Rotating Machines and Transformers Unit 3 DC MOTOR CLASS NOTES

UNIT - V
DC MOTORS
UNIT V - DC MOTORS
Principle and operations - types of DC Motors – Speed Torque Characteristics of DC Motors-
starting and speed control of DC motors –Plugging, dynamic and regenerative braking- testing
and efficiency – Retardation test- Swinburne’s test and Hopkinson’s test - Permanent magnet
dc motors(PMDC) – DC Motor applications
5.1 Principle of Operation of DC Motor

 An electric Motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 Basically, there is no constructional difference between a DC motor and a DC generator.
The same DC machine can be run as a generator or motor.
 In fact, the same DC machine can be used interchangeable as a generator or as a motor.
 When a generator is in operation, it is driven mechanically and develops a voltage. This
voltage can send a current through a load resistance.
 When a motor is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce mechanical
rotation.
Principle:
 Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.
 The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and magnitude is given by
Where,
= Force in Newton
= flux density in Tesla
= length of the conductor in meter
5.2 Electrical Machines-I
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule:-

 The direction of motion of the conductor can be determined by using Fleming’s left-
hand rule knowing the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the current in
the conductor, the motion of the conductor can be determined.
Statement of Rule:
 Keep the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand mutually perpendicular to
one another.
 If the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field and the middle figure indicates
the direction of current in the conductor, then the thumb points to the direction of motion
of the conductor.
5.2 Working of DC Motor
 As conductors are placed in the slots which are on the periphery, the individual force
experienced by the conductor acts as a twisting or turning force on the armature which is
called a torque.
 The torque is the product of force and the radius at which this force acts. So overall
armature experiences a torque and starts rotating.
 Consider a single conductor placed in a magnetic field.The magnetic field is produced
by a permanent magnet but in a practical DC motor it is produced by the field winding
when it carries a current.
 Now this conductor is excited by a separate supply so that it carries a current in a particular
direction.
 Any current carrying conductor produces its own magnetic field around it, hence this
conductor also produces its own flux around.
 The direction of this flux can be determined by right hand thumb rule. For direction of
current considered, the direction of flux around a conductor is clockwise. For simplicity
of understanding, the main flux produced by the permanent magnet.
 Now there are two fluxes are present,
1. The flux produced by the permanent magnet called main flux.
DC Motors 5.3
2. The flux produced by the current carrying conductor.
 On the left of the conductor there is gathering of the flux lines as two fluxes help each
other.
 On the right of the conductor, the two fluxes are in opposite direction and hence to
cancel each other. Due to this, the density of the flux lines in this area gets weakened.
 So on the left, there exist high flux density area while on the right of the conductor there
exist low flux density..
 This flux distribution around the conductor acts like a stretched rubber band under tension.
 This exerts a mechanical force on the conductor which acts from high flux density area
towards low flux density area.
Back or Counter EMF
 When the armature of a DC motor rotates under the influence of the drivingtorque, the
armature conductors move through the magnetic field and henceemf is induced in them
as in a generator.
 The induced emf acts in oppositedirection to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and is
known as back or counteremf .
 The back emf(= PΦZN/60A) is always less than the appliedvoltage V, although this
difference is small when the motor is running undernormal conditions.
 Consider a shunt wound motor as shown inthe above figure. When DC voltage V is
appliedacross the motor terminals, the field magnetsare excited and armature conductors
aresupplied with current.
 Therefore, drivingtorque acts on the armature which begins torotate. As the armature
rotates, back emf is induced which opposes the appliedvoltage V.
 The applied voltage V has toforce current through the armature againstthe back emf.
 The electric work done in overcoming and causing thecurrent to flow against is converted
into mechanical energy developed in thearmature.
 It follows, that energy conversion in a DC motor is onlypossible due to the production of
back emf .
 Net voltage across armature circuit =
 If is the armature circuit resistance, then,
 Since V and are usually fixed, the value of will determine the current drawn by the
motor.
 If the speed of the motor is high, then back emf) is large and hence the motor will draw
less armature current and vice versa.
Significance of Back EMF
 The presence of back emf makes the DC motor as self-regulating machine i.e.,it makes
the motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient todevelop the torque
required by the load.
Armature current,
(i) When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required toovercome the friction
andWindage losses. Therefore, the armaturecurrent Ia is small and the back emf is nearly
equal to the appliedvoltage.
(ii) If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature toslow down.
Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors movethrough the field is reduced
and hence the back emf falls.
DC Motors 5.5
 Thedecreased back emf allows a larger current to flow through thearmature and larger
current means increased driving torque.
 Thus, thedriving torque increases as the motor slows down. The motor will stopslowing
down when the armature current is just sufficient to produce theincreased torque required
by the load.
(iii) If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarilyin excess of the
requirement so that armature is accelerated.
 As thearmature speed increases, the back emf also increases and causesthe armature
current to decrease.
 The motor will stop acceleratingwhen the armature current is just sufficient to produce
the reduced torquerequired by the load.
 It follows, that back emf in a DC motor regulates the flow ofarmature current i.e., it
automatically changes the armature current to meet theload requirement.
5.3 Torque and Speed of a DC Motor
 For any motor, the torque and speed are very important factors. When the torque increases,
the speed of a motor increases and vice-versa. For a DC motor
Where,
= supply voltage in volts
= back emf in volts
= armature current in ampere
= armature resistance in ohm
= speed in rpm
= flux in weber
= armature torque in Nm
= proportionality constant
 If the flux decreases, from Eqn.(1), the motor speed increases but from Eqn.(2) themotor
torque decreases.
 This is not possible because the increase in motor speedmust be the result of increased
torque.
 When the fluxdecreases slightly, the armature current increases to a large value. As a
result, in spite of the weakened field, the torque is momentarily increased to a high
valueand will exceed considerably the value corresponding to the load.
 The surplustorque available causes the motor to accelerate and back emf () to rise.
 Steady conditions of speed will ultimately be achieved when backemf has risen to such
a value that armature current developstorque just sufficient to drive the load.Ø
5.4 Types of DC. Motors

In the same way as generators DC Motors are also classified into three types, they are
1. DC SERIES MOTOR
2. DC SHUNT MOTOR
3. DC COMPOUND MOTOR
 This classification is based on the field winding connections with the armature. The
compound motor can also be classified as long shunt and short shunt compound motors.
DC Series Motor
 In DC series motor, the field winding is connected in series with the armature and the
supply as shown in the below figure.
 The series field winding carries the input current.
DC Motors 5.7
 The conductors of the series field winding have large cross sectional area.
 It has a few numbers of turns per pole.
 Because of its large cross sectional area and less number of turns, the series field winding
has low resistance.
 In series motor, entire armature current is passing through the series field winding. So
flux produced is proportional to the armature current.Ø
Let
= Supply voltage
Armature current
= Resistance of series field winding.
= Resistance of armature winding.
= back emf induced.
The relationship between V, and is given below
DCShunt Motor
 In DC shunt motor, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature and the
combination is connected across the supply.
 The field winding has a large number of turns and relatively smaller cross sectional area.
 Since the field current is small the field power loss is also small. The relationship between
and is given below.
Let
= Supply voltage
Armature current
= Resistance of series field winding.
= Resistance of armature winding.
= back emf induced.
Armature current
Voltage equation,
Now flux produced by the field winding is proportional to the current passing through it
DC Compound Motor
 In compound motors, both series field and shunt field windings are connected with the
armature.
 The diagram of connections of long shunt and short-shunt compound motors
 In long shunt compound motor, the series field winding is connected in series with the
armature.
 But in short shunt compound motor the series field winding is connected in series with
the parallel combination of armature and shunt field windings.
5.5 DC Motor Characteristics
Draw the speed torque characteristics of DC shunt and series motor. Also from the
DC Motors 5.9
characteristics specify the applications for each motor. (A/M-2015,N/D-2011)
 There are three principal types of DC motors viz., shunt motors, series motors and
compound motors.
 Both shunt and series types have only one field winding wound on the core of each pole
of the motor.
 The compound type has two separate field windings wound on the core of each pole.
 The performance of a DC motor can be judged from its characteristic curves known as
motor characteristics.Ø
(i) Torque and Armature current characteristic
 It is the curve between armature torque and armature current of a DC motor..

 It is also known as electrical characteristic of the motor.
(ii) Speed and Armature current characteristic
 It is the curve between speed N and armature current of a DC motor.
 It is very important characteristic as it is often the deciding factor in the selection of the
motor for a particular application.
(iii) Speed and torque characteristic
 It is the curve between speed and armature torque of a DC motor. It is also known as
mechanical characteristic.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OFDC MOTOR
Characteristics of Shunt Motors
Speed and torque characteristic:
 The curve is obtained by plotting the values of and for various armature currents.
 It may be seen that speed falls somewhat as the load torque increases.
Characteristics of Series Motors

Speed and torque characteristic:
 The N/Ta characteristic of a series motor is shown in Figure. It is clear that series motor
develops high torque at low speed and vice-versa.
 It is because an increase in torque requires an increase in armature current, which is also
the field current.
 The result is that flux is strengthened and hence the speed drops Reverse happens
should the torque be low.
 At no-load, the armature current is very small and so is the flux. Hence, the speed rises to
an excessive high value .
 This is dangerous for the machine which may be destroyed due to centrifugal forces set
up in the rotating parts.
 Therefore, a series motor should never be started on no-load. However, to start a series
motor, mechanical load is first put and then the motor is started.
Note. The minimum load on a DC series motor should be great enough to keep the speed
within limits. If the speed becomes dangerously high, then motor must be disconnected
from the supply.
Compound Motors
 A compound motor has both series field and shunt field. The shunt field is always stronger
than the series field. Compound motors are of two types:
DC Motors 5.11
(i) Cumulative-compound motors in which series field aids the shunt field.
(ii) Differential-compound motors in which series field opposes the shunt field.
 Differential compound motors are rarely used due to their poor torque characteristics at
heavy loads.
Characteristics of Cumulative Compound Motors

