Chemistry Reviewer

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom is known as valence electrons. These
electrons determine the kind of chemical bonds (if any) that the atom can form. Valence comes
from the Latin word Valentia, which means “capacity.” For atoms, valence refers to the
capacity of atoms to from bonds.
Valence electrons can be determined from an atom’s electron configuration and the position of
elements in the periodic table.
The electron configuration of an atom is the representation of the arrangement of electrons
distributed among the orbital shells and subshells.

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
S= 2
P= 6
D= 10
F= 15

Examples of electron configuration:

1. Ca= [Ar] 4s2
2. Sb= [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
3. Pb= [Xe] 6s2 4f15 5d10 6p1

Lewis electron-dot structure- chemical structure of atoms or molecules which uses dots to
represent valence electrons.
 Named after Gilbert Newton Lewis, who pioneered our understanding of the
relationship between electron structure and chemical bonding.
 Lewis Structure contains the element symbol with dots representing electrons.
 The only electrons shown are those on the outer energy level or valence electrons.
 Unpaired valence electrons represent electrons available for bonding.
 Elements with the same number of valence electron have the same Lewis dot Structures.

Noble gases electron configuration:

 He- 1s2  Xe- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10
 Ne- 1s2 2s2 2p6 5p6
 Ar- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6  Rn- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10

 Kr- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5p6 6s2 4f15 5d10 6p6
 Og-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10
5p6 6s2 4f15 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f15 6d10 7p6
Lewis Electron Dot-Structures
Rules:
 When writing an electron-dot structure, imagine a square around the symbol of the element
and put a dot on each side until all the valence electrons are used.
 Once there is one dot on each side, electrons may be paired as necessary.
 There are no strict rules on which sides to pair up first.

Chemical bond- is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the
formation of chemical compounds. Th bond may result from electrostatic force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in
covalent bonds.
Ionization Energy (IE)- is required to remove an electron from an atom.
Electron Affinity (EA)- is the amount if energy released when an electron is added to an atom
to from a negative ion.
Electronegativity (EN)- is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons in a
chemical bond.
Covalent bond- formed when two non-metals share electrons.
Metallic bond- is formed in metals in their uncharged elemental states.
Nonpolar covalent bond- is formed when two non-metals equally share the bonding electrons.
Polar covalent bond- is formed when electrons are unequally shared between two non-metals.
 An ion is formed whenever a neutral atom gains or loses an electron. A positive ion is known
as a cation, while a negative ion is known as an anion.
 Non-metals hold onto their electrons tightly. They have high IE, EA, and EN. Metals, on the
other hand, have low IE, EA, and EN.
 Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of
chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.
 In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the
nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds require
an electron donor, often a metal, and an electron acceptor, a nonmetal.
 By losing the electrons, metals can achieve noble gas configuration and satisfy the octet rule.
Similarly, nonmetals that have close to 8 electrons in their shells tend to readily accept
electrons to achieve noble gas configuration.

Characteristics Ionic Bond Covalent bond Metallic bond

Melting point and High melting point and Low melting points High melting
boiling point boiling point and boiling points point and boiling
point
Physical Hard and brittle Soft and flexible Malleable and
 properties ductile
Electrical charge Conductors of Non-conductors of Good conductors
electricity in aqueous electricity of electricity and
solution heat