DDC-BMLS-3C

TOPIC: W1.1 Prepared by

Bacteriology INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY

A.D.P.C.M.P

Crdt: Maam Ansharimar Balagosa, RMT

 Some microbes are very difficult or

OUTLINE: impossible to grow in vitro in artificial media.
I. History VII. Bacterial Growth (Viruses, rickettsia, chlamydia, M.leprae, T.
pallidum)
II. Division of Curve  Introducing a pure culture to the
Microbiology VIII. Bacterial Morphology experimental animal, the animal must be
III. Taxonomy susceptible to that of the pathogen. Many
animals are resistant to the specific
IV. Prokaryotic Cell pathogen and most pathogens are species-
V. Bacterial Genetics specific.
VI. Microbial Growth &  Use of human volunteer are difficult to find
Nutrition and ethical considerations limit their use.
 Certain pathogens develop only when an
opportunistic pathogen invades a weekend
host.
 LUCRETIUS and GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553) II. DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY
 Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible
living creatures”
 ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)  PARASITOLOGY:
 “first true microbiologist”  study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship
 “Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology” between them.
 used the term “animalcules” or “beasties”  MYCOLOGY
 JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)  study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical
 Boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy after properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as
pouring it into a flask that was then sealed tightly a source for tinder, medicine, food and entheogen, as
 Organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.
rise to life  PHYCOLOGY “algology”
 LAZZARO SPALLANZANI I. HISTORY
(1729-1799)  From the greek word phykos, meaning “seaweed”
 improved the previous experiments of Needham by  The scientific study of algae, often is regarded as a
heating the broth placed in a sealed jar and observe no sub-discipline of botany
growth took place  VIROLOGY:
 Concluded that microorganisms from the air probably  study of viruses submicroscopic, parasitic particles of
had entered Needham’s solutions genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus-
 FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697) like agents.
 Invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could  BACTERIOLOGY
arise from non-living things (abiogenesis)  study of bacteria- involves the identification,
 Maggots could not rise spontaneously from decaying classification, and characterization of bacterial species
meat
III. TAXONOMY
 RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)
 Challenged the doctrine of spontaneous generation
with the concept of biogenesis  Comprises 3 distinct areas:
 LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)  Classification
 Disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation  Nomenclature
 Improved the wine-making process (fermentation and  Identification
pasteurization) - formal system of organizing, classifying and naming living things
 Developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies 1.Classification
 ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910) • DOMAIN- Bacteria and Archaebacteria
 First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed • KINGDOM- similar phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA
cause diseases • PHYLUM- similar classes
 Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium • CLASS- similar orders
tuberculosis • ORDER- similar families
 developed Culture Media for observing growth of • FAMILY- similar genera
bacteria isolated from human body • GENUS- various species with common characteristics
 Koch’s Postulates: • SPECIES- basic group or collection of bacterial strains with
 The microorganism must be found in abundance common physiologic and genetic features
in all organisms suffering from the disease, but •SUBSPECIES (“subsp.”)- species which are subdivided
should not be found in healthy organisms. based on the ff. phenotypic differences:
 The microorganism must be isolated from a  SEROTYPE/ serovarieties (“serovar”): based on
diseased organism and grown in pure culture. serologic differences
 The cultured microorganism should cause  BIOTYPE/ biovarieties (“biovar”): based on biochemical
disease when introduced into a healthy organism. differences
 The microorganism must be reisolated from the 2. Nomenclature: Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus
inoculated, diseased experimental host and aureus staphylococci
3. Identification:
identified as being identical to the original specific
causative agent.
 Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates:
 Many healthy people carry pathogens but
do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
These carriers may transmit the pathogens
to others who then may become diseased.

