Session - 1

COMPUTER

FAZAL HAQ HIDAYAT

Visiting Lecturer
Computer
Computer is derived from latian word
“compute” which means to calculate.

Definition
Computer is an electronic device which can
perform arithmetic and logical operations.
Founder of computer
Charles Babbage is considered as
"father of the computer"

(26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)

A Desktop Machine

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A Computer System

User
• Hardware
• Software
• User Software

Hardware

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A Computer System (Contd.)

• In general, a computer is a machine which

accepts data, processes it and returns new
information as output.

Processing

Data Information

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Software
• Software is set of programs (which are step by
step instructions) telling the computer how to
process data.

• Software needs to be installed on a computer,

usually from a CD.

• Software's can be divided into three groups:

- System SW
- Application SW
- Programming SW
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Software (Contd.)
System Software
• It controls the overall operation of the system.

• It is stored in the computer's memory and

instructs the computer to load, store, and
execute an application.

• Examples: Operating System (OS),, Windows,

Unix etc.

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Software (Contd..)
Application Software
• They are Software's written to perform specific
tasks.

• The basic types of application software are:

word processing, database, spreadsheet,
desktop publishing, and communication.
Examples: MSOffice, MS Outlook,

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 Software (Contd..)

Programming software:
It is program used for software's
and computer programs
developments.
Advantages of Using Computers
• Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less
than a millionth of a second.

• Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without

errors and very accurately.

• Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any

task given to them repetitively.

• Storage Capacity : Computers can store large

volume of data and information on magnetic media.

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History of Evolution Of Computers

Two Eras:
• Mechanical Era (Before 1945)
• Electronic Era (1945 - )
Can be divided into generations.
• First Generation (1945 – 1954)
• Second Generation (1955 – 1964)
• Third Generation (1965 – 1974)
• Fourth Generation (1975 -1990)
• Fifth Generation (1990-till)

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Types of Computers
On the basis of Computing Power & Size:
• Laptop / Palmtop
• Micro Computer / Desktop
• Mini Computer / Mainframe
• Super Computer

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Language of Computers
• High
• Low
• Assemble
• Machine

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Computer Network
• A Computer Network is interconnection of
Computers to share resources.

• Resources can be : Information, Load,

Devices etc.

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Types Of Computer Networks

On the basis of Size:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in
one room, one building.
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
Its a network of the computers spread widely
geographically.

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Benefits of Computer Networks

• Information Sharing
• Device Sharing
• Load Sharing
• Mobility
• Fast Communication
• Anywhere Anytime Banking

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Internet

• Internet is a huge network of computer networks.

• Internet provides many services:

– Email
– World Wide Web (www)
– Remote Login (Telnet)
– File Transfer (FTP)

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CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

• The central processing unit (CPU), also

known as just a "processor”, is the "brain"
of your computer.

• It contains various electronic circuits.

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VDU (Monitor)

• This is the television-like screen where the results

of a computer's tasks are displayed.

• Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly

they are either 15 or 17 inches
(measured diagonally from one corner of the
screen to the opposite corner).

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Keyboard

• The keyboard looks like a typewriter.

• It contains all the letters of the alphabet,

numbers and some special symbols.

• It operates like a typewriter keypad, but

instead of moving an arm, which strikes the
paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the
computer, which displays a character on the
monitor.

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Mouse

• Itsa device that is used to control the computer.

A cable connects the mouse to the computer.

• When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a

mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves.

• A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the

computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that
is used as a pointer) that shows you what the
mouse is referencing on the screen.

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 Printer

• A printer is designed to output information

from a computer onto a piece of paper.

• There are three kinds of printers:

dot matrix, laser, and inkjet.

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Scanner

• A scanner is a device used to copy an image off

paper and convert it into a digital image, which
can be saved as a computer file and stored on a
hard drive.

• Scanners can also use a special kind of

technology called Optical Character Recognition
(OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an
editable document file

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A Look Inside.

Floppy

CD

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A Look Inside ..

power
supply CD-ROM
drive

floppy
drive
cards
hard
drive

motherboard
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A Look Inside…

• Identify all the major components:

– Power Supply
– Motherboard
– Memory
– Card Slots
– Cards (sound, video, network)
– CPU, heatsink and fan
– Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM)

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 What these components do.

• Power Supply – (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry

and devices.