 N/Ta characteristic of a cumulative compound motor. For a given armature current, the
torque of a cumulative compound motor is more than that of a shunt motor but less than
that of a series motor.
Applications of DC Motors
Type of Motor Characteristics Applications

Shunt Approximately constant For driving constant speed line
speed. Speed can be shafting lathes, centrifugal pumps,
controlled. Medium starting machine tools, Blowers and fans,
torque. (Up to 1.5 full load Reciprocating pumps.
torque)
Series Variable speed. Speed can For traction work. i.e. electric
be controlled. High Starting locomotives rapid transit systems
torque. trolley cars etc. cranes and
hoistsConveyors.
Cumulative Compound Variable speed. For intermittent high torque loads,
Speed can be controlled. for shears and punches, elevators,
High Starting torque. conveyors, heavy planners, rolling
Mills, ice machines, printing press,
air compressors .
5.6 Necessity of DC Motor Starter
 At starting, when the motor is stationary, there is no back emf in the armature.
 Consequently, if the motor is directly switched on to the mains, the armature will draw a
heavy current because of small armature resistance.
 As an example, 5 H.P., 220 V shunt motor has a full-load current of 20 A and an armature
resistance of about 0.5A. If this motor is directly switched on to supply, it would take an
armature current of 220/0.5 = 440 A which is 22 times the full-load current.
 This high starting current may result in:
(i) Burning of armature due to excessive heating effect,
(ii) Damaging the commutator and brushes due to heavy sparking,
(iii) Excessive voltage drops in the line to which the motor is connected. The result is that the
operation of other appliances connected to the line may be impaired and in particular
cases, they may refuse to work.
 In order to avoid excessive current at starting, a variable resistance (known as starting
resistance) is inserted in series with the armature circuit.
 This resistance is gradually reduced as the motor gains speed (and hence increases) and
eventually it is cut out completely when the motor has attained full speed.
 Starting current is limited to 1.25 to 2 times the full-load current.
5.7 Types of DC Motor Starters

Why starting current is high at the moment of starting a DC motor? Explain the
method of limiting the starting current in DC motors. (A/M-2015)
 The stalling operation of a DC motor consists in the insertion of external resistance into
the armature circuit to limit the starting current taken by the motor and the removal of
this resistance in steps as the motor accelerates.
 When the motor attains the normal speed, this resistance is totally cut out of the armature
circuit.
DC Motors 5.13
 It is very important and desirable to provide the starter with protective devices to enable
the starter arm to return to OFF position
1. When the supply fails, preventing the armature being directly across the mains when
the voltage is restored. For this purpose, we use no-volt release coil.
2. When the motor becomes overloaded or develops a fault causing the motor to take
an excessive current. For this purpose, we use overload release coil.
 There are two principal types of DC motor starters viz., three-point starter and four-point
starter.
 The two types of starters differ only in the manner in which the no-volt release coil is
connected.
Three-Point Starter
Draw a neat sketch of 3-phase stator and explain its working. (N/D-2013)
 This type of starter is widely used for starting shunt and compound motors.
Schematic diagram
 The schematic diagram of a three-point starter for a shunt motor with protective devices.
 It is so called because it has three terminals L, Z and A. The starter consists of starting
resistance divided into several sections and connected in series with the armature.
 The tapping points of the starting resistance are brought out to a number of studs.
 The three terminals L, Z and A of the starter are connected respectively to the positive
line terminal, shunt field terminal and armature terminal.
 The other terminals of the armature and shunt field windings are connected to the negative
terminal of the supply.
 The no-volt release coil is connected in the shunt field circuit.
 One end of the handle is connected to the terminal L through the over-load release coil.
 The other end of the handle moves against a spiral spring and makes contact with each
stud during starting operation, cutting out more and more starting resistance as it passes
over each stud in clockwise direction.
Operation
(i) To start with, the DC supply is switched on with handle in the OFF position.
(ii) The handle is now moved clockwise to the first stud. As soon as it comes in contact with
the first stud, the shunt field winding is directly connected across the supply, while the
whole starting resistance is inserted in series with the armature circuit.
(iii) As the handle is gradually moved over to the final stud, the starting resistance is cut out
of the armature circuit in steps. The handle is now held magnetically by the no-volt
release coil which is energized by shunt field current.
(iv) If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted or if the field excitation is accidentally cut,
DC Motors 5.15
the no-volt release coil is demagnetized and the handle goes back to the OFF position
under the pull of the spring.
(v) If no-volt release coil were not used, then in case of failure of supply, the handle would
remain on the final stud. If then supply is restored, the motor will be directly connected
across the supply, resulting in an excessive armature current.
(vi) If the motor is over-loaded (or a fault occurs), it will draw excessive current from the
supply. This current will increase the ampere-turns of the over-load release coil and pull
the armature C, thus short-circuiting the no volt release coil.
(vii) The no-volt coil is demagnetized and the handle is pulled to the OFF position by the
spring. Thus, the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply.
Drawback
 In a three-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt field
circuit so that it carries the shunt field current.
 While exercising speed control through field regulator, the field current may be weakened
to such an extent that the no-volt release coil may not be able to keep the starter arm in
the ON position.
 This may disconnect the motor from the supply when it is not desired. This drawback is
overcome in the four point starter.
Four-Point Starter
With neat sketch explain the working of 4 point stator. (N/D-2012)
 In a four-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected directly across the supply line
through a protective resistance R.
 The schematic diagram of a 4-point starter for a shunt motor.
 Now the no-volt release coil circuit is independent of the shunt field circuit. Therefore,
proper speed control can be exercised without affecting the operation of no volt release
coil.
 Note that the only difference between a three-point starter and a four-point starter is the
manner in which no-volt release coil is connected.
 However, the working of the two starters is the same. It may be noted that the three point
starter also provides protection against an open field circuit.
 This protection is not provided by the four-point starter.
5.8 Speed control of DC Motors:
 Different ranges of speeds are required for different applications. A single motor can be
used for different speeds for various works.
DC Motors 5.17
 Smooth speed control is possible in DC Shunt motor.
 The speed of a DC motor can be expressed by the equation: Ø
Where
for shunt motor
for series motor
 From eqn. (1), it is clear that there are three main methods of controlling the speed of a
DC motor,namely:
(iv) By varying the flux per pole (). This is known as flux control method.
(v) By varying the resistance in the armature circuit. This is known as armature control
method.
(vi) By varying the applied voltage V. This is known as voltage control method.
Speed Control of DC Shunt Motors(April / May – 2017)

Explain the different methods of speed control of dc shunt motor with neat circuit
diagrams. (M/J-2013)
 The speed of a shunt motor can be changed by (i) Flux control method(ii) Armature
control method (iii) voltage control method. The first method (i.e.Flux control method)
is frequently used because it is simple and inexpensive.
Flux control method
 It is based on the fact that by varying the flux , the motor speed canbe changed
and hence the name flux control method.
 In this method, a variableresistance (known as shunt field rheostat) is placed in series
with shunt fieldwinding.
 The shunt field rheostat reduces the shunt field current and hence the flux .
 Therefore, only raise the speed of the motor above the normal speed.
 Generally, this method permits to increase the speed in the ratio 3:1.Wider speed ranges
tend to produce instability and poor commutation.
Advantages
(i) This is an easy and convenient method.
(ii) It is an inexpensive method since very little power is wasted in the shuntfield rheostat
due to relatively small value of .
(iii) The speed control exercised by this method is independent of load on themachine.
Disadvantages
(i) Only speeds higher than the normal speed can be obtained since the totalfield circuit
resistance cannot be reduced below - the shunt fieldwinding resistance.
(ii) There is a limit to the maximum speed obtainable by this method. It isbecause if the flux
is too much weakened, commutation becomes poorer.
Note. The field of a shunt motor in operation should never be opened because itsspeed will
increase to an extremely high value.
Armature control method
 This method is based on the fact that by varying the voltage available across thearmature,
the back emf and hence the speed of the motor can be changed.
DC Motors 5.19
 This is done by inserting a variable resistance RC (known as controller resistance) inseries
with the armature.
 The speed equation,
Where
RC = Controller resistance in ohm
= Armature resistance in ohm
Speed in rpm
 Ø Due to voltage drop in the controller resistance, the back emf ( ) isdecreased. Since
, the speed of the motor is reduced.
 The highest speed obtainable is that corresponding to RC = 0 i.e., normal speed.

Hence, this methodcan only provide speeds below the normal speed.
Disadvantages
(i) A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance since itcarries full armature
current .
.(ii) The speed varies widely with load since the speed depends upon thevoltage drop in the
controller resistance and hence on the armature currentdemanded by the load.
(iii) The output and efficiency of the motor are reduced.
(iv) This method results in poor speed regulation.Due to above disadvantages, this method is
seldom used to control the speed ofshunt motors.
Note: The armature control method is a very common method for the speedcontrol of
DC series motors. The disadvantage of poor speed regulation is notimportant in a series
motor which is used only where varying speed service isrequired.
Voltage control method
 In this method, the voltage source supplying the field current is different fromthat which
supplies the armature.
 This method avoids the disadvantages of poorspeed regulation and low efficiency as in
armature control method. However, it is quite expensive.
 Therefore, this method of speed control is employed for largesize motors where efficiency
is of great importance.
Multiple voltage control
 In this method, the shunt field of the motor isconnected permanently across a-fixed voltage
source.
 The armature can beconnected across several different voltages through a suitable
switchgear.
 In this way, voltage applied across the armature can be changed. The speedwill be
approximately proportional to the voltage applied across thearmature.
 Intermediate speeds can be obtained by means of a shunt fieldregulator.
Explain the Ward-Leonard system of controlling the speed of a DC shunt motor with
help of neat diagram.(N/D-2011)
Ward-Leonard system
 In this method, the adjustable voltage for thearmature is obtained from an adjustable-
voltage generator while the fieldcircuit is supplied from a separate source.
 The armature of the shunt motor M (whose speed is to be controlled) isconnected directly
to a DC generator G driven by a constant-speed ACmotor A.
 The field of the shunt motor is supplied from a constant-voltageexciter E. The field of
the generator G is also supplied from the exciter E.
DC Motors 5.21
 The voltage of the generator G can be varied by means of its fieldregulator. By reversing
the field current of generator G by controller FC,the voltage applied to the motor may be
reversed.
 Sometimes, a fieldregulator is included in the field circuit of shunt motor M for
additionalspeed adjustment.
 With this method, the motor may be operated at anyspeed upto its maximum speed.
Advantages
(a) The speed of the motor can be adjusted through a wide range withoutresistance losses
which results in high efficiency.
(b) The motor can be brought to a standstill quickly, simply by rapidlyreducing the voltage of
generator G. When the generator voltage is reducedbelow the back emf of the motor, this
back emf sends current throughthe generator armature, establishing dynamic braking.
While this takes place, the generator G operates as a motor driving motor A which
returnspower to the line.
(c) This method is used for the speed control of large motors when a DCsupply is not available.
Disadvantage
 The disadvantage of the method is that a special motor-generator set is requiredfor each
motor and the losses in this set are high if the motor is operating underlight loads for
long periods.
Speed Control of DC Series Motors
 The speed control of DC series motors can be obtained by (i) flux control method (ii)
armature-resistance control method. The latter method is mostly used.
Flux control method