TOPIC: W1.1
Bacteriology INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY
IV. PROKARYOTIC CELL
 CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES
 No nucleus
 Genome: single circular chromosome
 Ribosomes: consists of RNA and protein
 With CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
 Some bacteria produce ENDOSPORES in response to
harsh environmental condition
 CELL ENVELOPE STRUCTURES
 Contains Plasma Membrane (PM)
 Contains Cell wall and some do not
 CELL WALL
 GRAM POSITIVE
 Very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer
 Peptidoglycan is consist of alternating N-acetyl-d-
glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-d- muramic acid
(NAM) and crosslink with peptide bridges
 Teichoic acid: exterior of the cell anchored to the
peptidoglycan
 Lipotechoic acid: exterior of the cell anchored to
the PM (plasma membrane)
 GRAM NEGATIVE
 Composed of 2 layers
 Inner layer: much thinner peptidoglycan layer
than gram (+) bacteria
 Outer layer: contains proteins, phospholipids and
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
 LPS 3 regions: antigenic O- specific
polysaccharide, core polysaccharide and Lipid A
(endotoxin)
 Lipid A: responsible for producing fever and
shock to pxs. infected with gram (-) bacteria
 Periplasmic space: between the outer and the
inner membrane and encompassing the thin
peptidoglycan layer
 with a gel-like matrix containing nutrient-binding
proteins and degradative and detoxifying
enzymes
 ACID FAST
 Mycobacteria and Nocardia
 have gram (+) cell wall but also contain a waxy
layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (MYCOLIC
ACID) — 60% of cell wall’s exterior
 mycolic acid is a strong “hydrophobic” molecule
making it difficult to stain with Gram stain and is
best stain with ACID FAST STAIN
 ABSENCE of CELL WALL
 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
 lack a cell wall and contain STEROLS in their cell
membranes; are seen in various shapes
 SURFACE POLYMERS
 Various pathogenic bacteria produce CAPSULE and
SLIME LAYERS
 CELL APPENDAGES
 FLAGELLA: organ of locomotion; exterior protein
filaments that rotate and cause bacteria to be motile
 CELL APPENDAGES
 PILI: “conjugation pili”; nonmotile, long, hollow protein
tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange
 FIMBRIAE: nonflagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hairlike
appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to one
another and to environmental surfaces
V. BACTERIAL GENETICS
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A.D.P.C.M.P
Crdt: Maam Ansharimar Balagosa, RMT
-The mechanism by which genetic information is changed and
exchanged among bacteria:
 MUTATION
 a change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene
or genes within an organism’s genome (genotype)
 RECOMBINATION (HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION)
 genes are transferred or exchanged between
homologous regions on 2 DNA molecules
 occurs when a portion of the genetic material that
originates from one bacterial cell (donor) is transferred
into a second bacterial cell (recipient)
 Mechanism of Gene Transfer
 TRANSFORMATION
 uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a
bacterial cell
 TRANSDUCTION
 transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage
(virus-infected bacterium) from one cell to another
 CONJUGATION
 transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial
strain to a recipient strain
 the donor strain produces a sex pilus, which binds
to the recipient cell and brings the two cells in
close contact
VI. MICROBIAL GROWTH AND NUTRITION
 Major nutritional need for growth:
 Source of CARBON (for making cellular constituents):
50%
 Source of NITROGEN (for making proteins): 14%
 Source of ENERGY (ATP, for performing cellular
functions)
 Nutrient requirements:
 Carbon
 Autotrophs (lithotrophs)
 Chemolithotrophs
 Heterotrophs (organotrophs)
 Growth factors
 Prototrophics: do not require an exogenous
source of growth factor
 Auxotrophics: require the addition of growth factor
to culture media
 Ionic strength
 Halophilic: requiring High Salt concentrations
 Carbon dioxide (3-10%)
 Capnophiles: requiring High CO2 concentrations
 Moisture
 Humidophiles: requiring increased Moisture
content
 Oxygen
 Physical requirements:
 DDC-BMLS-3C
TOPIC: W1.1 Prepared by

Bacteriology INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY

A.D.P.C.M.P

Crdt: Maam Ansharimar Balagosa, RMT

VII. BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE

 a lag phase (Phase of Rejuvenation/ Physiologic Youth)
 during which bacteria are preparing to divide (very
active metabolically)
 adaptation to their new environment
 little or no multiplication
 a log phase (Exponential/ Logarithmic Phase)
 during which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically
 balanced growth - maximal rates of cell division & mass
increase
 a stationary phase (Phase of Equilibrium/ Plateau Phase)
 in which nutrients are becoming limited and the
numbers of bacteria remain constant
 rate of cell production = rate of cell death
 a death phase (Phase of Decline)
 when the number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds
the number of viable cells
 complete cessation of multiplication occurs

VIII. BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY

 Cocci
 General rule: All cocci are gram positive except
Neisseria, Branhamella, Veilonella
 Bacilli
 General rule: All bacilli are gram negative except
Bacillus, Listeria, Clostridium, Corynebacterium,
Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus,
 Spirals