Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Polio) (46 – 30 B.C.

), Rome

STYLE:

DICTUM:
 Architecture must meet 3 requirements : Strenght, Beauty, Utility.

INFORMATION:
 He was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC.
 Author of the oldest research on architecture ―The 10 Books of Architecture‖ or ―De
Architectura Libri Decem‖.
 Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect. In Roman times architecture
was a broader subject than at present including the modern fields of architecture, construction
management, construction engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, materials
engineering, mechanical engineering, military engineering and urban planning

FAMOUS WORK:
 Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472) Italy
STYLE: Humanist, Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 author of first architecture book after invention of printing ―De re Aedificatoria‖ ―On Building‖:
 Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope
 More emphasis on decoration of building Exteriors.
 He was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and
cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath: though he is often
characterized as "architect" James Beck observes.

FAMOUS WORK:
 S. Francesco
 Façade of Palazzo Rucellai
 Completion of the facade of Santa Maria Novella
 San Sebastiano
 Pienza
 Sepolcro Rucellai
 Tribune for Santissima Annunziata
 Sant'Andrea, Mantua
 Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507 – 1573) Italy

STYLE: Mannerism,Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism .

 His two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the
Gesù in Rome.

 The three architects who spread the Italian Renaissance style throughout Western Europe
are Vignola, Serlio and Palladio.

 The earliest, Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura "Canon of the five orders of
architecture" (first published in 1562, probably in Rome), presented Vignola's practical system
for constructing columns in the five classical orders (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and
Composite) utilizing proportions which Vignola derived from his own measurements of
classical Roman monuments.

 The clarity and ease of use of Vignola's treatise caused it to become in succeeding centuries
the most published book in architectural history.

 Vignola's second treatise, the posthumously-published Due regole della prospettiva pratica
"Two rules of practical perspective" (Bologna 1583), favours one-point perspective rather than
two point methods such as the bifocal construction.

 Vignola presented— without theoretical obscurities— practical applications which could be

understood by a prospective patron.
FAMOUS WORK:

The five orders, engraving from Vignola's Regola delle cinque ordini d'architettura.
 Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Republic of Venice.

 Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely

considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture.

 All of his buildings are located in northern Italy, but his teachings, summarized in the
architectural treatise I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture),
gained him wide recognition.

 The father of modern picture books of architecture

 He was born as Andrea di Pietro della Gondola in Padua, then part of the Republic of
Venice.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Palazzo Chiericati
 Palazzo Thiene
 Redentore Church,
 San Giorgio Maggiore
 Teatro Olimpico
 Michael Angelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Presented a Greek Cross Plan & strengthened the piers of the dome.
 Redesigned the surroundings of St. Peter Basilica.
 Commenced the construction of the Greek Dome.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Laurentian Library
 Piazza del Campidoglio
 Sforza Chapel
 Donato Bramante (1444-1514) Italy
STYLE: Early and High Renaissance style

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 First Roman Architect of Renaissance time.

 First Architect in St.Peters Basilica in greek cross plan.

 Who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to
Rome, where his most famous design was St. Peter's Basilica.

 Bramante was born in Monte Asdrualdo (now Fermignano), under name Donato di Pascuccio
d'Antonio, near Urbino.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Santa Maria presso San Satiro, Milan, ca. 1482–1486
 Santa Maria delle Grazie (cloister and apse); Milan, 1492–1498
 Palazzo Caprini (also known as Raphael's House), Rome, started around 1510 (demolished
in the 17t century)
 San Pietro in Montorio (also called the Tempietto); Rome, 1502
 Santa Maria della Pace (cloister); Rome, 1504
 St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, design 1503, ground breaking, 1506
 Cortile del Belvedere, Vatican City, Rome, 1506.
 Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Florence, Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance.

 He is perhaps most famous for inventing linear perspective and designing the dome of the
Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also included bronze artwork, architecture
(churches and chapels, fortifications, a hospital, etc), mathematics, engineering (hydraulic
machinery, clockwork mechanisms, theatrical machinery, etc) and even ship design. His
principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Church of San Spirito
 Ospedale Degli Innocenti
 Pazzi Chapel
 S. Maria degli Angeli,
 San Lorenzo, Florence
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italy

STYLE:

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 commonly known as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and
philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

 Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy".

 The "father of modern physics".

 The "father of science"

 The ―father of Modern Science‖

 Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was
responsible for the birth of modern science."

 Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture
passages.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814 – 1879), France

STYLE: Gothic Revival architect and Personal Style

DICTUM:
 "restorations" of medieval buildings.

INFORMATION:
 He was a French architect and theorist.