 In this method, the flux produced by the series motor is varied and hence the speed. The
variation of flux can be achieved in the following ways:
(i) Field diverters. In this method, a variable resistance (called field diverter) is connected in
parallel with series field winding.
 Any desired amount of current can be passed through the diverter by adjusting its
resistance.
 Hence the flux can be decreased and consequently the speed of the motor is increased.
The minimum speed is obtained by completely removing the resistance in the diverter
circuit.
.(ii) Armature diverter: In order to obtain speeds below the normal speed, avariable resistance
(called armature diverter) is connected in parallel withthe armature.
 The diverter shunts some of the linecurrent, thus reducing the armature current. Now for
a given load, if isdecreased, the flux must increase .Since , the

motorspeed is decreased.
 By adjusting the armature diverter, any speed lowerthan the normal speed can be obtained.
DC Motors 5.23
(iii) Tapped field control: In this method, the flux is reduced (and hence speedis increased) by
decreasing the number of turns of the series field winding.
 The switch ‘S’ can short circuit any part of the field winding, thus decreasing the flux
and raising the speed.
 With full turns ofthe field winding, the motor runs at normal speed and as the field turns
arecut out, speeds higher than normal speed are achieved.
(iv) Paralleling field coils: This method is usually employed in the case of fanmotors. By
regrouping the field coils, several fixedspeeds can be obtained.
Armature-resistance control:
 In this method, a variable resistanceis directly connected in series withthe supply to the
complete motor asshown in Figure.
 This reducesthe voltage available across thearmature and hence the speed falls.
 By changing the value of variableresistance, any speed below thenormal speed can be
obtained.
 Thisis the most common methodemployed to control the speed of DC series motors.
 when full load current of the motor passes through this resistance, there is a considerable
loss of power in it
Speed Control of Compound Motors:
 Speed control of compound motors may be obtained by any one of the methodsdescribed
for shunt motors.
 Speed control cannot be obtained throughadjustment of the series field since such
adjustment would radically change theperformance characteristics of the motor.
5.8 Electric Braking

 Sometimes it is desirable to stop a DC motor quickly. This may be necessary in case of
emergency or to save time if the motor is being used for frequently repeated operations.
 The motor and its load may be brought to rest by using either (i) mechanical (friction)
braking or (ii) electric braking.
 In mechanical braking, the motor is stopped due to the friction between the moving parts
of the motor and the brake shoe i.e. kinetic energy of the motor is dissipated as heat.
DC Motors 5.25
 Mechanical braking has several disadvantages including non-smooth stop and greater
stopping time.
 In electric braking, the kinetic energy of the moving parts (i.e., motor) is converted into
electrical energy which is dissipated in a resistance as heat or alternatively, it is returned
to the supply source (Regenerative braking).
 For DC shunt as well as series motors, the following three methods of electric braking
are used:
(i) Rheostatic or Dynamic braking
(ii) Plugging
(iii) Regenerative braking
 It may be noted that electric braking cannot hold the motor stationary and mechanical
braking is necessary.
 However, the main advantage of using electric braking is that it reduces the wear and
tear of mechanical brakes and cuts down the stopping time considerably due to high
braking retardation.
5.8.1Rheostatic (or)Dynamic braking
 In this method, the armature of the running motor is disconnected from thesupply and is
connected across a variable resistance R.
 However, the fieldwinding is left connected to the supply. The armature, while slowing
down,rotates in a strong magnetic field and, therefore, operates as a generator, sendinga
large current through resistance R.
 This causes the energy possessed by therotating armature to be dissipated quickly as heat
in the resistance.
 As a result,the motor is brought to standstill quickly.
 In dynamic braking of a shunt motor. The braking torque can be controlled by varying
the resistance R. If the value of R is decreased as the motor speed decreases, the braking
torque may be maintained at a high value.
 At a low value of speed, the braking torque becomes small and the final stopping of the
motor is due to friction.
 This type of braking is used extensively in connection with the control of elevators and
hoists and in other applications in which motors must be started, stopped and reversed
frequently.
Braking torque depends upon the speed of the motor.
Where,
= back emf in volts
= speed in rpm
= flux in weber
= braking resistance in ohm
= proportionality constants
For a shunt motor, flux is constant.
Braking torque,
Therefore, braking torque decreases as the motor speed decreases.
5.8.2 Plugging
 In this method, connections to the armature are reversed so that motor tends to rotate in
the opposite direction, thus providing the necessary braking effect.
DC Motors 5.27
 When the motor comes to rest, the supply must be cut off otherwise the motor will start
rotating in the opposite direction.
 In plugging of a DC shunt motor. Note that armature connections are reversed while the
connections of the field winding are kept the same.
 As a result the current in the armature reverses. During the normal running of the motor,
the back emf opposes the applied voltage V.
 When armature connections are reversed, back emf and V act in the same direction
around the circuit. Therefore, a voltage equal to is impressed across the armature circuit.
 Since ~ V, the impressedvoltage is approximately 2V. In order to limit the current to safe
value, avariable resistance R is inserted in the circuit at the time of changing
armatureconnections.
Braking torque depends upon the speed of the motor.

Where,
= back emf in volts
= speed in rpm
= flux in weber
= braking resistance in ohm
= proportionality constants
For a shunt motor, flux is constant.
Braking torque, Thus braking torque decreases as the motor slows down.
Note that there is some braking torque
even when the motor speed is zero.
5.8.3 Regenerative braking

 In the regenerative braking, the motor is run as a generator. As a result, the kinetic energy
of the motor is converted into electrical energy and returned to the supply.
 There are two methods of regenerative braking for a shunt motor.
 First method, field winding is disconnected from the supply and field current is increased
by exciting it from another source.
 As a result, induced emf E exceeds the supply voltage V and the machinefeeds energy
into the supply.
DC Motors 5.29
 Thus braking torque is provided upto thespeed at which induced emf and supply
voltage are equal.
 As the machineslows down, it is not possible to maintain induced emf at a higher
value than the supply voltage. Therefore, this method is possible only for a limited
range of speed.
 In a second method, the field excitation does not change but the load causesthe motor
to run above the normal speed (e.g., descending load on a crane).
 As a result, the induced emf E becomes greater than the supply voltage V.
 The direction of armature current I, therefore, reversesbut the direction of shunt field
current remains unaltered.
 Hence thetorque is reversed and the speed falls until E becomes less than V.
5.9 Efficiency of a DC Motor

The efficiency of a DC motor is the ratio of output power to the input power i.e.
The efficiency of a DC motor will be maximum when:

Variable losses = Constant losses
Therefore, the efficiency curve of a DC motor is similar in shape to that of a DC generator.
5.9.1 Retardation or Running down Test

 This is the best and simplest method to find the efficiency of a constant-speed DC machine
(e.g., shunt generator and motor).
 Find the mechanical (friction and Windage) and iron losses of the machine.
 Then knowing the armature and shunt Cu losses at any load, the efficiency of the machine
can be calculated at that load.
Principle
Consider a DC shunt motor running at no-load.
(i) If the supply to the armature is cut off but field remains normally excited, the motor
slows down gradually and finally stops. The kinetic energy of the armature is used up to
overcome friction, Windage and iron losses.
(ii) If the supply to the armature as well as field excitation is cut off, the motor again slows
down and finally stops. Now the kinetic energy of the armature is used up to overcome
only the friction and Windage losses.This is expected because in the absence of flux,
there will be no iron losses.
 By carrying out the first test, find out the friction, Windage and iron losses and hence the
efficiency of the machine.
 However, if perform the second test also, separate friction and Windage losses from the
iron losses.
Theory of retardation test

 In the retardation test, the DC machine is run as a motor at a speed just above the normal.
 Then the supply to the armature is cut off while the field is normally excited.
 The speed is allowed to fall to some value just below normal. The time taken for this fall
of speed is noted.
 From these observations, the rotational losses (i.e., friction, Windage and iron losses)
and hence the efficiency of the machine can be determined.
Let
N = Normal speed in rpm.
Rotational losses, W = Rate of loss of Kinetic energy of armature

Or
Here I is the moment of inertia of the armature

As
DC Motors 5.31
Or
 Let us illustrate the application of retardation test with a numerical example. Suppose
the normal speed of a DC machine is 1000 rpm. When retardation test is performed, the
time taken for the speed to fall from 1030 rpm to 970 rpm is 15 seconds with field
normally excited. If the moment of inertia of the armature is 75 kg m, then,
Rotational losses,
I = 75 kgm2 ; N = 1000 rpm

Dn = 1030 – 970 = 60 rpm; dt = 15 sec
 The main difficulty with this method is the accurate determination of the speed which is
continuously changing.
5.9.2 Swinburne’s Method for Determining Efficiency (April /May -2017)

