. kipping - Av Equipment: long skipping rope. towel, string. To play: Fold the towel into a pad and tie it onto the middle of the skipping rope. Two enders turn the rope. While the skipper jumps the rope, Count how many skips before the skipper stops the rope. Rotate skipper with the enders, Winner has the most skips, Target Toss Equipment: small rubber balls, six bowling pins or six 5 cm x 10 cm wooden blocks To play: Set out three pins/blocks per side. Two teams stand behind a given line. Each team scores a point for the downed targets, Maximum three points per throw, Rotate through the teams. Each team elects a setter who resets the pins and returns the ball by rolling itback. Setter tosses last, Tally points. {p09 ©1998 $ & S Leoming Materials United Ja7THE CANADIAN io Arctic Inuits<4 Harpoon Toss Equipment: two plastic hockey sticks (without the blades) or blunt dowels, one skipping rope, one hoola hoop To play: Suspend the hoop from a basketball net with the skipping rope. Two teams line up at a given line and toss their “harpoon” through the hoop. One player tosses ata time. Keepscore. The teamwith the highest number of harpoon strikes (stick through the hoop) wins. Each team throws separately and may only retrieve the harpoon when told to, One Foot Kick Object: kicking for height. Equipment: sock, stuffing, string, rope To play: Stuff the foot of the sock and tie off with the string at the ankle. Thisisthe “seal” or “mouse”. Tie the rope to the sock above the ankle and suspend the rope from a soccer goal or basketball hoop. “Mouse” starts at one metre (three feet) from the. ground. Players run up and with one foot kick the “mouse”. Each player has three turns to hit the “mouse”. Raise the “mouse” 5 cm higher at a time until a winner is declared, A Pulling Game - Arsaarartuq To play: Two players stand facing each other. Lock elbows, (right elbow to right elbow). On “go”, pull. Winner pulls the opponent off balance or ‘over a given mark, Try this pulling game using your Pointer fingers, Musk Ox Fighting Qbiect: To move your opponent out of a given area. Toplay: Face opponent on all fours. Put your head under the opponent's shoulder. Winner pushes opponent out of a circle or marked area. This game resembles musk oxen fighting. ©1998 $.& SLeaming Materials Limited 103 Ji7String Games | “String figures should only be made in the dark period. If string figures are made in the sunshine the sun will come down and tickle | one to death,” Intellectual Culture of the Copper Eskimo ‘by Knud Rasmussen, Aepor of he Fith Thule Expedition 1921-24 (page 52) “Long ago we had no cards so we would Play string games with a Partner. Partners would compete making string games. it was fun.” Helen Kongitok “I played string games when | was young. We used caribou sinew for that. We would braid them first fo make them strong. We would race with each other to see who could make the figure the fastest.” Eifie Ofoayoakyok 1. Why do you think they were not allowed to make String figures in the sunshine? aoe 3. To learn string game figures read Camilla Gryski’s, Cat's Cradle With a Friend or By Yourself, Kids Can Press ISBN 1-55074-258-2. C1998 S&Sleaming Matera Uned Wra7THe CANADIANS Arctic Inuit Balancing Game - Tiksaqtartut Object: To balance the pole longer than your opponent. Equipment: two long thin dowels (60 cm long and Icm thick) To play: The dowel represents the long pole used to locate a sealt on the seaice. Balance the pole on your forefinger. The winner is opponent who can balance the pole the longest without dropping Ayagag - The Toss Game Object of the game: To flip the ring onto the stick or bone { Equipment: stick (popsicle stick), string or yarn (15 -18 cm long), mason jar ring or slice from paper towel tube To play: Hold the stick, then flip the ring up and catch it on the stick. Lengthen or shorten string as needed, « Imiglugtag - Buzz Roar Toy To play: A string of animal sinew is threaded through a piece of bc hide or ivory. Hold ends of the string and twist in circles; leave finge loops. Now move in and out with fingers and the button will move and spin. Use a large two-holed button and string, = ©1998 $ & S Leaming Materials Limited TosMany Inuit amused their children [ @ mY by using caribou sinew thread lay string games, Below, someone has started a cat's cradie with (©1998 $ & $ Leaming Materials Limited 108 J13;,THE CANADIAN > Arctic [Nuit SaaS = — LET'S MAKE INUIT AR’ Print Making To create your own print you will need: white bond paper, a pencil, a styrofoam baking/ meat tray (cut away the edges so you have a flat surface; use the side that has no printing on it), tempera or acrylic craft paint, a tray that the styrofoam tray will fit into, a popsicle stick. . Look at pictures of Inuit prints to see how their simple, uncluttered pictures are used to tell their story. 2, Choose a theme and on a sheet of white paper draw your picture. 3. Place the picture on the back of the styrofoam tray. Trace the picture, 4, Remove the paper and re-trace the lines with the pencil. 5. With the popsicle stick, gently push out the pencil lines to create a wide outline around the picture. 6. Pour the paint colour of your choice into the tray and put the styrofoam block face down in the tray. 7. Remove the styrofoam and lay paint side up. Place a sheet of white paper on the block. Rub, 8. Gently remove the paper. Let your paper print dry. You can use your print block to make many more prinis. ©1998 S & S Leaming Materials Limited no J1-37THE CANADIAN! RcTIC INuIT Print Making There are several types of print making: stone cut prints, engraved and stencilled prints. Stone Cut Prini The artist draws a picture and gives it to the print maker, The print maker draws the picture onto a large, flat, polished stone. The stone which is not part of the picture is cut away using Chisels and files. The picture is raised above the rest of the stone. Ink is rolled onto the stone and a paper is aid on top of the fresh ink. The paper is gently rubbed by hand and the ink transfers the picture’s image onto the paper. The print maker and the artist sign their names onto the print. Print makers choose themes that record their history and traditions, explain the old way Of life, show their land and animals and retell tales of spirits, legends and old beliefs. ©1998 $ & $ Leaming Matetiais Umited m J137THE CANADIAN = Arctic INuit Stencilling Stencil-cut prints are very similar to the inlaid patterns of seal or caribou skir pieces that the Inuit women sewed into parkas and boots. K Stenciling creates a Picture by cutting out pieces from the background. 4 scraped seal skin or waxed sheet of cardboard is used, The cut skin is placed on a sheet of paper dnd the spaces are then Painted or inked in to reveal the picture. Stencilling creates clean, direct images. Create a Stencil-Cut Print You will need a piece of cereal box cardboard, a pencil, sharp scissors, white bond paper, paint (craft or tempera), a piece of sponge, margarine tub lids, masking tape. 1. On apiece of white Paper draw a large, simple picture, When you are happy with the picture, draw it ‘onto the cereal box cardboard, 2. With the edge of your scissors slowly trace around the outline of the picture. Press hard, 3, In the middle of the Pattern, push in the scissors and carefully cut away the pattern. It will not matter that the Patter is cut up. You want a fine edge on the outline. 4. If you cut into the outline, masking tape the tear on the back of the stencil. 5, Masking tape the. top edge of the stencil to a piece of white paper, 6. Choose one colour and pour a dab into a plastic lid. Using the corner of the sponge dip it into the paint. On scrap paper, blot off most Of the paint. 7. Dab the paint over the stencil. Don't use too much paint; it is better to go over an area a second time rather than to have too much paint, 8. Remove the Masking tape and the stencil, Let dry and sign your name. ©1998 S&S Learning Materiols Limited n2 JN3?

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