‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬

‫‬
‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺪ
‬

‫ﺷﺎ‪:4‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ـ ﻛﻪ  ﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪( 3‬ﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪  C‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻓﺎ ﺳﻲ (‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ‪ G ™G‬ﻃﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺸﺎ ) ﻫﺮﻣﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ‪ G‬ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﻣﻲ(ﻳﺪ ـ  ﭘﻲ (ﺷﻜﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﺔ ﺣِﻜﻤﻰ  ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ
ﺳﺖ ‪G‬‬ ‫ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻟﻮﻳﮓ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮ‪ H‬ﻣﺸﻬﻮ  ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺪ‡ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻧﻤﻲﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﻋﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫‪Wittgenstein und Weisheit‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺴﺮ‪ C‬ﺣِﻜﻤﻲ ﺳﺖ  ﺧﻮ  ﺣﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻮﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮ‪ H‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ِ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻬﻞ ﻫﺎﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺪ ™ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺖﻛﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ™ ‪  G‬ﻫﻢ  ﻛﻨﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ™ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ™ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ  ﺳﺎ ‪2007‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺎ‪ ،T‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ‪ G‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎ  ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎ) ﺷﻲ  ﻛﺘﺎ‪T‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ‪ G‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ  ﭼﻬﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺷﺘﻮﺗﮕﺎ )‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ™ ‪ G‬ﻣﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﮔﺰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ‪ G‬ﺳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺖ‪  :‬ﺑﺨﺶ ‪‹ ،‬ﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ » 3‬ﺑﺎ ‡ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ«‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻘﻲ
ﻋﺎ  ﺑﻪ ﺻﻄﻼ‪o‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﻞ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﻰ ‪ G‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪  C‬ﭘﮋﻫﺶ ﺧﻮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻗﺮ ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ؛ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‪  ،‬ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻋﺒﺎ ) ﺳﺖ ‪ G‬ﻋﻠﻢ  ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ـ ﻧﻪ ﻟﺰﻣ ًﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ـ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ  ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ™ ﺳﺖ‪  ،‬ﻗﻊ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ  ﻫﻤﺮ‪ C‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺖ‪  ،‬ﻫﺪ‪ H‬ﺻﻠﻲ‪G :‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ »ﺧﻮ‪ «T‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ  ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ  ‪G‬ﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ y‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻣﻲﭘﺮ‪  G‬ﻣﻌﺪ ﺷﺎ ) ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪y‬‬
‫  ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﭼﻨﺎ‪3‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ(ﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ  ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺶ ‪ G‬ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻣﻐﻔﻮ ﺑﻮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻠﻰ  ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ  ﺷﺮ‪ o‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻰ ﺧﺘﺼﺎ†   ﻛﻪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  (ﻧﻬﺎ ژ‡ »ﺣﻜﻤﺖ« ﻳﺎ‬
‫ژ‪
C‬ﻫﻢﺧﺎﻧﻮ‪ C‬ﺑﺎ (‪  3‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ؛ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ـ  ﻳﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎ  ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎ  ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ™  ـ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮ  ﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻧﺒﻮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ   ‪ ™C‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮ ﺧﺎ†  ﺑﺎ ‪ :C‬ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ‪ ™G‬ﻛﺮ‪C‬‬
‫ ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ™ ﻓﺮ‪ 3‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﻨﺎ‪   3‬ﻳﻦﺑﺎ ‪ C‬ﻧﺪ ﺳﺖ  ﺳﺘﻄﺮ™‪ (.‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ
ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ  ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻛﻠّﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪ G‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺷﺖ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﺮﻓﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺳﺎ‪G‬ﮔﺎ ﺳﺖ؛ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ – ﻫﻤﭽﻮ‪ 3‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮ ﻧﺎﮔﻔﺘﻨﻲ ‪ G‬ﻳﺪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ – ﺑﺎﻳﺪ  ‬ ‫ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ ﻓﺘﺎ (ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ  ﺛﺮ  ﺗﺠﻠﻲ  ﺗﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ  ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻮ‪ 3‬ﺧﻼƒ‬