 In this method, the DC machine (generator or motor) is run as a motor at no load and
losses of the machine are determined.
 Once the losses of the machine are known, its efficiency at any desired load can be
determined in advance.
 It may be noted that this method is applicable to those machines in which flux is practically
constant at all loads e.g., shunt and compound machines.
 Let us see how the efficiency of a DC shunt machine (generator or motor) is determined
by this method. The test insists of two steps:
(i) Determination of hot resistances of windings

 The armature resistance and shunt field resistance are measured using a battery, voltmeter
and ammeter.
 Since these resistances are measured when the machine is cold, they must be converted
to values corresponding to the temperature at which the machine would work on full-
load.
 Generally, these values are measured for a temperature rise of 40°C above the room
temperature.
 Let the hot resistances of armature and shunt field be and respectively..
(ii) Determination of constant losses

 The machine is run as a motor on no-load with supply voltage adjusted to the rated
voltage i.e. voltage stamped on the nameplate.
 The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed with the help of field regulator R.
Let,
V = Supply voltage
I0 = No-load current read by ammeter A1
Ish = Shunt-field current read by ammeter A2
No-load armature current, Ia0 = I0Ish
No-load input power to motor = V I0
No-load power input to armature = V Ia0 = V(I0Ish)
 Since the output of the motor is zero, the no-load input power to the armature supplies
(a) iron losses in the core (b) friction loss (c) Windage loss (d) armature Cu loss
DC Motors 5.33
 Constant losses, WC = Input to motor – Armature Cu loss·
 Since constant losses are known, the efficiency of the machine at any other load can be
determined. Suppose it is desired to determine the efficiency of the machine at load
current I. Then,
Efficiency when running as a motor

Input power to motor = VI
Constant loss = WC found above
Efficiency when running as a generator

Input power to motor = VI
Constant loss = WC found above
Advantages of Swinburne’s test

(i) The power required to carry out the test is small because it is a no-load test. Therefore,
this method is quite economical.
(ii) The efficiency can be determined at any load because constant losses are known.
(iii) This test is very convenient.
Disadvantages of Swinburne’s test
(i) It does not take into account the stray load losses that occur when the machine is loaded.
(ii) This test does not enable us to check the performance of the machine on full-load. For
example, it does not indicate whether commutation on full load is satisfactory and whether
the temperature rise is within the specified limits.
(iii) This test does not give quite accurate efficiency of the machine. It is because iron losses
under actual load are greater than those measured. This is mainly due to armature reaction
distorting the field.
5.9.3 Regenerative or Hopkinson’s-Test

Explain briefly Hopkinson’s test for determination of efficiency of DC shunt machines.
(A/M-2011)
 This method of determining the efficiency of a DC machine saves power and gives more
accurate results.
 In order to carry out this test, we require two identical DC machines and a source of
electrical power.
Principle
 Two identical DC shunt machines are mechanically coupled and connected inparallel
across the DC supply.
 By adjusting the field excitations of the machines,one is run as a motor and the other as
a generator.
 The electric power from thegenerator and electrical power from the DC supply are fed to
the motor.
 Theelectric power given to the motor is mostly converted into mechanical power,the rest
going to the various motor losses. This mechanical power is given to thegenerator.
 The electrical power of the generator is given to the motor except thatwhich is wasted as
generator losses.
 Thus the electrical power taken from theDC supply is the sum of motor and generator
losses and this can be measureddirectly by a voltmeter and an ammeter.
DC Motors 5.35
 Since the power input from the DCsupply is equal to the power required to supply the
losses of the two machines,this test can be carried out with a small amount of power.
 By adjusting the field strengths of the machines, any load can be put on the machines.
 Measure the total loss of the machines at any load. Since the machines can be tested
under full-load conditions (of course at the expense of power equal to the losses in the
two machines), the temperatures rise and commutation qualities of the machines can be
observed.
Circuit diagram
 The below diagram shows the essential connections for Hopkinson’s test. Two identical
DC shunt machines are mechanically coupled and are connected in parallelacross the
DC supply.
 By adjusting the field strengths of the two machines, themachine M is made to run as a
motor and machine G as a generator.
 The motorM draws current I1 from the generator G and current I2 from the DC supply
sothat input current to motor M is (I1 + I2).
 Power taken from the DC supply is VI2and is equal to the total motor and generator
losses. The field current of motor Mis I4 and that of generator G is I3.
Calculations
If V be the supply voltage, then,
Motor input = V(I1 + I2)
Generator output = VI1
Find the efficiencies of the machines considering two cases viz.
(i) Assuming that both machines have the same efficiency h
(ii) Assuming iron, friction and Windage losses are the same in both machines.
(i) Assuming that both machines have the same efficiency h
But generator output is VI1
Or
This expression gives the value of efficiency sufficiently accurate for a rough test.
However, if accuracy is required, the efficiencies of the two machines should be calculated
separately as below.
(ii) Assuming that iron, friction and Windage losses are same in both machines.
 It is not to assume that the two machines have the same efficiency. It is because armature
and field in the two machines are not the same.
 However, iron, friction and Windage losses in the two machines will be the same because
the machines are identical.
 On this assumption, Find the of each machine as under:
Let
Ra = armature resistance of each machine
DC Motors 5.37
I3 = field current of generator G
I4 = field current of motor M
Armature Cu loss in generator = (I1 + I3)2 Ra
Armature Cu loss in motor =(I1 + I2 - I4)2 Ra
Shunt Cu loss in generator = VI3
Shunt Cu loss in motor = VI4
 Power drawn from the DC supply is VI2 and is equal to the total losses of the motor and
generatorVI2 = Total losses of motor and generator
 If subtract armature and shunt Cu losses of the two machines from VI2, get iron, friction
windage losses of the two machines.
 Iron, friction and Windage losses of two machines (M and G)Ø
Iron, friction and Windage losses of each machine = W/2

For generator:
Output of generator = VI1
For Motor:
Input of motor = V(I1- I2)
Alternate Connections for Hopkinson’s Test

 The below diagram shows the alternative connections for Hopkinson’s test. The main
difference is that now the shunt field windings are directly connected across the lines.
 Therefore, the input line current is I1, excluding the field currents. The power VI1 drawn
from the DC supply is equal to the total losses of the two machines except the shunt field
losses of the two machines i.e.,
 VI1 = Total losses of the two machinesexcept shunt field losses of the two machines.
Motor Armature Cu loss = (I1 + I2)2 Ra

Generator Armature Cu loss =I22 Ra
 Iron, friction and Windage losses of the two machines are VI1 minus armatureCu losses
of the two machines i.e.
Iron, friction and Windage losses of the two machines
Iron, friction and Windage losses of each machine = W/2

For generator efficiency:
Output of generator = VI2
DC Motors 5.39
Motor efficiency:
Motor input, Pi = V(I1+I2+ I3)
Advantages of Hopkinson’s Test

The advantages of Hopkinson’s test are :
(i) The total power required to test the two machines is small compared with the full-load
power of each machine.
(ii) The machines can be tested under full-load conditions so that commutation qualities and
temperature rise can be checked.
(iii) It is more accurate to measure the loss directly than to measure it as the difference of the
measured input and output.
(iv) All the measurements are electrical which are simpler and more accurate than mechanical
measurements.
The main disadvantage is that two similar DC machines are required.
5.10 Permanent magnet DC motors:
 Permanent magnet DC motors are same as that of ordinary DC shunt motor with the
difference that there is permanent magnet instead of stationary field winding for producing
the required magnetic flux.
 These stationary Permanent magnets are fixed to the outer shell of the motor.
Construction
 The cylindrical steel stator supporting the Permanent magnets also provides return path
for magnetic flux as it is made up of magnetic material.
 The armature consists of slots for windings, commutator segments and brushes same as
those in conventional DC motor.
 The stator is having some structure having cylindrical shell of uniform thickness which
is magnetized in radial direction.
 The material used for permanent magnet is having high residual flux density and high
coercivity.
 For the motors having the rating upto 150kW the material like Alnico may be used.
 The ferrite magnets are used in the fractional kilowatt motors.
Working:
 These motors normally run on 6V, 12V or 24V DC supply. This DC supply can be made
available from batteries or from rectification (AC to DC).
 Because of the interaction between flux produced by permanent magnets and current
carried by the armature, the torque is produced.
 The equivalent circuit of a permanent magnet DC motor is as shown in the below figure.
Ra is representing the resistance of the armature winding. The field winding connections are
absent because of permanent magnets.
DC Motors 5.41
In a conventional DC motor, the relation between speed and voltage can be written as,
The relation between torque and current can be written as,
But in case of permanent magnet DC motors the resultant flux Φ is constant.