 The first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent
of antiquity.

 Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification.

 Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris gave him national attention.

 His other main works include Mont St-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and
Pierrefonds.

An imported idiom: Viollet-le-Duc's slate-covered

conical towers at Carcasonne
 Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) (1887 – 1916),
Switzerland

STYLE: Art Nouveau, Monumentalism, Neo-Plasticism

DICTUM:
 The house is a Machine to live in.
 Architecture is masterly, correct & magnificent play of masses brought together into light.
 Modular System– also known as ―Divine Proportion‖.
 it is a grid base on the stature of man, 89‖ in length & 112 cu.in. of space are standard of a 6
foot man. Also ―Cubism‖.
 Architecture must create building which are conceived as total artistic expression.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Le Pavillion de L‟Esprit Nouveau (1925) – his first famous structure w/c was an exhibition
 bldg. He called this a ― Cube w/ in a Cube, a charming arrangement of solids & voids ).
 Villa Savoye, Poissy
 Swiss Pavillion, Cite Universities, Paris ( First major bldg. )
 U.N. Secretariat
 Unite de Habitation, Marseilles ( most impt. reinforced concrete bldg. of the last 2 decades.
 Notre dam Du Haut , Ronchamp Chapel ( example of Brutalism )
 Dominican Monastery of La Tourette
 Visual Arts Center, Harvard University ( his first U.S. Bldg. )
 Joseph Paxton (1803- 1865) England
STYLE: Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was an English gardener and architect, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Crystal Palace
 Daniel Burnham (1846- 1912) New York, USA
STYLE: Classical

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was an American architect and urban planner.

 He was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

 He also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in New York City
and Union Station in Washington D.C.

 Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett
prepared "The Plan of Chicago", which laid out plans for the future of the city.

 Burnham contributed to plans for cities such as Cleveland (the Group Plan), San
Francisco, and Manila and Baguio, Philippines, details of which appear in "The Chicago
Plan" publication of 1909.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Flatiron Building
 Reliance Building
 Burnham Park
 Manila
 Baguio City
 Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Building Bacolod City
 Louis Sullivan (1856 – 1924), U.S.A.

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:
 Form Follows Function.
 It is the very essence of every problem that it contains and suggest its own solution, thus
―form follow function‖.

INFORMATION:
 Known as the “ Father of Modern Architecture”, in U.S.A
 He was the 1st to give logic & form to the steel skyscraper, the structure that announced the
beginning of modern architecture.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Carson Pirie and Scott Store – (his major bldg) .
 Wainwright Bldg., St. Louis
 Guaranty Bldg., Buffalo, N.Y.
 Auditoruim Bldg., Chicago
 Otto Wagner (1841 – 1918), Vienna Austria

STYLE: historicist style to Architectural Realism.

DICTUM:
 Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful.
 The essential basis of all natural forms is geometries.
 Our starting point for artistic creation is to be found only in Modern Life.

INFORMATION:
 Futuristic Architectural Projects.
 By the mid-1890s, he had already designed several Jugendstil buildings. Wagner was very
interested in urban planning — in 1890 he designed a new city plan for Vienna, but only his
urban rail network, the Stadtbahn, was built. In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern
Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role of the architect; it was based on
the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Post Office Savings Bank Vienna
 Church of the Steinhof Asylum

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station Postal Office Savings Bank Building

 Adolf Loos (1870 – 1933), Austria

STYLE: Monumentalism

DICTUM:
 Ornament Equals Crime – he was against the idea of fanciful designs.

INFORMATION:
 Who invented a system of well-high universal application based on hyperboloids in building
also his famous axiom ―Ornament is a Crime‖.
 He was an anti- ornamentalist, a believer of Engineering & Plumbing.
 He was an adherent of Monumentalism, thus, when he joined a competition for the design of
the Chicago Tribune Tower, he designed it in the form of a ― Huge Doric Column.‖

FAMOUS WORK:
 Steiner House, Vienna – characterized by unrelieved cubic shapes, total absence of
ornament & a love of fine materials, it express separateness bet. man & nature.
 Moller House 3. Ruffer House
 Frank Lloyd Wright (1869 – 1959), U.S.A.

STYLE: Organic Architecture

DICTUM:
 Nature is the determinant in the conceptualization of human environment.
 The bldg. must not only be on the ground but off the ground.
 Space in Motion.

INFORMATION:
 He was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more
than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works.

 Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater), was a leader of the

Prairie School movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House, the Westcott
House, and the Darwin D. Martin House), and developed the concept of the Usonian home
(exemplified by the Rosenbaum House)

 Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest
American architect of all time"
FAMOUS WORK:
 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan
 Johnson Wax Company Bldg. , Racine, Wisconsin, U.S.
 Kaufman House or ― Falling Water, Bear Run, Pennsylvania
 Larkin Admistration Bldg. Buffalo, N.Y.
 Robie House or ― Prairie House‖ , Chicago, Illinois
 Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.
 Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
 Ward Willits House, Highland Park, Illinois
 Price Tower , Oklahoma ( First known skycrapper

Falling water or Kaufmann Residence

 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886 – 1969), Germany

STYLE: Monumentalism

DICTUM:
 Reason is the first principles of all human work.
 Less is more & God is in the details.
 Pure form
 he believed that truth is beauty,
expressed by the clarity of straight lines reflecting surfaces.

INFORMATION:
 He rejects Form follows function.
 More on skyscraper designs.

FAMOUS WORK:
 German Pavillion –for 1925 Barcelona Exposition (considered to be the masterpiece of
modern arch.)
 Tugendhat House – Brno, Czechoslovakia
 llinois Institute of Technology – he has designed 18 bldgs.in this school
 Cullinan Hall – addition to the Houston Museum of Fine Arts
 Chicago Convention Hall
 Farnsworth House, Illinois 7. Seagram Bldg (w/Philip Johnson) Most famous skyscraper & the
finest steel bldg.of the mid–20th cent.
 Walter Gropius (1883 – 1969), Germany

STYLE: Expressionism, Modern or International, Functionalist

DICTUM:
 Art & Architecture, the New Unity.
 Beauty is based on the perfect mastery of all scientific, technological and formal pre-
requisites of the task.

INFORMATION:
 He founded the Bauhaus.
 He assembled ―The Architect Collaborate (TAC) w/c was made-up of young architects, to put
into effect his cherished concept of group practiced.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Fagus Werk ( w/ Adolph Meyer ) Shoe factory
 Deutscher Werkbund, Exhibition factory
 Bauhaus Bldg. At Dessau, Germany (1925 –1926)
 New Civic Center, Boston (w/ Pietro Belluschi
 U S Embassy, Athens
 Pan American Bldg. New York (59 storey bldg.)
 Harvard Graduate Center
 Baghdad University
 Harvard Graduate Center
Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. (born June 25, 1925) Philadelphia U.S.A.
STYLE: Postmodern

DICTUM:
 Less is a bore
 Form accomodates function

INFORMATION:
 Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991.

 Founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major
figures in the architecture of the twentieth century.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.
 Chapel at the Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA. (2010)
 Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), USA
STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Invented the ― Geodesic Dome ‖ based in principle ; space frame in many different materials
like timber plywood, aluminum, paper board , prestressed concrete and even bamboo.
 He was an American engineer, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Geodesic Dome ,US Pavillion , Montreal Exposition 1967
 Union Tank Car Repair Shop , Louisiana

Deodesic Dome
 Aalto Alvar ( Hugo Alvar Henrik ) 1898 – 1976, Finland

STYLE: Nordic Classicism to International Style

DICTUM:
 Functionalism is correct only if enlarged to cover even the psychophysical. That is the only
way to humanize architecture.

 Architecture must create bldgs. w/c are conceived as a total artistic expression. His bldgs. has
always a touch of emotion beyond sentimentality & human beyond whimsy.

INFORMATION:
 His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware. Aalto's early career runs in
parallel with the rapid economic growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of
the twentieth century and many of his clients were industrialists

FAMOUS WORK:
 Paimio Sanatorium, Finland
 Town Hall of Saynatsalo
 Pension Bank
 Convalescent Home @ Paimio
 Hall of Residence, Massachusset’s Institute of Technology
 Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki
 Library at Vipuri
 Riola Parish Church

Riola Parish Church

 Peter Behrens (1868 – 1940), Germany

STYLE: Monumentalist

DICTUM:
 When a time comes for a change, the outsider is needed because it has preserved the
freshness of vision required to see what changes are necessary, whereas the specialist may
prove to be too inflexible.

INFORMATION:
 He influenced the works of Groplus & Mies van der Rohe.

FAMOUS WORK:
 AEG Turbine Factory ( Industrial Bldg.)
 Marcel Breuer (1902), Hungary

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:
 A Bldg. has straight geometrical lines. Even when these lines are free, it must always be
evident that they have been studied & that they did not spring up simultaneously.

 Nature & Architecture are two different things. Architecture is a social art.