‫ ﻳﻦ  ﻫﻨﺮ ﻣﺮ™ ﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﮔﻔﺘﻨﻲ؛ ﻣﺮ™ ﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎ‪3‬ﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ  ـ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﻋﻢ ﺧﻮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﮋﻫﺶ ﺳﺖ ـ ﺑﻪ »ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ« ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻰﭘﺮ‪ .G‬ﻋﻨﻮ‪3‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ  ﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ » ‪ C‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺪ‪ «3‬ﺳﺖ؛  ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻫﺪ‪H‬ﻫﺎ
(‪ 3‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ (ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ‪ : G‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ – ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﻋﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪3( C‬‬
‫  ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ـ ﻋﺒﺎ )ﻧﺪ ‪ :G‬ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻮ‪  3‬ﺳﺮ ( ‪ 3‬ﺑﺮ™ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ؛ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ "ﻳﺪ‪،"3‬‬
‫ﻳﺪ‪ 3‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ 3‬ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮ‪ 3‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻤﺎﻧﻤﺎ‪ 3‬ﻗﺮ  ﻧﺪ (ﻧﻬﺎ  ﻧﻤﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ™ "ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺎ( ™ ﻣﻮ (ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ G‬ﻗﻀﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ (ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲﺷﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺷﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻛﺮ‪C‬ﻳﻢ؛ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻠّﻲ  ﺷﻨﻲ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ؛‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪91 1388‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻮ  ﻣﻲﻫﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻃﻼ‪ y‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ™  ﺑﺎ ْ‪( C‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮ‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ "ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ  ‪"C‬‬
‫ﺳﺖ  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ (‪ 3‬ﺣﻞ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ 3‬ﻧﺤﻼ ﺳﺖ   ﻣﺎ‪  3‬ﺻﻠﺢ  ﻓﻜﺎ  ﻋﺪﻟﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ "ﻗﻌﻴﺎ)"‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﺧﻮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ  ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺨﻨﺎ‪ 3‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺑﺎ ‡ (ﻧﻬﺎ ‬
‫ﮔﺰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ   ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺧﻮ ‪ : G‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﺑﺨﺶ  ‪ G‬ﻓﺼﻞ  "ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ" ﺳﺖ   (‪ ،3‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ
ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ ،C‬ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻫﻤﭽﻮ‪" 3‬ﻧﻈﺎ"™‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ  ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮ؛ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ‪ G‬ﻣﻨﻈﺮ™ ﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎ) ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﮕﺮ  ﻣﻲﻛﻮﺷﺪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ™ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ‪  :‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻫﺪ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻛﺴﻴﺲ ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺎ)  ﺗﻜﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ  ﻳﺪ‡ ﺳﻮﻟﻴﭙﺴﻴﺴﻢ )ﺧﻮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺎ ™(‪ ،‬ﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺎ‪3‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ  ‪3‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﺴﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ™  ﺑﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﻨﺎ‪  y‬ﺟﻪ ﺟﺪﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻃﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻟﻮگ‪  ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘ ًﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮ ‹ﻳﻞ ﻫﻴﭻ "ﻳﺴﻢ"™ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺶ‬
‫"ﺷﻐﻞ" ﻧﺒﻮ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ‪G‬ﻳﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﻮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﺷﻮﻫﺪ™ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﻋﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪C‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ   ﻣﺔ ﺳﻨﺖﻫﺎ™ ﺣِﻜﻤﻲ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻰ ‪ G‬ﻓﺼﻞ  ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮ‪» 3‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺣﻜﻤﻰ؟«‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎ‪ 
 ( f‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻠﻰ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ
ﺛﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮ ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻮ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﻳﻨﻰ؟ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪ G‬ﮔﺮﻣﺮ ‪G‬ﺑﺎ‪) 3‬ﺑﺨﻮﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ (‪  ،‬ﻳﺪ  ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘ ّﻮﻣﺎ) ﺣﻴﺎ) ﻳﻨﻰ ﭼﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺟﻮ  ‪  ، .‬ﻫﺮ  ﺑﺮ
ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻰ ﻫﺴﺖ؛ ‪  ،‬ﻫﺮ  ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻰ ﻫﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪  3‬ﺟﻮ ﭼﻴﺰ
؛‬
‫ﺳﻮ‪  ،‬ﻫﺮ  ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎ
‪ C‬ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ؛ ﭼﻬﺎ ‪  ،‬ﻫﺮ  ﻛﺎ
ﻛﺮ‪ ،3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ‪ ،3‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ  ﺳﺘﺪﻻ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﺗﻘﺪ  ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‡ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻮ ﺑﺮ™ "ﻳﻨﻲ" ﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ 3‬ﻳﺪﮔﺎ‪ C‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ‪" G‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ" ﺑﻮ‪3( 3‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ  ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ  ﻳﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ـ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻮ  ﺷﺮ‪  o‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ (‪ 3‬ﺳﺖ ـ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ( ﻳﻦ
ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﻧﻢ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ
 ‪ G‬ﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﻳﻨﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻨﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻮ‪G" 3‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ"  ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮ    ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ‪ G‬ﺳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ  ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ y‬ﺧﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ـ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ـ  ﺧﻮ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ
ﻣﻲﭘﺮ‪  G‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ (ﻧﻬﺎ ‬
‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ  ﭘﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻮ   ﻳﻦ‬
‫ ‪ C‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﻓﻜﺎ  ﻓﺘﺎ ﺧﻮ  ‪G‬ﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ  ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ  ‪ G‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﺘﻘﺎ™  ﺑﺎ ‡‬
‫ﺧﻮ  ﻳﻎ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﺮ؛ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪  C‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻠﻮ‪C‬ﻫﺎ™ ﻳﻦ ﺟﻪ ‪ G‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫   (ﺛﺎ ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻲﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ  ‪ G‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ
ﺻﻠﻰ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﻌﺎﺗﻤﻨﺪﻧﻪ ﻧﺰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻰﭘﺮ‪  G‬ﻧﺸﺎ‪ 3‬ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﻌﺎﺗﻤﻨﺪﻧﻪ  ﺳﻨﺖﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﺣِﻜﻤﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﺳﺖ؛ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎ )ﻧﺪ ‪ :G‬ﺿﺎﻳﺖ ‪G G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪G ،‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﺎ‪G ،‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ )ﺧﺎﺻﻪ  ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ™ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪G‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻳﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼ ًﺎ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﺮ ‪ 3‬ﻛﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ G  ،HG‬ﺗﻮﻟﺴﺘﻮ™ (ﺷﻜﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ(‪ .‬ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ‪ G‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ™ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻌﺎ)ﻣﻨﺪﻧﻪ ﻧﺰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ‪™G‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪ G ، T‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﮕﺮ™ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻮ‪ 3‬ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ؛‬
‫" ﺿﺎﻳﺖ" ﺑﺮ™ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ  ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ o‬ﺳﺖ ﻫﻢ  ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ـ ﭼﻨﺎ‪3‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪C‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ  ﻣﻲ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪ y‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮ ‪ G‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺗﻼ‪  :‬ﺗﻘﻼ
ﻣﺪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﭘﻰ ﻳﻚ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ "ﺧﻮ‪"T‬‬
‫ ﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ‪G‬ﻋﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ ،C‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺑﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ‪ .G‬ﻏﺪﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﻫﻤﺮ‪ C‬ﺑﺎ (‪ ،3‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎ ﻣﺪ  ‪ G‬ﻓﻜﺎ  ﻋﻤﺎ  ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺧﻮ ـ ﻛﻪ ‹ﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﻓﺖ‬
‫ـ  ﻗﻊ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ‪ G‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻼ‪ :‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ™ ﺻﻼ‪ o‬ﺧﻮ  ‪G‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﺧﻮ‪  T‬ﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪1388‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬

 ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ 6‬ﻧﻤﻲﺧﻮﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮ‪ِ 6‬ﺣﻜﻤﻲ ﺳﺖ ‬