The relation between speed and voltage can be written as,
The relation between torque and current can be written as,
The supply voltage can be given as,
Performance Characteristics:
 The speed-torque characteristics are almost linear which makes it suitable in servomotors.
 With increase in torque the current also increases. The efficiency of these motors is
better than conventional motors owing to absence of field losses.
 As the field flux is remaining constant, the speed control is not possible with flux control
method.
 Thus the method used for speed control is armature control using a rheostat or using
electronic circuits.
 The speeds obtained are below the normal speed.
Advantages:
 These motors do not require external excitation for producing magnetic fields. Thus
there is saving in energy required for creating magnetic fields.
 As the windings on the field are absent, the size of such motor is small as compared to
equal rating conventional motor.
 The cost of these machines is low.
 The efficiency of these motors is high compared to conventional motors as the field
losses are absent.
Disadvantages:
 The flux density produced in the air gap by the permanent magnets is limited.
 The speed above normal speeds are not possible flux per pole cannot be controlled.
 There is a risk of demagnetization of poles which may be caused by large armature
current. Demagnetization effect may also cause by excessive heating.
 As the magnets are totally enclosed to prevent them from magnetic junk, as compared to
conventional motors their temperature is higher which limitation in applications is where
the motor is used for short period.
Applications:
 They are used in blowers used in heaters and air conditioners.
 They are also used for disc drives in personal computers.
 In toy industry, tooth brush, food mixer, ice crusher, vacuum cleaner and in portable
electric tools these motors are extensively used.
DC Motors 5.43
SOLVED PROBLEMS
UNIT V – DC MOTORS
BACK EMF, VOLTAGE EQUATION & TORQUE EQUATION (Eb)
1. A 220V, dc motor has armture resistance of 0.75. It is drwing an armatgure current
of 30A, during a certin load, calculate the induced emf in the motor under this
condition.
V = 200V, Ia = 30A, Ra = 0.75
V = Eb + Ia Ra
220 = Eb + 30 * 0.75
Eb = 197.5 volts.
2. A 220v dc machine has an armture resistance of 0.5W. If the full load armature
current is 20A. Find the induced emf when the machine act as
(i) generator (ii) motor
(i) As Generator, Eg = V + Ia Ra = 220 + (0.5) 20 = 230V
Eb = V - Ia Ra = 220 - (0.5) 20 = 210V
3. A 440V, shunt motor has armature resistance of 0.8 and field resistance of 200.
Determine the back emf when giving an output of 7.46Kw at 87% efficiency.
Solution :
Motor input power = = 8776.4W
Motor input current = = 19.95 Amps
Ish = = 2.20 A
Ia = 19.95 - 2.25 = 17.75 A
Eb = V - Ia Ra Eb = 440 (17.75 * 0.8)
 Eb = 425.8V
4. A 25kw, 250V, dc shunt generator has armature and field resistance of 0.06W and
100@ respectively. Determine the total armature power developed when working
(i) as a generator deliverying 25kw output & (ii) as a motor taking 25kw input.
As Generator
25000
Output Current = = 100A
250
250
Ish = = 2.5A
100
Ia = 102.5A
Ia = Ish + I [Ia = 100 + 2.5]
Current EMF = V + Ia Ra
= V + Ia Ra
= 250 + 102.5 * 0.06
= 256.15V
256.15*102.5
Power developed in armature = Eb Ia =
1000
= 26.25Kw.
2.5A 100A
97.5 250V
100 A
As Motor
Motor input current = 100A
Ish = 2.5A Ia = I - Ish
Ia = 97.5 A
Eb = 50 - (97.5 * 0.06) = 250 - 5.85
Eb = 244.15V
Power developed in armature = Eb Ia
DC Motors 5.45
244.15*97.5
=
1000
= 23.8 Kw
5. A 4 pole dc motor has lap connected armature winding. The flux/pole is 30 mwb.
The number of armature conductors is 250. When connected to 230 d.c supply it
draws an armature current of 40A. Calculate the back emf nad the speed with
which motor is running. Assume armature resistance is 0.6.
P = 4, A = P = 4 as lap, V = 230V, Z = 250
 = 30 mwb = 30 * 30-3 wb
Ia = 40A
V = Eb + Ra Ra
230 = Eb + 40 * 0.6
Eb = 206V
30  103 * 4* N * 250
206 =
60* 4
N = 1648 rpm
6. A 4 pole dc motor takes as 50A armature current. The armature has lap connected
480 conductors. The flux per pole is 20mwb. Calculate the gross torque developed
by the armature of the motor.
P = 4, A = P = 4, Z = 480
 = 20 mwb = 20 * 10-3 wb, Ia = 50A.
PZ 4  480
Ta = 0.159 *  Ia = 0.159 * 20 * 10-3 * 50 *
A 4
Ta = 76.394 NM
7. A d.c motor takes an armature current of 11-A at 480V. The armature circuit
resistance is 0.2. The machine has 6-poles and armature is lap-connected with 864
conductors. The flux/pole is 0.05 wgb. Calcualte (i) the speed (ii) The gross torque
developed by the armature.
Eb = V - Ia Ra = 480 - 110 * 0.2 = 458 V
 = 0.05 wb, Z = 864
 ZN  P  0.05*864 * N  P 
Eb =   (or) 458 =  
60  A  60  A
N = 636 rpm
Ta = 0.159 *  ZIa (P/A) = 0.159 * 0.05 * 864 * 110 (6/6)
Ta = 756.3 WM.
8. Determine develope torque and shaft torque of 220V, 4 pole series motor with 800
conductors wave-connected supplying of load of 8.2 kw by taking 45A from the
mains. The flux per pole is mwb and its armature circuit resistance is 0.6.
Developed torque or gross torque is the same thing as armature torque.
Ta = 0.159  Z Ia (P/A)
= 0.159 * 25 * 10-3 * 800 * 45 (4/2)
Ta = 286.2 NM.
Eb = V - Ia Ra = 220 - 45 * 0.6 = 193
Eb  ZN / (P/A) (or) 193 = 25 * 10-3 * 800 * N * (4/2)
 N = 4.825 rps.
2Tsh = output
2 * 4.825 * Tsh = 8.2 * 103
8.2*103
Tsh = = 270.5 N-m
2 * 4.825
9. A 220 dc shunt motor runs at 500rpm. When the armature current is 50A. Calculate
the speed if the torque is doubled. Given that Ra = 0.2.
Ta = 0.159  ZIa (P/W)
 Ta   Ia
  is constant ; Ta  Ia
 Ta1  Ia1 and Ta2  Ia2
DC Motors 5.47
Ta 2 Ia 2
 
Ta1 Ia1
Ia 2
2= (or) Ia2 = 100A.
50
N 2 Eb 2

N 1 Eb 2
Eb1 = 220 - (50 * 0.2) = 210V
Eb2 = 220 - (100 * 0.2) = 220V
 N2/500 = 200/210
N2 = *500
N2 = 476 rpm
10. A 400V, 7.3kw, 1000rpm dc shunt motor has on full=load an efficiency of 90%. The
armature circuit resistance is 0.24 and there is total voltage drop of zv at the
brushes. The field current is 1.8A. Determine (i) full-load line current (ii) Full laod
shaft toque in Nm and (iii) total resistance in motor starter to limit the starting
current ot 1.4 times the full-load current.
37.3*103
(i) Motor input = = 41,444w
0.9
41, 444
Full line current = = 82.9A
500
Output 37,300
(ii) Tsh = 9.55 = 9.55 * = 356NM
N 1000
(iii) Starting line current = 1.5 * 82.9 = 124.3 Amps
(iv) Armature current at starting = 124.3 - 1.8 = 122.5A
If ‘R’ is the starter resistance
(which is in series with armature), then
122.5 (R+ 0.24) + 2 = 500
 R = 3.825W
11. A 4-pole, 220-V shunt motor has 540 lap-wound conductor. It takes 32A from the
supply mains and develops output power of 5.595Kw. The field winding takes 1A.
The armature resistance is 0.9 and the flux per poles is 30mwb. Calculate (i) the
speed and (ii) the torque developed in newton-metre.
Ia = 32-1 = 31A ; Eb = V - Ia Ra = 220 - (0.9 * 31)
Eb = 217.2V
 ZN  P  30*103 *540* N  4 
Eb =   217.2 =  
60  A   60 4
(i) N = 804.4 rpm
Output in watts 5.595

(ii) Ish = 9.55 * = 9.55 * = 66.5 N-m
N 804.4
12. A d.c series motor takes 40A at 220V and runs at 800 rpm. If the armature and field
resistance are 0.2 & 0.1 respectively and the iron and firiction losses are 0.5Kw.
Find the torque developed in the armature. What will be the output of the motor?
EbIa
Armature torque is given by Ta = 9.55 N-m
N
Eb = V - Ia (Ra + Rsh) = 220 - 40 (0.2 + 0.1) = 208V
40
Ta = 9.55 * 208 * = 90.3 N-m
800
Cu.loss in armature and series field resistance = (40)2 * 0.3 = 480W
Iron and friction losses = 500W
Total losses = 480 + 500 = 980W
Motor Power Input = 220 * 40 = 8,800W
Motor Output = 8,800 - 980 = 7,820W = 7.82Kw.
13. The armature winding of a 200V, 4-pole, series motor is lap-connected. There are
280 slots and each slot has 4 conductor. The current is 45A and flux/pole is 18 mwb.
The field resistance is 0.3; The armature resistance 0.5 and iron & friction losses
total 800W. The pulley diameter is 0.41M. Find the pull in newton at the rim of
pulley.
DC Motors 5.49
Eb = V - Ia Ra = 200 - 45 (0.5 + 0.3) = 614V
 ZN  P 
Eb =   volts
60  A 
18*103 *(280*4) N  4 
164 =   = 488.rpm
60 4
Total input = 200 * 45 = 9,000W
Cu.loss = Ia2 Ra = 452 * 0.8 = 1,620W.
Iron + friction losses = 800w
Total losses = 1620 + 800 = 2420w
Output = 9000 - 2420 = 6580 w.
Ouptut
Tsh = 9.55 * N-m
N
= 9.5 * (6580)/488 = 128Nm
14. A 4-pole, 240V, wave connectged shunt motor gives 11.19 kw when running at 1000
rpm and drawing armature & field currents of 50A and 1.0A respectively. Ir has
540 conductors. Its resistance is 0.1. Assuming a drop of 1vdt per brush, find (a)
total torque (b) useful torque (c) useful flux/pole (d) rotational losses (e) efficiency.
Eb = V - Ia Ra - brush drop
= 240 - (50 * 0.1)- 2
Eb = 233 volts
Ia = 50A
Armature torque, Ta = 9.55 N-m
 233*50 
Ta = 9.55  = 111 N-m
 1000 
11.9*103
Tsh = 9.55 = 9.55 * = 106.9 N-m
1000
 ZN  P 
Eb =  
60  A 
 *540 *1000  4 
233 =  
60 2
233*60
=
540*1000
 = 12.9 mwb.
Armature i/p = VIa = 240 * 50 = 12,000W
Armature Cu.loss = Ia2 Ra = 502 * 0.1 = 250w
Brush contact loss = 50 x 2 = 100V
 Power developed = 12,000 - 350 = 11,6850W
 Output = 11.19 Kw = 11,190W
11.19 * 103
(d) Rational Losses - 11,650 - 11,190 = 460W
(e) Total motor input = VI = 240 * 51 = 12,340W
Motor output = 11,190W
11,190
 Efficiency = 12, 240 * 100 = 91.4%
15. A 460V series motor runs at 500 rpm taking a current of 40A. Calculate the speed
and percentage change in torque if the load is reduced so that the motor is taking
30A. Total resistance of the armature & field circuits is 0.8. Assume flux is
proportional to the field current.
   Ia, hence T  Ia a Ia2
 R1  402 & T2  302
T2 9
 