INFORMATION:
 the Father of furniture Architecture.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Tubular steel cantilever chair, Bauhaus Bldg.
 New Parish Headquarters Bldg. for UNESCO
 Harneshmasher House
 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York 1966 (most notable bldg. designed in 1966)
 Felix Candela (1910-1997), Mexico

STYLE: Neo-Plasticism

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Famous for thin – shell structures.
 He is one of the most concrete Engineer of the age

FAMOUS WORK:
 Church of our Lady of Miracles
 Radiation Institute, Mexico
 Chapel of the Missionaries of the Holy Spirit, Coyoacan Mexico
 Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico
 Wells Wintemute Coates (1895 – 1958), England

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:
 Simplicity & functionality is the essence of design

INFORMATION:
 He was an architect, designer and writer. He was, for most of his life, an ex-patriate Canadian
architect who is best known for his work in England. His most notable work is the Isokon
building in Hampstead, London.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Lawn Road Flats, Hampstead, London
 Master Plan for Iroquios , Canada
 Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), USA
STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Invented the ― Geodesic Dome ‖ based in principle ; space frame in many different materials
like timber plywood, aluminum, paper board , prestressed concrete and even bamboo.
 He was an American engineer, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Geodesic Dome ,US Pavillion , Montreal Exposition 1967
 Union Tank Car Repair Shop , Louisiana

Deodesic Dome
 Antonio Gaudi (1852 – 1926 ), Spain

STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:
 Form does not necessary to follow function
 Function has today an increasing variety of forms to choose from.
 When you limit architecture to aesthetic experiment, you’re making technology an end instead
of means.

INFORMATION:
 He is the Father of Fantastic Architecture.
 He loves to use hyperboloids & paraboloids because he asserted that the straight line
belongs to man & the curved line belongs to God.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Sagrada Famillia
 Casa Batallo
 Casa Mila
 Casa Vicens

Sagrada Familia
 Cass Gilbert (1859 – 1954), U.S.A

STYLE: Beaux Arts

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He followed Beaux Arts mode w/c refers to historical & ecletic design on a monumental
decade.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Woolsworth Bldg.,N.Y.( Highest Bldg. Until 1930) It has a Gothic detail w/c belongs to
Historicism.
 Victor Horta (1861 – 1947), BELGIAN
STYLE: Modernist, Art Nouveau

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 His career reflects the movement of art nouveau

FAMOUS WORK:
 Maison Du Peuple ( House of the people ) Brussels , Belgium ( 1897 )
 Tassel House , Rue de Turin , Brussels ( 1893)

Art Noveau Examples

Tassel House at Rue De turin ,Belgium Sezession House,Austria

 Philip Cortelyou Johnson (1906), U.S.A

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:
 You cannot know history

INFORMATION:
 He invented the term international Style.
 He was responsible for the 1932 exhibition of modern architecture.
 His works were influenced by Mies Van Der Rohe

FAMOUS WORK:
 Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut
 Seagram Bldg. , New York ( w/ Mies van der Rohe)
 William Proctor‟s Museum , N.Y.
 Theater of the Dance – Lincoln Center
 Art of Gallery of the University of Nebraska
 Amon Carter Museum, Forth Worth , Texas
 AT& T Bldg. N.Y. (First Major Monument )w/ these he became the father figure of Post
modernism.
 Louis Khan (1901 – 1974), U.S.A

STYLE: monumental and monolithic, International

DICTUM:
 A house is a house
 Cube within a cube
 The effect of exterior is the result of interior
 What the bldg. wanted to be.
 Man lives to express.
 The artist is only a vehicle for what always been.
 Man’s first sense must have been beauty, a sense of total harmony

FAMOUS WORK:
 Yale Art Gallery
 Alfred Newton Richard‟s Medical Center
 University of Pennysylvania ( original version of Brutalism Architecture)
 Unitarian Church, Ronchester , N.Y.
 Salk Institute Laboratories, California
 Indian Institute of Management, Ahme, Dabad
 Kimbell Art Museum, Texas
 Paul Mellon Center for British studies at Yale
 Kisho Korukawa (1960-2007) Japan

STYLE: founder of Metabolist Movement

DICTUM:
 Architecture should have the element of growth and change.
 Architecture should not be a world to be thought of as an end to itself .It should be considered
as a theater stage setting where the leading actors were the people opened to the technique
of designing.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Capsule House at the Celestial Theme Pavillion , Expo ‟70 Osaka , Japan
 Nagakin Capsule Tower , Bldg. , Tokyo , Japan
 Takara Group , Pavillion , Expo „70
 Sony Tower , Osaka , Japan
 Ishikawa , Cultural Center
 Peace Memorial Gamagori , Japan
 Toshiba , Pavillion , Expo „70