‫ﺧﻮ  ﺣﻜﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻮﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎ; ﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮ‪R‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ِ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‪ 4‬ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺘﺪ‪ ِ4‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻮ‪ 6‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺖﻛﻢ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪   4‬ﻫﻢ‬
‫ ﻛﻨﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ 4‬ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎ‪S‬‬

‫ﺛﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ 4‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﺎﻳﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼ ًﺎ ﻛﺘﺎ‪S‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ; ﻛﺎﻣﺎ‪،R‬‬
‫  ﺗﻮﻟﺴﺘﻮ‪4‬‬
‫<ﺷﻜﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮ‪ 3‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ِﺣﻜﻴﻢ؟ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺆ ﻣﻘﺪ (ﻏﺎ‪ G‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ (ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻣﺪﻋﻰ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ﺑﻮ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ؟ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻟﺒﺘﻪ "(
" ﻧﻴﺴﺖ  ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ‪ G‬ﻋﻤﺎ  ﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ™ ﻏﻴﺮﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎﻧﺔ  ﻫﻢ ‹ﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﻟﺤﻈﺎ)  ﻟﻤﺤﺎ) ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ
 ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ    ﺳﺖﻛﻢ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮ‪،H‬‬
‫ﺟﻮ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﻴﺎ;‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ
ﺳﺘﺪ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻣﻰﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪  .‬ﺑﺨﺶ  ﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ‪ G‬ﻓﺘﺎ ﻫﺎ  ﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎ
ﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ  ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ‪4‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺎﮔﺮ‪  3‬ﺳﺘﺎ‪(  3‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﺎﻧﺶ ﮔﺰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮ؛ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎ  ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ (ﻏﺎ‪ G‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻌﺎﻣﻨﺪﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ   ™  ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻮ‪  ،‬ﺗﻦ ‪ G‬ﻧﺰﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﺎ‪  3‬ﺷﺎﮔﺮﻧﺶ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻰ ‪ G‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎ ‪  ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺎ‪ ،T‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺖ ‪ G‬ﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﺖ  ﭘﻨﺠﺎ‪ C‬ﺳﺨﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ) ﻗﺼﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪G‬‬
‫ﻧﺰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪ C‬ﺣﻜﻤﺖ(ﻣﻴﺰ ﺳﻴﺪ‪C‬ﻧﺪ  ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ
ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ G‬ﺣﻴﺎ) ﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎﻧﺔ ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ 4‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‪، S‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ ،C‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮŠ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎ ‪ G  1912‬ﻧﺎﻣﻪ™ ﺧﻄﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻧﺪ ﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮ ﻛﺮ‪ ،3‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪﻫﺎ™ ﻧﺎ ﺷﻦ ‹ ‪™C‬‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪6‬‬ ‫ ﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ!!«‪( .‬ﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮŠ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎ ‪  1951‬ﺧﻄﺎ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ   ™‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﻛﺎ ﺗﺎ‪ 3‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﺮ‪  3‬ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﮕﺬ ﻳﺪ‪«.‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﮕﺮ‪ 4‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻫﺶ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ  ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ـ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‪  y‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻋﺖ (‪ 3‬ـ ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ًﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ (ﺛﺎ ﺧﻮ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻤﺖ<ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻮ;‬ ‫ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ 3( :  ،‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ (ﺛﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻰ  ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ
ﺑﺴﻴﺎ
ﺷﺎ ‪ C‬‬
‫ ﺟﺎ‪ C y‬ﺷﺪ‪ C‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﻴﺎ‪ 3‬ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ    ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺪ‪  C‬ﭘﮋﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ  ‪C‬ﻫﺎ
‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ  ‪G‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎ‪ 4‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ ،22C‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪93 1388‬‬