T 1 16
 Percentage change in torque is
T1 T 2 7
= * 100 = * 100 = 43.75%
T1 16
Eb1 = 460 - [40 * 0.8] = 428
DC Motors 5.51
Eb = (V - Ia Ra)
Eb2 = 460 - (30 * 0.8) = 436
N 2 Eb 2 Ia1 N 2 436 40
 *   *
N 1 Eb1 Ia 2 500 428 30
N2 = 679 rpm
SPEED REGULATION PROBLEM

1. A 4-pole series motor has 944 wave-connected armature condcutor, As a certain
lod, the flux/pole is 34.6 mwb and the total mechanical torque developed is 209N-m.
Calculate the line currents taken by the motor and the speed at which it will run
with an applied voltage of 500V. Total motor resistance is 3.
Ta - 0.159 f Z Ia (P/A) N-m
209 = 0.159 * 34.6 * 10-3 * 944 * Ia (4/2)
Ia = 20.1 Amps
E = V - Ia Ra = 500 - 20.1 * 3 = 439.7V
P
Eb = ZN  
 A
4
439 = 34.6 * 10-3 * 944 * N *  
2
N = 6.73 rps
(Or)
 N = 382.2 rpm
2. A 250V shunt motor runs at 1000 rpm. at no-load and takes 8A. The total armature
and shunt field resistance, are respectively 0.2 and 250. Calculate the speed when
loaded and taking 50A. Assume the flux to be constant.
N 1 Eb  0
 *
N 0 Eb 0 
  = 0 Ish = = 1A
 = Iao = 8 - 1 = 7A
Ia = 50 - 1 = 49A
Ebo = V - Iao Ra = 250 - (7 * 0.2) 248.6V
Eb = V - Ia Ra = 250 - (49 * 0.2) = 240.2 V
N 1 Eb

N 0 Eb 0
 N = 966.1 rpm
3. A d.c. motor operates at 800 rpm. with a line current of 100A from 230 V mains. Its
armature circuit resistance is 0.15 and its field resistance 0.1. Find the speed at
which the motor runs at a line current of 25A. Assuming that the flux at this current
is 45% of the flux aat 100A.
N 2 Eb 2  0
 *
N 1 Eb1 
Given that
2 = 45% of 1
 2 = 0.45 1
1 1

 2 0.45
Eb1 = 230 - (0.15 + 0.1) * 100
= 205V
Eb2 = 230 - 25 * 0.25
= 223.75V
N 2 223.751 1  223.751 1 
=  * ; N 2  800  *
800 205 0.45  205 0.45 
 N2 = 1940 rpm
4. A d.c shunt machine generates 250V on open circuit at 1000 rpm. Effective armature
resistance is 0.5, field resitance is 250, input to machine ruming as a motor on
no-load is 4A at 250V. Calculate speed of machine as a motor taking 40A at 250V.
Armature reaction weakens field by 4%.
DC Motors 5.53
Consider the case when the machine runs as a motor on no-load.
250
I sh = = 1A
250
Iao = 4 - 1 = 3A ; Ebo = 250 - 0.5 * 3 = 248.V
It is given that when armture runs at 1000 r.p.m. it generates 250V.
1000* 248.5
When it generates 248.5V, It must be running at a speed =
250
= 994 r.p.m
Hence
No = 994 r.p.m.
When loaded,
Ia = 40 - 1 = 39A
Eb = 230 - 39 * 0.5 = 230.5V
0 1
Also, 
 0.96
N Eb N 230.5 1
   *
E Eb 0 994 248.5 0.96
 N = 960 rpm
5. A 220V, dc shunt motor takes 4A no-load when running at 800 rpm. The field
resistance is 100W. The resistance of armature at stand still gives a drop of 6 volts
across armature terminals when 10A were passed through it. Calculate (a) Speed
on load (b) Torque in N-m and (c) efficiency. The normal i/p of themotor is 8kw.
200
(a) Ish = = 2A
100
F.L. Power i/p = 8000W
8000
F.L line current = = 40A
200
Ia = 40 - 2 = 38a
6
Ra = = 0.6
10
Eb = 200 - 38 * 0.6 = 177.2V
N Eb
 (or)
N 0 Eb 0
N 177.2
  N = 623.9 rpm
700 198.8
EbIb 177.2*38
Ta  9.55  9.55*  103 N  m
N 623.9
(c) N.L. Power input = 200 * 4 = 800W
Armature cu.loss = Ia2 Ra = 22 * 0.6 = 2.4W
Constant Losses = 800 - 2.4 = 797.6W
F.L. arm cu.loss = 382 * 0.6 = 866.4W
Total F.L. Losses = 797. + 866.4 = 1664W
F.L. output = 8000 - 1664 = 6336W
6336
F.L. Motor efficiency = = 0.742
8000
% F.L. = 0.792 * 100 = 79.2
6. The input to 230V, d.c. shunt motor is 11kw. Calculate (a) The torque developed (b)
the efficiency (c) the speed as this load
No load current = 5A
No load speed = 1150 rpm
Arm resistance = 0.5
Shunt field resistance = 110
No load input = 220 * 5 = 1100W
220
Ish = = 2A
110
DC Motors 5.55
Iao = 5 - 2 = 3A
No load armature cu.loss = 32 * 0.5 = 4.5 W
 Constant losses = 1,000 = 4.5 = 1,095W
When i/p is 11kw
11000
i/p current = = 50A
220
Armature current = 50 - 2 = 48A
Arm. cu.loss = 482 * 0.5 = 1,152W
Total loss = rm. cu.loss + constant losses
= 1152 + 1095.5 = 2248W
Output, = 11,00 - 2,2248 = 8,752W
8752 *100
(b) Efficiency = = 79.6%
11000
(c) Back emf at no-load = 220 - (3 * 0.5) = 218.5V
Back emf at given load = 220 - (48 * 0.5) = 196V
1100 *196
 Speed, N = = 1,031 rpm
218.5
196* 48
Ta = 9.55 * = 87.1 Nm
1031
7. A 220 volt dc series motor is running at a speed of 800 rpm and draws 100. Calculate
at what speed the motor will run when developing half the torque. Total resistance
of armature and field is 0.1. Assume that magnetic circuit is unsaturated.
N 2 Eb 2  0 Eb 2 Ia1
 *  *  Ia 
N 1 Eb1  Eb1 Ia 2
Ta  Ia  Ia2  T1  Ia12 & T2  Ia22
2 2
T 2  Ia 2  1  Ia 2  Ia1
   or   ; Ia 2  = 70.7A
T 1  Ia1  2  Ia1  2
Eb1 = 220 - 100 * 0.1 = 210V
Eb2 = 220 - 0.1 * 70.7 = 212.9V
N 2 212.9 100
 * ; N2 = 1147 rpm
800 210 70.7
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

1. A 500 V shunt motor runs at its normal speed of 250rpm when the armature current is
200A. The resistance of armture is 0.12. Calculate the speed when a resistance is inserted
in the field reducing the shunt field of 80% of normal value & the armture current is
100A.
Eb1 = 500 - 200 * 0.12 = 476V
Eb2 = 500 - 100 * 0.12 = 488V
2 = 0.81 ; N1 = 250 rpm ; N2 = ?
N 2 Eb 2  1
 *
N 1 Eb1  2
N 2 488  1  488 1 
* *  250  *
250 476 0.84  476 0.8 
 N2 = 320.4 rpm
2. A 230V dc shunt motor runs at 800 rpm & takes armature current of 40A. Find
resistance to be added to the field circuit to increase speed to 1000 rpm at an armature
current of 80A. Assume flux proportional to field current. Armature resistance =
0.15 and field winding resistance = 250.
N 2 Eb 2  1 Eb 2 Ish
 *  *
N 1 Eb1  2 Eb1 Ish 2
  If
Eb1 = 230 (50 * 0.15) = 222.5V
Eb2 = 230 - *80 * 0.15) = 218V
Total shunt resistance = Rt = (250 + R) (R-Additional resistance)
DC Motors 5.57
230
Ish1 = = 0.92A
250
230
Ish2 = ; N1 = 800 rpm
Rt
N = 1000 rpm
1000 218 0.92

 *
800 222.5 230
Rt
 Rt = 319W
 319 = 250 + R
R = 69W
3. A 250V dc shunt motor has a shunt field resistance of 250 and an armature
resistance of 0.25. For a given load torque and no additional resistance included
in the shunt field circuit, the motor runs at 1500 rpm drawing an armture current
of 20A. If a resistance of 250 in inserted in sereis with the field, the load torque
remaining the same, find out the new speed and armature current. Assume the
magnetisation curve to be linear.
In this case, the motor speed is changed by changing flux.
N 2 Eb 2  1
 *
N 1 Eb1  2
 Magnetisation curve is linear (Given)  flux  shunt current
N 2 Eb 2 Ish
Hence  *
N 1 Eb1 Ish 2
Where, Eb2 = V - Raa Ra & Eb1 = V - Ia1 Ra
 Load torque remains the same,
 Ta 1 Ia1 2 Ia2 (or)  Ia1= 1 Ia2
1 Ish1
Ia2 Ia 2  Ia1 * I *
a1
2 Ish 2
250
Ish1 = = 1A
250
250 1
Ish2 =  A
(250  250) 2
1
20*  40 A
Ia2 =
 