• Motherboard – (body) acts as a manager for everything

on the computer – connects all the other components
together.

• CPU – Central Processing Unit – (brain) this does all the

work of computing.

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 What these components do..

• RAM – Random Access Memory – (short-term

memory) holds data and program instructions
that the computer is currently using.

• Hard Drive – (long-term memory) holds all of the

information that needs to be stored between
uses of the computer.

• Floppy and CD-ROM drives – (mouth/ears) allow

you to give data to the computer and take data
away from the computer.

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 What these components do…

• Card Slots – (fingers) Allows other components to

be added to the computer.

• Video card – (face) Does all of the processing

necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen,
quickly.

• Sound card – (vocal cords) Allows sounds from

HD or CD-ROM to be played.

• Network Card – (telephone) allows computer to

talk to other computers over a wire.
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Motherbo
ard

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 RAM

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Hard Drive

We won’t remove this.

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 Floppy Drive

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CD-ROM Drive

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 Ribbon Cables

polarized

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Video Card

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Sound Card

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 Back of
Computer

Remove these screws

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 CPU

• The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain"

of your computer. It contains the electronic circuits
that cause the computer to follow instructions
from memory.

• The CPU contains three main parts, all housed

in a single package (Chip):
– Control Unit (CU)
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– Memory

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BACK 42
Major Peripherals

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Hard Disk
• Floppy Disk
• CD ROM
• Printer
• Scanner
• Joystick

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Keyboard
• Keypad contains:
– Alphabets
– Numbers
– Special Symbols
– Function Keys

• Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard).

• On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU.
• Plug N Play device.

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Mouse
• Pointing & Click Device.
• Two / Three Buttons
• Wheel / Optical Mouse
• Normally Left Click – Select/ Run
Right Click – Popup Menu

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 Hard Disk

• Magnetic Memory Device.

• Non-removable storage device.
• Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a
single case.
• Data is stored as 1s & 0s.
• Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB
• Cost/Bit is Low.

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Floppy Disk
• Magnetic Memory Device.
• Removable storage.
• A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic
material is packed in a protective plastic casing.
• Typical size is 3.5” & Capacity is 1.44MB

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CD ROM
• Optical Device.
• Removable Storage.
• Read Only Memory.
• Typical Capacity is 550 Mb – 800MB
• Typical Costs are:
• Drive -- Rs.1000
• Disk Rs10 – Rs.35
• Related Terms:
• CD Writer
• WORM
• CD RW
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Printer
• Output Device, Produces Hard Copy
• Types:
– Dot Matrix
– Inkjet
– Laser
• Related Terms:
– Impact – Non Impact
– Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle
• Major Vendors in India:
– HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc.

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 Scanner

• Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a

computer file.
• Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc.
• Optical Device.
• Major Vendors in India:
– HP, Umax, Cannon
• Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces
editable documents.

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 What is Operating System

 OS is system software, which may be viewed as

collection of software consisting of procedures for
operating the computer.

 It provides an environment for execution of programs

(application software).

 It’s an interface between user & computer.

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 Computer Machine
(Hardware)

Machine Language
(Low Level Language)

Operating System

Human Understandable Language

(High Level Language)

User / Programmer

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 Types of OS

Multiprogramming OS

Multitasking/Multiprocessing

Multiuser OS

Time Sharing OS

Real Time OS

Distributed OS
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 A Second Classification
This Classification is based on the type of interface
Operating System provides for the user to work in.

Character User Interface (CUI)

The User has to type the commands on the
command prompt to get the work completed.
Ex. DOS, UNIX.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The User need not type any commands. He/She
just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the
work done.
Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux.
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 Functions of OS

File Management

Memory Management

Process Management

Device Management

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 Types of Processing

Serial Processing
The job is processed at the time when
it is submitted.

Batch Processing
The similar jobs are bunched together and
are kept for processing at an later time.

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 What is Command

 It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do.

 When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing

with the operating system's command interpreter.

 For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2"

floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type

C:\> copy a:\file.txt c:\

The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be

copied from one location to another

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 Overview of Windows

 Windows is an GUI based operating system.

 It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by

Mr. Bill Gates.

 Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of

Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP.

 It gives user a handy environment where he doesn’t have to

remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case
in DOS.

 The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the
screen.
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 Folders and Documents

 Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as

are the directories in DOS.

 A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can

be made using any type of software.

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 End of Session

Queries???

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