ZUBIA SYED

ROLL NO: 17271516-023

INSTRUCTOR: MISS REHANA
RESEARCH 2

QUESTION NO: 1
RESEARCH:
“Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon”.
OR
“Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled
observations that may lead to the developments of generalizations, principles or theories,
resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control or events”.

The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search. Re is a prefix meaning again,
anew or over again and search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and
try, or to probe. Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles.
Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve
problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.

● Basic Research
● Applied Research
● Quantitative Research
● Qualitative Research
● Problem solving research
● Problem oriented research

Basic Research:

It involves the process of analyzing and collecting information to develop or enhance theory.
Main purpose of basic research is theory development. This research helps to increase
understanding of fundamental principles.
Basic research also called "Pure Research" involves developing and testing theories and
hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have
practical application at the present time or in the future. The knowledge
Produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of research
methods.

EXAMPLE:

 Why earth is round? Basic research is conducted on this topic for theory development.
 An investigation looking forward about whether stress level engage student’s in

cheating. In this example, research is curious about how stress leads to teaching. That’s why he
conducts research.
Other examples through which researcher become curios about the phenomenon.
 How did the universe begins?
 How does water evaporates?
These questions are full of curiosity that leads to research. And research on this types of
questions called basic research.
Applied research:

Applied research is defined as a research which is used to answer a specific question, identify
why something failed or succeeded, solve a specific, practical problem related to product
development, or to obtain better understanding. This research seeks to find solutions of
problems.
Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions; for policy formulation,
administration and understanding of a phenomenon. It can be exploratory, but is usually
descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis of basic research. Applied research can be
carried out by academic or industrial institutions. Often, an academic institution such as a
university will have a specific applied research program funded by an industrial partner
interested in that program.

EXAMPLE:

⮚ In applied research, investigating which treatment or medicines are effective for

reducing depression.
⮚ Which strategies or activities are helpful to motivate students towards physical
activities.
⮚ Improving agriculture crop production.

From above definitions we conclude that applied research seeks to find practical solutions
of problems.

Quantitative Research:

Quantitative Research is used to solve the problem by way of producing numerical data or
data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to measure attitudes, opinions,
Behaviors, and other defined variables – and produce results from a larger sample
population.
It uses measurable data to formulate facts and figures and uncover patterns in research.
Collection methods of quantitative research are much more structured than Qualitative data
collection methods. It includes various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys,
mobile surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
⮚ Quantitative research can be numerically stated or compared; may use statistical
standards.
⮚ It Involves objective measurements.
⮚ Quantitative research uses closed-end or forced choice questions.
⮚ Factual, numerical questions with short responses that have precise and conclusive
outcomes.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to obtain an understanding

of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or
helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Some common
methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and
participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to
fulfill a given quota.
⮚ Qualitative research is subjective in nature
⮚ It uses a problem or open-ended, free response format to investigate the value of
 programs Asks broad questions and collects word data.
⮚ Qualitative research looks at how and why.
⮚ It provides an in-depth understanding of an issue.

ARGUMENTS:

EXAMPLES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEACRH:

1. Height of students of 2nd grade in School.

2. Weight of teacher's staff.
3. Age of Olympians.
4. Distance of planets.
5. Temperature of tea. (220F)

EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Happiness (happy or Sad)

2. Pass or fail
3. Eye colour
4. Hair colour
5. Temperature (HOT or COLD).

Problem oriented research:

As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is conducted to understand the exact nature of
a problem to find out relevant solutions. The term “problem “refers to multiple choices or
issues when analyzing a situation.
For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The following
could be the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality of a product, no
advertising, or economic conditions.

Problem solving research:

This type of research is conducted by companies to understand and resolve their own problems.
The problem-solving method uses applied research to find solutions to the existing problems.

QUESTION NO: 2

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH:

Descriptive Research:

Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon,

service or program, or provides information about , say, living condition of a community, or
describes attitudes towards an issue.
Descriptive research refers to research that provides an accurate description of characteristics of
a particular individual, situation or group. It is also known as statistical research. In short it
deals which has an impact of the lives of the people do it with.

Example:
Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of town. The reader will know what
to do to prevent that disease thus; more people will live a healthy life.

Co-relational:
Co-relational research attempts to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/
interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation.

Explanatory Research:

Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or
more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
A common form of an explanatory/analytical study is a case-control study, classic case control
study during which a researcher who want to test the effect of a particular medicine on an
illness will design a study in which groups of patients is divided into two groups one group
will receive the treatment while another group receive a placebo(control).The patients will be
followed and their health outcomes will be compared to see if the treatment resulted in a
lessening or elimination of the illness in the treated group as compared to untreated group.

Exploratory research:

Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is known or to investigate the
possibilities of undertaking a particular research study (feasibility study / pilot study).This
research is mostly carried out when there is not sufficient information available about the issue
to be studied or in other words, the researcher has either no knowledge or limited knowledge.
Example:
In the study of effect of TV on your students, what may be explore is the magnitude of the
problem or what percentage of students watch TV. The types of programs preferred frequently
of watching programs effect on study impact on intra- family.