1
2
 Eb2 = 250 - (40 * 0.25) = 240V
Eb1 = 250 - (20 * 0.25) = 245V
N2 240 1
 *
 1500 245 1
2  
N2 = 1500
N2 = 2930 rpm
4. A 250V dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 and a field resistance of
250. When driving a load of constant torque as 600 rpm the armature current is
20A. If if it is desired to raise the speed from 600 to 800 rpm. What rsistance should
be inserted in the shunt field circuit?
Assume that the magneic circuit si unsaturated.
N 2 Eb 2  1
 *
N 1 Eb1  2
 The magnetic circuit is unsaturated, it means tht flux is deirectly prportional to the
shunt current.
N 2 Eb 2 Ish1
 *
N 1 Eb1 Ish 2
Eb2 = V - Iaw Ra & Eb2 = V = Ia2 Ra
 Motor is driving a load of constant torque.
Ta 1 Ia1 2 Ia2
2 Ia2 = 1 Ia1
DC Motors 5.59
1 Ish1
(or) Ia2 = Ia1 * = Ia1 *
2 Ish 2
250
Ish1 = = 1A
250
250
Ish2 =
Rt
Rt  Total resistance of the shunt field circuit
1 250 2 Rt
20 *  
Ia2 =  250  Rt 25
 
 Rt 
Eb1 = 250 - (20 * 0.5) = 240V
 Rt  Rt
Eb2 = 250   *0.5   250
 25  25

800 250 

Rt
25 * 1 
600 240 250  Rt 
0.04 R12  250 Rt  80000  0
250  (250) 2  4(0.04)(80000) b  b2  4ac

Rt  
0.08 2a
27
= = 337.2
0.08
Additional resistance required in the shunt field circuit is = 337.5 - 250 = 87.5
5. A 220V, 10KW, 2500rpm shunt motor draws 41A when operating at rated conditions.
The resistance of the armature, compensating winding, interpole winding and shunt
field winding are respectively 0.2, 0.05, 0.1 and 110. Calculate the steady-
state values of armature current and motor speed if pole flux is reduced by 25%, a
1 resistance is placed in series with the armature and the load torque is reduced
by 50%
1
0.05
220V
0.1
220
Ish = = 2A
110
Ia1 = 41 - 2 = 39A
T 2  2 Ia 2 1 3 Ia 2
  * (or)  *
T 1  1 Ia1 2 4 39
 Ia2 = 26A
Eb1 = 220 - 39 (0.2 + 0.1 + 0.05) = 206.35V
Eb2 = 220 - 26 (1 + 0.35) = 184.9V
N2 184.9 4
 *
2500 206.35 3
 184.9 4 
 N 2  2500  *
 206.35 3 
 N2 = 2987 rpm
6. A 220V, 14kw 850 rpm shunt motor draws 72.2A when operating at rated condition.
The resistances of the armature and shunt field are 0.25 & 100 respectively.
Determine the percentage reduction in field flux in order to obtain a speed of 1650
rpm when armature current draw in 40A.
220
Ish = = 2.2A
100
Ia1 = 72.2 - 2.2 = 70A
DC Motors 5.61
Eb1 = 220 - 70 * 0.25 = 202.5V
Eb2 = 220 - 40 * 0.25 = 210V
Now,
N 2 Eb2  1
 *
N 1 Eb1  2
1650 210  1
 *
850 202.5  2
 2 = 0.5341
 1  0.534 1
 Reduction if field flux = *100
1
= 46.6%
7. A 200 dc shunt motor running at 1000 rpm takes an armature current of 17.5A. It
is required to reduce the speed to 600 rpm. What must be the value of resistance to
be inserted in the armature circuit if the original armature resistance is 0.4? Take
armature current o be constant during this process.
N1 = 1000 rpm ; Eb1 = 200 (17.5 * 0.4) = 193V
Rt  total armature resistnce
N2 = 600 rpm ; Eb2 = 200 - 17.5 * Rt
 Ish remains constant ; 1 = 2
600 (200  17.5 Rt )
 
1000 193
 Additional resistance required, R = Rt - Ra
R = 4.8 - 0.4
R = 4.4W
Brush drop has not been considered.
8. A 400V d.c. shunt motor has armature and field resistances of 1.2 and 500
respectively. When running on no-load, the current taken is 4A and the speed is
1000 rpm. Calculate the speed when motor is fally loaded and the total current
drawn from the supply if 26A.
Estimate the speed at this load if
(a) a resistance of 2.3 is connected in series with the armature and (b) the shunt field
current is reduced by 15%.
500
Ish = = 1A
500
Ia1 = 4 - 3 = 3A ; Iaw = 26 - 1 = 25A.
Eb1 = 500 - (3 * 1.2) = 496.4V
Eb2 = 500 - (25 * 1.2) = 470V
N2 470
 
1000 406.4
N2 = 947 rpm.
(a) In this case, total armature circuit resistance
= 1.2 + 2.3 = 3.5W
 Eb2 = 500 - (25 * 3.5) = 412.5 V
N2 412.5  412.5 
  ; N 2  1000 
1000 496.5  496.5 
 N2 = 831 rpm
(b) When shunt field is reduced by 15%
2 = 0.85 1
Assuming straight magnetisation curve
N2 412.5 1
 *
1000 496.5 0.85
 412.5 1 
N 2  1000  *
 496.5 0.85 
 N2 = 977.6 rpm
9. A 240V shunt motor has an armature current of 15A when running at 800 rpm
against F.L torqu. The arm resistance is 0.6. What resistance must be inserted in
series with the armature to reduce the speed to 400 4pm, at the same torque?
DC Motors 5.63
Here,
N1 = 800 rpm ; Eb1 = 240 - 15 * 0.6 = 231V.
Flux remains constant, T  Ia
 Torque is the same in both cases,
Ia2 = Ia1 = 15A.
Let R  Additional Resistance inserted in series with the armature
Eb2 = 240 - 15 (R + 0.6) ; N2 = 400 rpm
400 240  15( R  0.6)

  ;
800 231
R = 7.7
When load torque is halved, with constant fluix when lod torque is halved,
Ia is also halved
Ia1 15
 Ia 3    7.5 A
2 2
 Eb3 = 240 - 7.5 (7.7 + 0.6) = 177.75V ; N3 = ?
N 3 Eb 3 N 3 177.75
 (Or)  ; N3 = 614.7 rpm
N 1 Eb 3 800 231
TWO MARKS
UNIT V– DC MOTORS
1. What is a DC motor?
A DC motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
2. What is the principle of motor?

When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force
tending to move it.
3. Classify the two types of DC machines.

DC machines can be classified into two types.
 DC generator
 DC motor
4. State the law of conservation of energy.

According to the law of conservation of energy, “Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another form”.
5. How will you find the direction of force produced using Fleming’s Left Hand Rule?
(A/M-2003)
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers are
mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of magnetic
field, middle finger gives the direction of the current and thumb gives the direction of the
force experienced by the conductor.
6. Mention the significance of back emf. (A/M-2006, 08, N/D-2008)

 Back emf in a DC motor makes the motor self-regulating. It makes the motor to
draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by
the load.
Where,
DC Motors 5.65
= back emf in volts
7. What do you mean by back emf in DC motor?(N/D-2011)
 While a machine is functioning as a motor, the conductors are cutting flux and that
is exactly what is required for generator action to take place.
 This means that even when the machine is working as a motor, voltages are induced
in the conductors.
 This emf is called as back emf or counter emf.
8. List the types of DC motor. Give any one difference between them.
 Separately excited DC motor
 Self-excited DC motor
 Series motor
 Shunt motor
 Compound motor
 Long shunt Compound motor
 Short shunt Compound motor
9. Draw the various characteristics of DC series motor. (May – 03, 06 ; Dec –

07, 08,10)
(or)
Draw the Speed-Torque characteristics of high speed hoist and traction
load.
(May – 03; Dec – 09)
T N N
N vs T T
10. Draw the various characteristics of DC shunt motor. (May – 04, 06 ; Dec -
07, 09,10)
T N N
N vs T T
11. Draw the various characteristics of DC compound motor.
Where, T = Torque ; N = Speed ; Ia = Armature current

12. When a 4 point starter is required in DC motor?
 In a four-point starter, the circuits of no-volt release coil and shunt field are
independent and so the operation of no volt release is affected due to variation
of field current.
 Whenever the speed of the shunt motor is varied by field control method, there
4 point starter is required. 3 point starter is not suitable for this application.
13. What is the necessity of having starter with DC motor? What is the need for
starter in DC motor? (N/D-2006) (A/M-2017)
 Starters are used in DC motors to limit the starting current within about 2 to
3 times of the rated current.
DC Motors 5.67
 In starters, 2 protective devices are also used.
 Over-load protection
 No voltage protection
14. List the different methods of speed control in DC shunt motor. (A/M-2004,08,09,10)
 Armature control
 Flux (or) field control
 Applied voltage control
15. Write the condition for the maximum efficiency of DC motor.
 When back emf Eb equals half the applied voltage,
 The DCmotor produces maximum output power

 Hence the efficiency will be maximum
16. State the advantages of Swinburne’s test.

 It is an economical method of determining efficiency.
 Power required for this is small.
 Large machines can be tested by spending a small amount of energy.
17. Give the expression for speed of a DC motor.
Speed is directly proportional to back emf( ) and inversely proportional to flux/

pole ( )
Where,
= speed in rpm
= back emf in volts
= flux in weber
18. What is a self-excited DC machine?
 The excitation current is needed for producing magnetic field in DC machine.
 If the exciting current is drawn from the same source (armature) itself, then it
is called self-excited DC machine.
19. What for field coils are provided in DC machines?

 In DC machine, we are in need of magnetic field to produce emf(generator) or
force (motor) in the conductor.
 Permanent magnet is not employed for this purpose in DC machines.
 Electromagnets are used.
 So field coil is provided to make magnetic effect in DC machine.
20. Why brake test is performed in DC motors?

 Brake test is also called as direct load test. This is used only small motors. In
this method, efficiency is determined by knowing the input and output power
of the motor.
21. How does a series motor develop high starting torque?

 A DC series motor is always started with some load. Therefore the motor
armature current increases.
 Due to this, series motor develops high starting torque.
22. What is the need for starter in DC motors?

 When a DC motor is directly switched on, at the time of starting, the motor back
emf is zero. Due to this, the armature current is very high.
 Due to the very high current, the motor gets damaged. To reduce the starting
current of the motor, starter is used.
23. What is prime mover?

