Nervous Tissue

Prepared by: Cherries V. Sanchez, RMT.

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Nervous Tissue
• Found in brain , spinal cord and nerves
• Ability to produce action potentials
• Cells
• Nerve cells or neurons
• Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons
• Types: multipolar , bipolar, unipolar
• Neuroglia or support cells

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Function of Nervous Tissue
• Generate and carry out nerve impulses
• Responds to stimuli
• Carries out communication and integration
• Provide electrical insulation to nerve cells and remove debris
• Carries messages from other neurons to the cell body

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Neurons

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Neuroglia

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Nervous System
•Central Nervous System
(CNS)
• Spinal cord
• Brain
•Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
• All the neural tissue outside CNS

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NEURONS

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Neurons
• Receive stimuli
• Transmit action potentials to other neurons or to effector organs
• Organized network à performs the functions of nervous system

3 parts:
• Cell body (Neuron cell body/ soma)
• Cellular projection à Dendrites
• Cellular projection à Axons

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 Neurons

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Neuron Cell Body
Contains:
• Single, relatively large, and centrally located
nucleus w/ a prominent nucleolus
• Golgi apparatuses surround the nucleus
• Mitochondria and other organelles are
present
• Nissl bodies à Neurofilaments separate
abundant rough ER ; primary site of
protein synthesis in neurons

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Dendrites
• Short
• Often highly branched cytoplasmic
extensions
• Tapered from their bases at the neuron
cell body to their tips
• Receive input from other neurons &
form the environment
• Dendritic spines à Small extensions
where axons of other neuron form
synapses with the dendrites

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Axons
• Nerve fiber
• Conducts electrical impulses
away from the neuron’s cell
body

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 Types of Neurons
Structural classification:
• Anaxonic
• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Pseudo-unipolar

Functional classification:
• Sensory neurons
• Motor neurons
• Interneurons
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 Structural classification
• Based on the arrangement of the processes that
extend from the neuron cell body

• Anaxonic
• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Pseudo-unipolar

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Anaxonic neurons
• No anatomical clues to determine axons
from dendrites
• Functions unknown

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Multipolar neurons
• Consists of:
• Many dendrites
• Single axon
• Dendrites vary in number and in their
degree of branching
• Most common type

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Bipolar neurons
• Consists:
• one dendrite
• one axon
• Two processes
• Dendrite à Receive the stimulus
• Axon à Conducts action potentials to the CNS
• Located in some sensory organs
• Retina of the eye
• Nasal cavity

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Pseudo-unipolar neurons
• Single process extending from the cell body

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Neuroglia

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 Neuroglia (glial cells)
CNS neuroglia:
• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Ependymal cells
PNS neuroglia:
• Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
• Satellite cells
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Astrocytes
• Create supportive framework for
neurons
• Create “blood-brain barrier”
• Monitor & regulate interstitial
fluid surrounding neurons
• Secrete chemicals for
embryological neuron formation
• Stimulate the formation of scar
tissue secondary to CNS injury

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Ependymal Cells
• Line ventricles of brain &
central canal of spinal cord
• Produce, monitor & help
circulate CSF (cerebrospinal
fluid)

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Microglia
• Brain macrophages
• Phagocytize cellular wastes & pathogens

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Oligodendrocytes
• Cytoplasmic extensions that can
surround axons

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Neuroglia in PNS

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Schwann cell
• Neuroglia in the PNS that wrap around an axon
• Myelin Sheathà insulating layer; forms around nerves

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Satellite cells
• Surround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia
• Protect neurons from heavy-metal poisons

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Note!
Neurons perform all the communication,
information processing, and control functions of
the nervous system.

Neuroglia outnumber neurons and have functions

essential to preserving the physical and
biochemical structure of neural tissue and the
survival of neurons.
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Organization of Nervous Tissue

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•Gray Matter
•White Matter

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Gray Matter
• Consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites
• Very little myelin

CNS
• Surface of the brain à Cortex
• In clusters located deeper within the brain à Nuclei

PNS
• Cluster of neuron cell bodies à ganglion
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White Matter
• Consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths

CNS
• Forms nerve tracts (conduction pathways ) à propagate action
potentials from one area of the CNS to another

PNS
• Bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths à nerve

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 Neural Tissue Organization

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Myelinated and Unmyelinated
Axons

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 Myelinated Axons

• Most axons of the nervous

system are surrounded by
a myelin sheath
• Speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon
• Myelin will get laid down in segments (internodes) along the axon,
leaving unmyelinated gaps known as “nodes of Ranvier”
• “white matter”

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Unmyelinated Axons
• Invaginations of Schwann cells
(PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS)
• They conduct action potentials
slowly

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