‫ﺧﻠﻂ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻰﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ  ﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪ‪' :‬ﻳﻦ ﭘﺮ' ﻓﻮ‪(Wayne Proudfoot) D‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﺟﻰﻣﺤﻤﺪﺟﻌﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺷﺎ‪ :4‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺪ
ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺘﺎ‪A Confusion of the Spheres: Kierkegaard and T‬‬
‫‪ Wittgenstein on Philosophy and religion‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ‪ Gina Schonbaumsfeld‬ﻛﻪ  ﺳﺎ‬
‫‪ G † 213  2007‬ﺳﻮ
ﻧﺸﮕﺎ‪( C‬ﻛﺴﻔﻮ  ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪1388‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

 ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺶ ﻣﻮ ﻳﺲ  
ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﻋﻤﻴﻖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‡ ﻗﺮ‪ 3‬ﻧﻮ‪G‬ﻫﻢ‪  ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻗﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ
  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ
ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﻦ ‪G‬ﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ†‬
‫ (ﺛﺎ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎ ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪ‪C‬ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﺑﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪  ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎ
ﻗﻮ
ﺑﻴﻦ (ﻧﻬﺎ   ﺑﺎ ‡ ﻫﺪ‪ H‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ   ﺑﺎ ‡ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﻳﻨﻰ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪  ،‬ﻣﻔﺴﺮﻧﻰ ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ) (ﻧﺎ‪  3‬ﺑﺎ ‡ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ)  ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮ‪C‬ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪  .‬ﺳﺘﺪﻻ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ
ﻫﺮ  ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪C‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻨﻮ
ﺑﺮ
ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻨﻰ‪ G ،‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ (ﻣﻮ‪CG‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ‪C‬ﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‬ ‫(ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ ‪ G‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﭼﻴﺰ
ﻏﻴﺮ ‪ G‬ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ‪ G‬ﻋﺘﻘﺎ) ﻣﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﺮ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﺎ
ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻮ‪ G 3‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ  ﻧﻘﺪ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻰ ﺳﺖ‪  ،‬ﺋﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ  ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﻧﺸﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ
‪ G‬ﻻﻳﻠﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ  ﺑﺎ ‡ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﺑﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺋﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪( ،‬ﺷﻨﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ  ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎ‪ V‬ﻗﻮ‪V‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ‪ G‬ﻳﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ
‪G‬ﻧﻪ
ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﺮً ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪ‪  C‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﮕﺮ
ﻣﻰ(  ﻛﻪ  ﺳﺘﺮ‪ f‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻨﻰ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ <ﻧﻬﺎ  ﺑﺎ‪h‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮً ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺧﺘﻪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﻮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﺣﺎﻟﻰﻛﻪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺳﺎ ‪  1917‬ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ
‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﻫﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ
 ﻛﺘﺎ‪T‬ﻫﺎ
ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﮔﺮ‪ 3‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﻫﻰ ﻣﻰﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‬
‫ﻫﺪ‪ R‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ
ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﻋﺘﺒﺎ ﻻﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻮ   ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮ ﻛﮕﺎ   (ﺛﺎ ‪ G  :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪G‬ﻧﺎﻣﻪ  ﻳﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪ h‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ  ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﻫﻤﺔ  ﺟﺎﻋﺎ) ﻣﺮﺑﻮŠ  ﻣﻮ  ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪  .‬ﻫﺮ ‪ G‬ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﻓﺮŠ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﻳﻨﻰ <ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‡ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪ G‬ﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ) »ﭘﺎ ﻛﺲ«  »ﭘﻮﭼﻰ« ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ 
ﺳﺖ  ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ (‪  3‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺗﻰ ‪ 3( G‬ﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ) ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪  ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺖ‪ (24،33).‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎ‪ 6‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ y‬ﻛﻠّﻰ   ﺑﺎ ‡ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ  ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺴﺮﻧﻰ  ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻫﺮ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ  ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ
ﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﻣﻰﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  (‪ 3‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ  ﺿﻮ‪ o‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻪ  ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ
‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ
ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻫﺎ  ﺑﺮﻃﺮ‪ H‬ﻛﺮ‪ 3‬ﺧﻴﺎﻻ) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﺑﺮ
(ﻧﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ <ﻧﺎ; ﺑﺎ‪h‬‬ ‫ ﺳﺖ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻛﺮ‪  3‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺎ‪ .G‬ﺗﺄﻣﻞ  ﺗﻌﻘﻞ ﺑﺮ
ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻫﻤﺎ)‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ‪ 3‬ﻗﺘﻀﺎ  ﺧﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ‪ G‬ﻳﻦ  ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ 3( C‬ﭼﻨﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ
ﺧﻮﻧﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻛﺎ
ﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﻨﺪ  ﻧﻮﻋﻰ ‪ G‬ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﻪ  ﺧﻮ  ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮ‪6‬ﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮ ﻣﻰ( ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ  ﻣﻰﻓﻬﻤﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ  ﺗﺒﺎŠ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺗﻰ (‪ 3‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﺎ‹ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ  ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ G :C‬ﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎ   ﺑﺎ ‡ ﻧﻴﺎ‪ G‬ﺑﻪ  ﺗﺒﺎŠ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ
‬
‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ ( ‪ 3‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﻧﺪﻳﺸﺪ‪  .‬ﺧﻮﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﺶ  ﺑﺮﻣﻰﻧﮕﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮ  ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺑﺎ ‡‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪41 1388‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮ‡ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ  ﺑﺎ ‡ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻇﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪  ،‬ﺑﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻧﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ) ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﻮ‡ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ
ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﺟﺎﻟﺒﺶ ﻛﻪ ‪ G‬ﺳﺎ ‪3(  1931‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺷﻴﻮ‡  ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻳﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﺮ‪ ،C‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ
ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  (‪ G‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ  ﻗﻄﻌ ًﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮ ‪( G‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻘﻰ ﻛﻪ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻰﮔﺬ ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﺪ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪  (27†)«.‬ﺣﺎﻟﻰﻛﻪ   ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪  C‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ‪  3( ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ G  .‬ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ‪ C‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ‬
‫  ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﺐ  ﺑﻪ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﺎ
ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻧﻤﻰﺧﻮﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰ ﻧﺠﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﮔﺮ  ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺖ (‪  3‬ﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ‪ :‬ﻫﻢ‬
‫‪ G‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ C‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻚ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ (ﻳﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (‪    3‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪   ،‬ﻣﻰﻧﺪﻳﺸﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ‪ 3‬ﻋﺸﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻨﻮﻋﺶ  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ ﻣﺸﻐﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫
‪ .G.‬ﻓﻴﻠﻴﭙﺲ ﺳﺘﺪﻻ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮژ‪C‬ﻫﺎ
ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪  .‬ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮﻧﻪ ﻣﻰﭘﺮ‪ G‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫‪ G‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ) ﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺖ  ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮ ﻛﮕﺎ  ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﻨﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ G‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﺰ
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ  ﺳﺘﻰ ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ‪  C‬ﻫﻤﺮ‪ C‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ (‪ 3‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ  ﻳﻦ  ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ
ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﻫﺪ‪ H‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﻧﺪ  ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ  ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ
‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻰﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪( .‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ‬
‫‪ G‬ﻋﺘﻘﺎ) ﻣﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪  3‬ﺗﺒﺎŠ ﺟﻮ
ﻣﻰﻳﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻰ  ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺿﺢ ﻛﺮ‪ 3‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﺪ‪ 3‬ﺗﻮﻫﻤﺎ)  ‪ G‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ‪ 3‬ﺧﻴﺎﻻ) ﺑﺎﻃﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻮ‪CG‬ﻫﺎ
ﺟﻮ
ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﺑﺎ ﺻﻮ )ﻫﺎ
‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻨﻠﻰ ﻛﺎ  ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﻟﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﺮ
‹ﻛﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ)  ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢﺳﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ  ﺷﺮﺣﺶ   ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ‪ G‬ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﺎ‪G‬ﻣﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ (ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ ‬
‫  ﻧﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻰﻧﮕﺎ ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ  ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﺳﺮﺳﺨﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺟﻴﻤﺰ ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ‪ G‬ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪ f‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ  ﺑﺮﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ
ﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺳﺖ ‬
‫ﻫﺮ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺪ   ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﻐﻮ ﺑﻮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ  ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ  ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﻳﻀﺎ‪  o‬ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ  ﺳﺖ ﻣﻰﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﻫﺮ  ﻛﺘﺎ‪(  T‬ﺛﺎ ﻃﻌﻨﻪ(ﻣﻴﺰ ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‪ V‬ﺧﻼﻗﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺬﻳﺐﻛﻨﻨﺪ‡ ﺧﻮ ﻣﻰﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ  ﻧﻈﺮ  ﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻰ  ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ
ﭘﺮﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ
ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﭼﻴﺰ
ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ G‬ﭼﻨﮓ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﮔﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺰﻟﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪  f‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﻪ   ﻣﻰﻓﻬﻤﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ <; ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ‬
‫ﮔﺰ ‪C‬ﻫﺎ
  ﺑﻰﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻧﺴﺖ  ‪( G‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﻧﺮﺑﺎﻣﻰ ﺑﺮ
ﺻﻌﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺗﺮ ‪( G‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ C‬ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻮ‪ p‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪( 3( G‬ﻧﻬﺎ   ﻣﻰﻧﺪ‪ .G‬ﻳﻮﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪ ،f‬ﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ (ﻧﭽﻪ  ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ (ﻣﺪ‪C‬‬
‫ﻧﻪ  ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ
ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ‪ C‬ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪  ،‬ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ‪  T‬ﺑﻄﺎ ﻛﺮ‪ ،3( 3‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻨﻮﺷﺘﻦ (‪ 3‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪  f‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﻦ (ﺛﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪  C‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ(ﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ‪،V‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ
ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ  ﺟﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻴﺪ‡ ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ‪ V‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪ f‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ   ﻣﻌﺮ– ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻰﮔﺬ  ﻛﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﺷﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ »ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻰ ﺑﻮ‪ «3‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺨﺮﻧﻪ ﺳﺖ  ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﻰ ﺑﻮ‪ 3‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻰ ﺟﻮ   ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‪  L‬ﺑﺮﻃﺮ‪ R‬ﻛﺮ;‬
‫‪ G‬ﻣﻨﻄﻖ  ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺿﺢ (ﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪ f‬ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ (ﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺎ‪3‬‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﻻﻟﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ  ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ (ﻧﭽﻪ  ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻐﺎ) ﻧﻤﻰﮔﻨﺠﺪ ﺧﻮ‪(  :‬ﺷﻜﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ (‪G 3‬ﺑﺎ‪  3‬ﺑﻪ ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮ‪ y‬ﻛﺘﺎ‪ ،T‬ﻣﻬﻤﻼ) ﻣﺤﺾ ﻣﻰﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﭼﺎ ﭼﻮ‪ T‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪً ﻋﺒﺎ ) ‪ G‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ  ﺳﻪ ﮔﺰ ‡ (ﺧﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ  ﻧﺘﻘﺎ  ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ o‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ   ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﺒﺎ ) ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪  f‬ﺑﺎ ‡ ﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ) ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻰ  ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻳﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ
ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺶ    ‪ f‬ﮔﻔﺘﺎ
 ﺑﺎ ‡ ﺧﻼƒ  ﺳﺎ ‪1929‬ﻣﻄﺮ‪ o‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺎ ﺑﮕﺬ ﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪  G  f‬ﻳﭽﻪ ﭘﮋﻫﺶﻫﺎ
ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ ﻣﻰﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ   ‡ ﻟﺶ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ ) ﺧﻼﻗﻰ  ﻳﻨﻰ ﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ
ﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ (ﻧﭽﻪ  ﻟﻐﺖ ﻧﻤﻰﮔﻨﺠﺪ  ﻳﻨﻜﻪ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ
ﺧﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮ  ﺣﺘﺮ ﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ، .‬ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﻣﺪﻋﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﭼﺎ ﭼﻮ‪ T‬ﺑﺨﺶ  ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ  ‪ :G‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ
ﺷﺎ‪ 3‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ  ﻣﻌﻴﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻰ ﺑﺮ
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭼﺎ ﭼﻮ‪  T‬ﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻰﻫﺪ‪  .‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﺎ ) ﻛﻤﻰ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ  ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ‡ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ‪ T‬ﺷﺪ‪C‬ﻧﺪ‪
 .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻰ   ‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪1388‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮ‪ y‬ﺛﺮ ﻣﻮ  ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺘﺪﻻ  ﺑﻰﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﻇﻬﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﮔﺮ‬
‫(ﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ‪3‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‪ G‬ﻫﻢ ﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﻧﺶ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ
ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﻓﺮ– ﻫﻨﻤﺎ
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ  ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪ f‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎ‪ 3‬ﺳﻮﺳﻪ ﺷﺪ‪C‬ﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ  ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ G‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎ
ﺷﻨﻰ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ  ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪  .‬ﺑﺤﺚﻫﺎ
ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪  C‬ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪  f‬ﺑﺎ ‡‬
‫ﻣﺮ  ﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﺎ‪ ،C‬ﭘﺎ ﻛﺲ  ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﮕﺮ  ﺑﻰﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻰﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻋﻤﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ‪» ،:‬ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ  ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﻰ« ﻛﻪ  (‪ 3‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪ f‬ﻣﺮ
  ﺑﺮ (ﺛﺎ ﻛﻰﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻫﺎ
ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ‪»  ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﻨﺪ‪ «C‬ﻛﻪ  (‪  3‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ  ﺑﻄﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ  ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻔﺘﺔ ﻗﺪ ) ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎ ﺳﻮءﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮ‪ ،f‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻰﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ ﻣﻌﻴﺎ
ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ   ﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ  ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ(ﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎ
 ﻛﻞ ﺛﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﻨﺪ  ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ  ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺳﺘﺪﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪ‪ H‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪ f‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﻫﮕﻠﻰ ﺳﺖ‪  ،‬ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳﺖ  ﻳﻦ ﺛﺮ  ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﺣﻔﻆ (‪ G 3‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ (‪ 3‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﺎ† ﺷﺘﺒﺎ‪ C‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﻮ‪  f‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ ‪ G‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﺑﮋﻛﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮ  ﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﺎ‪  C‬ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻳﺎﻟﻜﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻰﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ  ﺷﻦ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ‪ G‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻰﺑﻮ‪ 3‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮ  ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻰ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺆ ﺧﺘﺼﺎ† ‪ C‬ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ‪ C‬ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ ﻛﻴﺎ ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﮕﺮ‪ 3‬ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﺪﺋﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ  ﻳﻦ  ﺑﻪ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ‪ C‬ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﺎ

ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻘﻴﺪ‪ C‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ)  ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪  .‬ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﺑﺮ
ﻫﺮ  ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺴﺖ ‬
‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻮ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﺧﺪ ﺳﺘﻮ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ  ﺑﻰﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﻢ (ﻳﺎ ﺧﺪ ﺟﻮ   ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮ ﻓﺮ
‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺳﺘﺪﻻ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪ ﻛﻰ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ  ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻧﻤﻰﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ (‪ 3‬ﻧﻤﻰﭘﺮ‪ .G‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ‬
‫ ‪ f‬ﮔﻔﺘﺎ ﻫﺎ  ﻣﺤﺎ ) ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻳﻨﻰ ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ G C‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ  ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﺳﺎ‪ G‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﺪ ﻫﻤﻪ ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ‪ 6‬ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺑﻴﻨﺪ‪  ،‬ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ
ﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ
ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ G‬ﻗﻴﺎﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ‪ G‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﺎﻳﺮ
ﺟﺪ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻰﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮ  ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺪ ‪ G‬ﻋﺎ) ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ  ‪G‬ﺑﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻰﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ‪ C‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ  ﻧﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ  ﻓﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ‪G G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ  ﺳﻮﻣﺶ  ﺳﺘﺮ‪ f‬ﺳﺖ  ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺮﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ
ﻣﺜﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺖ ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ (ﻧﭽﻪ  ﻛﻪ  ﺳﺘﺮ‪ f‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻴﻢ‪  .‬ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﺴﻂ  ﭘﺮ ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮ ﻛﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ G‬ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦﻫﺎ
ﻳﻨﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﺔ ﻣﺤﻮ
ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪3‬ﻃﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎ(
ﻣﺎ ﮔﺎ ) ﭘﻮ ) ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ)   (ﺧﺮ ﻣﻮ  ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ (‪  3‬ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﻤﻰﻫﺪ‪  .‬ﻻ‪ G‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺒﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﻨﻰ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ ﻫﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻴﺮﻧﻰ   ﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ‪( G‬ﻧﻬﺎ  ﻣﻨﻘﺢ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ  ﻳﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ  ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂﻧﺪ ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪  .‬ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ  ﻧﻴﺎ‪G‬ﻣﻨﺪ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ  ﻫﺮ ﺣﻮ‪ CG‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻳﻨﻰ  ‪G‬ﻳﺒﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻰ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﻋﺎ
ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪  .‬ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻌﻨﻪ (ﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﺰ‪V‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎƒ  ﻋﺮ‪  H‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺣﻮ‪CG‬ﻫﺎ
ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ   ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻪ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻳﻦ‪  .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻫﺎﻳﻰ ‪G‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ 6‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺰ ‪C‬ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ  ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ژﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﻮ ﺷﻴﺪ ﺳﺖ« ﻳﺎ ﻋﻘﻴﺪ‡ ﻛﻮ  ﻳﺎﻣﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮˆ ﻟﻴﻮ)  ‪G‬ﻳﺒﺎ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ T‬ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ‪G‬ﻳﺒﺎﻳﻰ ﮔﺮﮔﻮ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ
‬
‫ﻣﻮ  ﻧﻴﺎ‪ G‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‡ ﻳﻨﻰ ‪G G‬ﺑﺎ‪  3‬ﺳﻮ ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ  ﺷﻦ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ‪G‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ (‪ 3‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪C‬ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎ
ﺑﻴﻦ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮ† ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎ ‪ G‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺆﻻﺗﻰ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﻳﻨﻰ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ‪C‬ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ 
(  ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﭙﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻦ(‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺧﻮ  ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎ (ﺛﺎ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  (ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺖ‪  .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻮ‪CG‬ﻫﺎ
ﺟﻮ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻮ )ﻫﺎ
‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ  ‪ G‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺆﻻﺗﻰ ‪ G‬ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺖ   ‪C‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪  ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﻰﻛﻪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻓﺮﻫﺎ
‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ  ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﺑﺎﻧﻰ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ‪G 3( 3‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻼ) ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﻮ
ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﻻ) ﻣﻰﻓﻜﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺘﻰ ﻋﺘﻘﺎ) ﻳﻨﻰ‬
‫ ﺳﻮ ﻣﻮ  ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﻮ‪CG‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ C‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ  ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮ‪ y‬ﭘﺮ ﺷﻰ ﺑﺮ
ﻓﻬﻢ  ﻧﻰ (‪ 3‬ﻋﺘﻘﺎ) ‬
‫ ﺳﻮ ﺿﺮ
ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺒﺎﻣﺴﻔﻠﺪ  ﻗﺎ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ‪ G‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ
‪ G‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ  ﺑﺎ‪ T‬ﻳﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻴﺪ‡  ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ‪ G‬ﺗﺄﻣﻞ  ﺑﺎ ‡ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎ
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻰ ﻳﺮﻛﮕﺎ   ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺘﺸﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺖ (ﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪43 1388‬‬