The Nakagin Capsule Tower

 Benjamin H. Latrobe (1764 – 1820), U.S.A

STYLE: Neo Classical

DICTUM:
 A bldg. is the combination of different geometric figures.
 Architecture form proceed from the character of the institution it was intended to house
rather from books of design.
 Forms & space were conceived as being situated in a landscape & most instances in a
specific landscape.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Capitol Richmond, Virginia ( He design the exterior of this bldg,as commissioned by
Jefferson)
 Bank of Pennysylvania ( one of the first ex. Of the Greek Revival in the U.S.)
 Sedgeley House ( earliest of the Gothic Revival in the U.S )
 Baltimore Cathedral ( His most notable bldg. )
 Baltimore Exchange
 Louisiana State Bank, New Orleans
 Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868 – 1929), Scotland

STYLE: British Art Nouveau

DICTUM:
 He believed in absence of external decoration & subtiety of proportion in structures.

INFORMATION:
 He was the principal exponent of ―British Art Nouveau‖.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Glasgow School of Art ( he won the competition for the design of this structure in
Scotland (1898 –1907 )
 Robert Maillart (1872 – 1940), Switzerland

DICTUM:
 A bridge is like a house. Each bridge & each house is a special case; each must be
constructed & shaped accdg. to the environment w/ w/c it must cope & the function
it is to have.

INFORMATION:
 He developed the Concrete Mushroom Construction – ( the technique involves a post & a
mushroom top spreading from it that are one inseparable concrete unit).

FAMOUS WORK:
 Tavenasa Bridge
 Salzinatobell Bridge
 Warehouse at Zurich
 Erich Mendelsohn (1887 – 1953), Jewish Germany

STYLE: Expressionist, Functionalism

DICTUM:
 Architecture is the only tangible expression of space, of w/c the human mind is capable.
 Architecture seizes upon space, encompasses space & is space itself.
 Architecture depends on the sensous seizure by means of touch & sight.
 Fluid Mass Theory‖ means plasticity of concrete.

INFORMATION:

FAMOUS WORK:
 Einstein Tower, Potsdom German
 Metal Worker‟s Union
 Columbushaus
 De la Warr Pavillion, Rexhill
 No. 64 Old Church St. Chelsea
 Pier Luigi Nervi ( 1891 – 1979 ) , Italy

STYLE: Roman and Renaissance Architecture

DICTUM:
 Structural correctness, w/c is identical w/ functional, technical & economic is a necessary &
sufficient condition of satisfactory aesthetic result.

INFORMATION:
 Architect who intoduce the ―Ferro-cement’’ (closely spaced wire mesh made watertight by
plastering of concrete) construction.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome – designed for the 1960 Olympics
 UNESCO Secretariat, Paris ( w/ Breuer & Zherfuss )
 Municipal Stadium , Florence
 Italian Embassy , Brasilia
 Australian Embassy , Paris
 International Labor Organization Office ,Geneva
 Oscar Niemeyer (1907 still alive), Brazil

STYLE: International Modern Architecture

DICTUM:
 Rio de Janeiro ― Architecture is not merely a matter of engineering but an expression of the
spirit of the imagination of the poetry ‖
 To avoid repetition of already known forms and solutions an arch’l. work must contain
basically a minimum of creative ability and must convey a personal contribution of the
architecture.

INFORMATION:

FAMOUS WORK:
 Brazilian Pavillion , 1939 ,N.Y. World Fair with Lucio Costa
 Modern Art Museum , Caracas
 The Miniatry of Education , Rio de Janeiro w/ Le Corbusier
 St. francis Church , Pampulha
 National Congress Bldg. Of Brazilia
 Presidents Palace
 Leoh Ming Pei-I.M. Pei (born April 26, 1917), Chinese American architect
STYLE: Modern or international

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Notable for Urban Renewal.

FAMOUS WORK:
 John Hancock , Tower
 Park Hotel , Shanghai
 Gulf Oil Bldg. , Atlanta
 Mile High Center , Denver , Colorado
 National Gallery , Washington D.C.
 Collins Place Dev‟t. , Melbourne Australia
 Hongkong and Shanghai Bank , Hongkong
 Auguste Perret (1874 – 1954), France

STYLE: Monumentalist

DICTUM:
 Any project is bad if it is more diff complicated to construct than necessary.
 truth is indespensible to Architecture & architectural lie concepts.

INFORMATION:

FAMOUS WORK:
 Church of the Notre Dame, Le Rainey
 Hotel de Ville, Le Havre
 French Atomic Research Center, Sarclay
 House in the Rule, Franklin, Paris
 Henry H. Richardson (1838 – 1886), U.S.A.