QUESTION NO: 3

OBJECTIVES:

Research objectives describe concisely what the research is trying to achieve. They summarize
the accomplishments a researcher wishes to achieve through the project and provides direction
to the study. A research objective must be achievable, i.e., it must be framed keeping in mind
the available time, infrastructure required for research, and other resources. Before forming a
research objective, you should read about all the developments in your area of research and find
gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. This will help you come up with suitable
objectives for your research project.

Your research aim and objectives should be SMART:

Specific:
The goal should have a clear, highly-specific endpoint. If your goal is too vague, it won’t be
SMART.
Your research objectives should specifically focus on the what, how when and where questions
and there should be no loopholes.

 Identify the main variables of the study:

In the research objectives the researcher decides about the main variables of the study.
 The variables are the measurable concepts or quantities that will majorly impact your
research. The variables should be well-defined in this phase of the research. You should
decide about the dependent variables, independent variables as well as the control
variables, if the research is an experimental research.
 Identify the direction of the relationship
Some research studies have hypothesis, in hypothesis testing studies the researcher
should define the direction in which he want to test the variables. This is only done in
hypothesis testing studies; in other studies the researcher only mentions the variables.

Measurable:

You need to be able to accurately track your progress, so you can judge when a goal will be
met.
The objectives must be measurable. Keep in mind that your donor wants to know how the
success of your project can be evaluated. Therefore your objectives must enable the donor to
monitor the progress of the project and assess the final results. Following up the previous
example, state how many young people will be participating in the project, how many will be
trained, how many will be likely to find a job within the end of the project, within 6 months, or
within a year. Make reference to statistics and analyses of the local market to substantiate your
claims. As good practice, write that “at least” x number people will participate, be trained, and

become employed. In doing so, you will provide a minimum benchmark against which your
results will be evaluated and will also give the idea that a larger number of individuals will
successfully take part in the project and benefit from the organized activities.

Attainable/Achievable:

Of course, setting a goal that’s too ambitious will see you struggle to achieve it. This will sap at
your motivation, both now and in the future.
Attainable objectives are those that you can actually accomplish (something you can really do
within the time frame set) and not an aspiration or vision. Achievable objectives need to
challenge you but not so much so as to be unattainable or to cause frustration in being unable to
complete.

Relevant:

The goal you pick should be pertinent to your chosen field, or should benefit you directly.
Relevant means result oriented. Your project objective should be able to answer the questions
like “why should this project be done?” “What impact will this project have?” Set objectives
parallel to your organization’s strategic plan and mission addressing the specific needs of your
target group.

Time-Bound:

Finally, setting a timeframe for your goal helps quantify it further, and helps keep your focus on
track.
Time-oriented objectives are those which have deadlines for completion. The time frames
create sufficient urgency and lead to action. The deadlines, just as with overall objectives, must
be achievable and realistic. For a complex objective, break into small parts with a date for
completion for each.
When setting objectives that are time- oriented, ask: What is the earliest yet achievable and
realistic date for this objective to be completed? Have I included this date in the statement of
the objective?

Examples:

1. After the end of this course (time-bound), participants will describe (achievable) four
factors (specific, measurable, reasonable) that increase the risk of HIV transmission in
women.
2. After attending the class and studying the assigned handouts (time-bound, reasonable),
participants will list (achievable) three types of tests (specific, measurable) performed in
Ethiopia to detect HIV.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information to answer questions.

But to qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics: it must, as far as
possible, be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical.

Controlled:

In real life there are many factors that affect an outcome. The concept of control implies that, in
exploring causality in relation to two variables (factors), you set up your study in a way that
minimizes the effects of other factors affecting the relationship. This can be achieved to a large
extent in the physical sciences (cookery, bakery), as most of the research is done in a
laboratory. However, in the social sciences (Hospitality and Tourism) it is extremely difficult as
research is carried out on issues related to human beings living in society, where such controls
are not possible. Therefore in Hospitality and Tourism, as you cannot control external factors,
you attempt to quantify their impact.

Accurate:

Accuracy in research is a research characteristic that provides a way to know how close are the
sample parameters to population characteristics. So accuracy means how precisely the
measured value or findings reflect the real or the original values. By measuring the accuracy of
the research the researcher can prove that the research is generalizable, reliable, and valid.

Validity, reliability and accuracy are three characteristics of research that make the research.
The measurement of accuracy can be done by using statistical techniques

Rigorous:

In research, you must be scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed to find answers to
questions are relevant, appropriate and justified. Again, the degree of rigor varies markedly
between the physical and social sciences and within the social sciences.

Systematic:

This implies that the procedure adopted to undertake an investigation follow a certain logical
sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way. Some procedures must
follow others.
Valid and verifiable:

This concept implies that whatever you conclude on the basis of your findings is correct and
can be verified by you.
Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research
has high validity that means it produces results that correspond to real properties,
characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.

Empirical:

This means that any conclusions drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered from
information collected from real life experiences or observations.

Critical:

Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is crucial to a research
enquiry. The process of investigation must be foolproof and free from drawbacks. The process
adopted and the procedures used must be able to withstand critical scrutiny. For a process to be
called research, it is imperative that it has the above characteristics.