STYLE: Richardsonian Romanesque

DICTUM:
 He believes in monumentability because this gave 3 things; ― Continuity, permanence &
power of a bldg. to embody a heroic attitude.‖

INFORMATION:
 He was the first exponent of the 2nd Eclectic period in the U.S.A.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Marshall Wholesale Store, Chicago
 Paul Rudolph (1918-1997), U.S.A.

STYLE: Brutalist

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Former Dean of Architecture in Yale University

FAMOUS WORK:
 Cocoon House , Siesta Key , Florida
 Wellesly College Art Center
 The Greely Forest Laboratory , Yale University
 College of Arcjitecture Bldg. Yale University
 Endo Laboratories , garden City , New York
 Lippo Bldg. Hongkong

Wisma Dharmala Sakti Lippo Centre Orange County Government Center

 Eero Saarinen (1910 – 1961), Finland

STYLE: Rationalist design Miesian Style

DICTUM:
 Function influence but does not dictate form.
 Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.

INFORMATION:
 He is the son of Eliel Saarinen
 He invented the ― Reflective Glass‖.

FAMOUS WORK:
 TWA ― The World Airlines‖, Terminal @ the Kennedy Terminal, N.Y. – most expressive
structure since Mendelson‟s ― Einstein Tower‖.
 St. Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial – he won in the competition for the design of
this bldg., w/c was stainless steel arch in the form of a reverse catonary curve.
 U.S. Embassies, London & Oslo
 Chapel & Kresge Auditoruim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Dulles International Airport
 General Motors Technical Center – a 100 million dollar complex.
 TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown, N.Y.
 Chapel of Concordia Senior College
 Eliel Saarinen ( 1873 – 1950 ), Finland

STYLE: Classical

DICTUM:
 Beauty grows fr. necessity not from repitition of formulas

INFORMATION:
 He built many railway stations in Europe.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Chicago Tribune Tower – he placed 2nd from the competition of this design w/c
 resulted in his immigration to the U.S.
 National Museum, Finland
 Cranbrook School, Michigan
 Christ Church, Minneapolis
 Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland
 Skidmore, Owings, Merill ( 1950 ), U.S.A

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM) is an American architectural and engineering firm
that was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings; in 1939 they
were joined by John O. Merrill.
 They opened their first branch in New York City, New York in 1937.
 SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Lever House, N.Y. ( w/ Gordon Bunshaft as designer)–this is a pace-setter for office bldg.of
the 1950‟s. First bldg. to provide a pedestrian plaza since Rockefeller Center & it has no grnd.
flr.
 Connecticut General Life Insurance Bldg. ( w/ Bunshaft & William Brown as Designers )
 chosen as one of the 10 bldgs. in American‟s Future at the AIA‟s 100th Anniversary.
 Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs
 SEAR‟s Tower
 John Hancock Western Home Office Bldg., San Francisco
 Banque Pambert, Brussels
 Yale Rare Book Library ( w/ G. Bunshaft as designer )
 Burj Khalifa or Burj Dubai, Worlds Tallest Skycraper as of 2011. Height- 828m, 162
floors Completed 2010
 William Van Alen (1883 –1954), U.S.A.
STYLE: Neo-Art Deco/Streamline Moderne

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was an American architect, best known as the architect in charge of designing New York
City's Chrysler Building (1929-30).
 Founded in 1894 as the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects, the Institute was renamed in 1996
in honor of Van Alen, its largest benefactor; at this time the organization was reorganized to
focus on the public realm.

FAMOUS WORK:
 New York City's Chrysler Building (1929-30).

Chrysler Bldg.
 Kenzo Tange (1913), Japan
STYLE: Metabolist

DICTUM:
 Modern Architecture need not be Western.
 City must be subject to growth, decay & renewal.

INFORMATION:
 He won International Competition for replanning Skopje in Yugoslavia,
 also master planner of the International exhibition of 1970 at Osaka.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Hiroshima Peace Center
 Tokyo City Hall
 Kagawa Prefecture Office
 National Gymnasium for 1964 Olympic Games, Tokyo Japan
 St. Mary‟s Cathedral, Tokyo Japan
 Tokyo Plan 1960 – he extended the City over the bay.
 Wallace Kirkman Harrison (1895–1981) U.S.A.

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He introduced ―Thermal Glass‖ at UN Secretariat Bldg.
 Famous for his ―Tylon & Perisphere‖ for The 1939 New York’s Trade fair.

FAMOUS WORK:
 The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
 UN headquarters in New York City

Metropolitan Opera House UN headquarters

 Sir Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723), England

STYLE:

DICTUM:
 He favored competition by addition rather than by subdivision.

INFORMATION:
 After the Great Fire in London, he designed its 51 City Churches. Including his masterpiece,
St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.
 Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable
astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a
founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work was highly regarded
by Sir Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal.

FAMOUS WORK:
 St. Paul Cathedral, London
 Greenwich Hospital
 Whitehall Palace
 Winchester Palace
 Hampton Court

St. Paul Cathedral, London

 Minoru Yamasaki (1912-1986), U.S.A

STYLE: Modern and Postmodern Architecture

DICTUM:
 Humanism
 His concept of architecture is one of ―serenity & delight‖

INFORMATION:
 A second-generation Japanese American.

FAMOUS WORK:
 American Concrete Institute Bldg., U.S.
 Bank of Oklahoma Office Bldg., Williams Center, Oklahoma
 Century Plaza Towers & Garage, Century City, L.A., California
 World Trade Center

World Trade Center

 Renzo Piano-1937 Italy
STYLE: Modern or International

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Knight Grand Cross (born 14 September 1937) is a world renowned Italian architect and
recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, AIA Gold Medal, Kyoto Prize and the Sonning
Prize. One admirer said the "serenity of his best buildings can almost make you believe that
we live in a civilized world‖.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Centre Pompidou
 Schlumberger Renovation
 Menil Collection
 IRCAM Extension
 Rue de Meaux Housing
 Kansai Airport Terminal
 Nasher Sculpture Center
 Tadao Ando-1941 Japan
STYLE: Critical Regionalism

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He is a Japanese architect whose approach to architecture was once categorized by
Francesco Dal Co as critical regionalism.

 Ando has led a storied life, working as a truck driver and boxer prior to settling on the
profession of architecture, despite never having taken formal training in the field.

 He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies Van der
Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968 and established
his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architect and Associates.

 In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, considered the highest distinction in the
field of architecture. He donated the $100,000 prize money to the orphans of the 1995 Kob
earthquake

FAMOUS WORK:
 Azuma House
 Festival
 Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum
 Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts
 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. (born June 25, 1925) Philadelphia U.S.A.
STYLE: Postmodern

DICTUM:
 Less is a bore
 Form accomodates function

INFORMATION:
 Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991.

 Founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major
figures in the architecture of the twentieth century.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.
 Chapel at the Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA. (2010)
 Jørn Oberg Utzon (1918 – 2008) was a Danish architect

STYLE: Modern

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 Won the competition for the design of a performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia in 1957.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1956–1973
 Richard Kissling (April 15, 1848 - July 19, 1919) Switzerland

STYLE:

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was a Swiss sculptor.
 Kissling became one of the most widely employed Swiss sculptors for monuments and
memorials, although his heroic classical style was increasingly regarded as outdated towards
the end of his career.

FAMOUS WORK:
 the 1892 William Tell Monument in Altdorf, the result of a national competition and probably
Kissling's best-known work

 statue of Joachim Vadian in St. Gallen, 1904

 Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, Manila, 1912. Erected on the park where the Philippine
national hero was executed

Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, Manila

 Isidore of Miletus
INFORMATION:
 He was one of the two main Byzantine architects (Anthemius of Tralles was the other) that
Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
from 532-537A.D.

 Isidore of Miletus was a renowned scientist and mathematician before Emperor Justinian I
hired him, ―Isidorus taught stereometry and physics at the universities, first of Alexandria then
of Constantinople, and wrote a commentary on an older treatise on vaulting

 Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory
over protesters within the capital city of his Roman Empire, Constantinople. The first basilica
was completed in 360A.D. and remodeled from 404A.D. to 415A.D., but had been damaged
in 532A.D. in the course of the Nika Riot

Anthemius of Tralles (c.474 – before 558), Greek

INFORMATION:
 a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) and
architect, who collaborated with Isidore of Miletus to build the church of Hagia Sophia by the
order of Justinian I

CONCLUTION:
 The Hagia Sophia architects innovatively combined the longitudinal structure of a Roman
basilica and the central plan of a drum-supported dome, in order to withstand the high
magnitude earthquakes of the Marmara Region, ―However, in May 558, little more than 20
years after the Church’s dedication, following the earthquakes of August 553 and December
557, parts of the central dome and its supporting structure system collapsed.‖[7] The Hagia
Sophia was repeatedly cracked by earthquakes and was quickly repaired. Isidore of Miletus’
nephew, Isidore the Younger, introduced the new dome design that can be viewed in the
Hagia Sophia in present day Istanbul, Turkey.
 After a great earthquake in 989 ruined the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials
summoned Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by
994.
 Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
STYLE:
 Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic and Indian
architectural styles.

DICTUM:

INFORMATION:
 He was an architect and the most likely candidate as the chief architect of the Taj Mahal.

 He has been described as an architect in the court of Shah Jahan from Lahore

 Shah Jahan's court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is
true that, more than any other Mughal emperor, he showed the greatest interest in building,
holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors.

 In 1631, Shah Jahan, emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was
grief-stricken when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their 14th child,
Gauhara Begum.

 The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial
supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad
Lahauri.

 Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Taj Mahal
 Fazlur Rahman Khan

Fazlur Rahman Khan - "is regarded as the Father of tubular design for high-rises.Khan, "more than
any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the
twentieth century.

He has been called the Einstein of structural engineering and the Greatest Structural Engineer of the
20th Century for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to modern
skyscraper construction.His most famous buildings are the John Hancock Center and the Willis Tower
(formerly Sears Tower), which was the world's tallest building for several decades."
 Geoffrey manning Bawa - 1919-2003

1919 : born in Colombo

2nd son of Benjamin and Bertha Bawa

1930-37 : studied at Royal College, Colombo

1938-41 : studied English at Cambridge

1942-44 : studied Law in London

1946 : worked briefly as a lawyer with Noel Gratien

1946-48 : traveled across USA and Europe

1948 estate : returned to Ceylon and bought an abandoned rubber at Lunuganga

1951 : worked as an assistant architect with HH Reid at

Edwards Reid and Begg in Prince Street, Colombo

1950-53 : worked sporadically as a lawyer in Colombo

1954-57 : studied at the Architectural Association in London

1957 : joined Edwards Reid and Begg as a junior partner

1958-65 : worked in close association with Ulrik Plesner

1959 : Ena de Silva House, Colombo

1962 : moved office to Alfred House Road

1967-89 : partner with Dr. K. Poologasundram in Edwards Reid Begg

1969 : Bentota Beach Hotel

1971 : Staff Club for Madurai Coates, Madurai

1972 : Batujimbar Estate, Bali

1977 : Mahaweli Building, Colombo

1979 : new Sri Lanka Parliament, Kotte

1983 : Ruhunu University Campus, Matara

1986 : exhibition at the Royal Institute of Architects, London

publication of ―Geoffrey Bawa‖, Brian Brace Taylor
Concept Media, Singapore

1990 : opened a new office in 33rd Lane

1990-97 : partner in Geoffrey Bawa Associates

(after 1995 with Channa Daswatte)

1991 : publication of ―Lunuganga‖, Geoffrey Bawa with Christoph Bon &

Dominic
Sansoni, Times Editions, Singapore

1991 : Kandalama Hotel, Dambulla

1993 : designated ―Deshamaniya‖ by the President of Sri Lanka

1996 : Blue Water Hotel, Wadduwa

1997 : Jayawardene House, Mirissa

1998 : suffered a major stroke

2001 : received the Aga Khan Special Chairman’s Award

2002 : publication of ―Bawa the complete works‖, David Robson

Thames and Hudson, London

2003 : died in Colombo after a long illness

cremated on the Cinnamon Hill at Lunuganga
2004 : retrospective exhibition ―Bawa – Architect of Sri Lanka‖
Deutches Architektur Museum, Frankfurt

2007 : publication of ―Beyond Bawa‖, David Robson

Thames and Hudson, London
 Joseph Aspdin

Joseph Aspdin (December? 1778 – 20 March 1855) was a British cement manufacturer who obtained

the patent for Portland cement on 21 October 1824.

Joseph Aspdin (or Aspden) was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer living in

the Hunslet district of Leeds, Yorkshire. He was baptized on Christmas Day, 1778. He entered his

father's trade, and married Mary Fotherby at Leeds Parish Church (the Parish Church of St Peter at

Leeds) [1] on 21 May 1811.

"He stated that, 'It is easy to be misled or seduced by technology and to think that if we assemble

enough eco-gadgetry in the form of solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, biological recycling systems,

building-automation systems and double-skin facades in one single building that this can

automatically be considered ecological architecture. Although these technologies are commendable

applications of low-energy systems, they are merely useful components leading towards ecological

architecture; they represent some of the means of achieving an ecological end product. Ecological

design is not just about low-energy systems; to be fully effective, these technologies need to be

thoroughly integrated into the building fabric; they will also be influenced by the physical, ecological

and climatic conditions of the site. The nature of the problem is therefore site specific. There will never

be a standard ―one size fits all‖ solution.‖