 The basic source of mechanical power which drives the armature of the generator
is called prime mover.
24. Give the materials used in machine manufacturing.

 There are three main materials used in machine manufacturing they are steel to
conduct magnetic flux, copper to conduct electric current and insulation.
DC Motors 5.69
25. How are armatures windings are classified based on placement of coil inside the
armature slots?
 Single layer winding
 Double layer winding
26. Why the armature core in DC machines is constructed with laminated steel
sheets instead of solid steel sheets?
 Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets provide low
reluctance path to magnetic field.
27. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction?

 Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more no of
turns. Series field coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have
less no of turns.
28. How will you change the direction of rotation of DC motor?

 Either the field direction or direction of current through armature conductor is
reversed.
29. What is the function of no-voltage release coil in DC motor starter?

 As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the
NVR coil produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter
handle in ON position against spring force.
 When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a prescribed value then
electromagnet may not have enough force to retain so handle will come back
to OFF position due to spring force automatically.
30. Mention the types of braking of DC motor.

 Regenerative braking
 Dynamic braking
 Plugging
31. What are the losses in DC motor?

 Copper losses
 Iron losses
 Mechanical losses
32. Name any 2 non-loading method of testing DC machines.

 Swinburne’s test
 Hopkinson test
33. Mention the applications of series motor. (A/M-2013)

 Series motors are used where the load is directly attached to the shaft and where
there is no danger of the load is being thrown off.
 It is used in electric trains, where the self-weight of the train acts as load and
for cranes, hoists, fans, blowers, conveyors, lifts etc.
34. Mention the applications of compound motor.

 Compound motors are used for driving heavy machine tools for intermittent
loads shears, punching machines.
35. State the various applications of DC motors. (N/D-2008, 2009) (A/M-2017)

Type of Motor Characteristics Applications
Shunt Approximately constant For driving constant speed
speed. Speed can be line shafting lathes,
controlled. Medium starting centrifugal pumps, machine
torque. (Up to 1.5 full tools, Blowers and fans,
load torque) Reciprocating pumps.
Series Variable speed. Speed can For traction work. i.e.
be controlled. High electric locomotives rapid
Starting torque. transit systems trolley cars etc.
cranes and hoists Conveyors.
Cumulative Compound Variable speed. For intermittent high torque
Speed can be controlled. loads, for shears and
High Starting torque. punches, elevators,
conveyors, heavy planners,
rolling Mills, ice machines,
printing press, air compressors .
DC Motors 5.71
36. Write the power balance equation of a motor.(N/D-2003)
 Multiplying both sides of the voltage equation by Ia we get power equation as,
 This equation is called power balance equation of a DC motor.

Where,
= back emf in volts
37. Write the torque equation of a DC motor.

 The torque equation of DC motor is
P= Number of poles
Z = Number of conductors
A= Number of parallel paths
Ia= Armature current
38. Why a DC series motor used to start heavy loads? Why DC series motor is never
started on NO LOAD?(N/D-2006, 10, A/M-2009)
 In case of a DC series motor,
 On No-Load as is small hence flux produced is also very small. According
to speed equation,
 As Eb is almost constant.
 So on very light load or no load as flux is very small, the motor tries to run
at dangerously high speed which may damage the motor mechanically.
 This can be seen from the speed-armature current and the speed-torque characteristics
that on low armature current and low torque condition motor shows a tendency
to rotate with dangerously high speed.
39. State the function of no volt coil of the starter.(N/D-2004, A/M-2011)

(i) As the handle is gradually moved over to the final stud, the starting resistance
is cut out of the armature circuit in steps. The handle is now held magnetically
by the no-volt release coil which is energized by shunt field current.
(ii) The no-volt coil is demagnetized and the handle is pulled to the OFF position
by the spring. Thus, the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply.
40. Mention the factor affecting the speed of DC motor.

 The factors affecting the speed of a DC motor are,
 Flux,
 Voltage across the armature,
 Applied voltage, V
41. State the advantages of flux control method used for controlling speed of DC
shunt motor.
 This is an easy and convenient method.
 It is an inexpensive method since very little power is wasted in the shunt field
rheostat due to relatively small value of Ish.
 The speed control exercised by this method is independent of load on the
machine.
42. State the disadvantages of flux control method used for controlling speed of DC
shunt motor.
 Only speeds higher than the normal speed can be obtained since the total field
circuit resistance cannot be reduced below Rsh - the shunt field winding resistance.
 There is a limit to the maximum speed obtainable by this method. It is because
if the flux is too much weakened, commutation becomes poorer.
43. State the disadvantages of armature control method used for controlling speed
of DC shunt motor.
DC Motors 5.73
 A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance since it carries
full armature current Ia.
 The speed varies widely with load since the speed depends upon the voltage drop
in the controller resistance and hence on the armature current demanded by the
load.
 The output and efficiency of the motor are reduced.
 This method results in poor speed regulation. Due to above disadvantages, this
method is seldom used to control the speed of shunt motors.
44. State the methods of speed control in DC series motor. (N/D-2012)

1) Rheostatic control
2) Applied voltage control
3) Flux control
(i) Flux diverter
(ii) Armature diverter
(iii) Tapped field
(iv) Series-parallel grouping of field coil
45. Define Efficiency of a DC Motor.

The efficiency of a DC motor is the ratio of output power to the input power i.e.
The efficiency of a DC motor will be maximum when:

Variable losses = Constant losses
Therefore, the efficiency curve of a DC motor is similar in shape to that of a
DC generator.
46. State the Advantages of Swinburne’s test. Dec 2008

 The power required to carry out the test is small because it is a no-load test.
Therefore, this method is quite economical.
 The efficiency can be determined at any load because constant losses are known.
 This test is very convenient.
47. State the Disadvantages of Swinburne’s test. (N/D – 2013)
 It does not take into account the stray load losses that occur when the machine
is loaded.
 This test does not enable us to check the performance of the machine on full-
load. For example, it does not indicate whether commutation on full load is
satisfactory and whether the temperature rise is within the specified limits.
 This test does not give quite accurate efficiency of the machine. It is because
iron losses under actual load are greater than those measured. This is mainly
due to armature reaction distorting the field.
48. Why DC series motor is not suitable for belt driven loads? (A/M-2012)
 For belt driven loads, there is possibility of breaking of a belt causing no load
condition for the series motor.
 But on no load, DC series motor tries to run at dangerously high speed and may
get damaged. To avoid such situation, DC series motor is not suitable for belt
driven loads.
49. What are the drawbacks of brake test on DC machines?

 Brake test used for small motors only, because in case of large motors, it is
difficult to dissipate the large amount of heat generated at the brake.
 Not used for determining internal losses.
 Output is not measured directly.
50. What is the use of retardation test?

This is also known as running down test. It is used for finding out the stray losses
of shunt wound DC machines.
51. What are the advantages of Hopkinson’s test? (N/D-2006)

 Power required for the test is small as compared to full load power of the two
machines
 Since the machines can be tested under full load conditions for long duration,
the performance of the machines regarding commutation and temperature rise
can be studied.
DC Motors 5.75
52. What are the disadvantages of Hopkinson’s test? (N/D-2006)
 Two identical machines are required.
53. What precaution is necessary to be observed while performing brake test on a

DC series motor? (N/D – 2007)
 Initially some load should be applied to the DC series motor.
54. Why brake test is not suitable for large size machines? (N/D – 2008)
The brake test is not suitable for large DC motors owing because difficulty in
dissipating the heat generated at the pulley.

Rotating Machines and Transformers Unit 3 DC MOTOR CLASS NOTES

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Rotating Machines and Transformers Unit 3 DC MOTOR CLASS NOTES

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UNIT - V

5.1 Principle of Operation of DC Motor

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule:-

5.4 Types of DC. Motors

= Resistance of series field winding.

= Resistance of armature winding.

= back emf induced.

 It is the curve between armature torque and armature current of a DC motor..

Characteristics of Series Motors

Characteristics of Cumulative Compound Motors

Type of Motor Characteristics Applications

5.7 Types of DC Motor Starters

Speed Control of DC Shunt Motors(April / May – 2017)

 The speed equation,

 The highest speed obtainable is that corresponding to RC = 0 i.e., normal speed.

Flux control method

a given load, if isdecreased, the flux must increase .Since , the

5.8 Electric Braking

Braking torque depends upon the speed of the motor.

Braking torque depends upon the speed of the motor.

5.8.3 Regenerative braking

5.9 Efficiency of a DC Motor

The efficiency of a DC motor will be maximum when:

5.9.1 Retardation or Running down Test

Theory of retardation test

Rotational losses, W = Rate of loss of Kinetic energy of armature

Here I is the moment of inertia of the armature

I = 75 kgm2 ; N = 1000 rpm

5.9.2 Swinburne’s Method for Determining Efficiency (April /May -2017)

(i) Determination of hot resistances of windings

(ii) Determination of constant losses

 Constant losses, WC = Input to motor – Armature Cu loss·

Efficiency when running as a motor

Constant loss = WC found above

Efficiency when running as a generator

Constant loss = WC found above

Advantages of Swinburne’s test

5.9.3 Regenerative or Hopkinson’s-Test

But generator output is VI1

Iron, friction and Windage losses of each machine = W/2

Alternate Connections for Hopkinson’s Test

Motor Armature Cu loss = (I1 + I2)2 Ra

Iron, friction and Windage losses of each machine = W/2

Advantages of Hopkinson’s Test

The relation between torque and current can be written as,

But in case of permanent magnet DC motors the resultant flux Φ is constant.

The relation between torque and current can be written as,

The supply voltage can be given as,

Output in watts 5.595

SPEED REGULATION PROBLEM

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

1000 218 0.92

 Magnetisation curve is linear (Given)  flux  shunt current

250  (250) 2  4(0.04)(80000) b  b2  4ac

400 240  15( R  0.6)

2. What is the principle of motor?

3. Classify the two types of DC machines.

4. State the law of conservation of energy.

6. Mention the significance of back emf. (A/M-2006, 08, N/D-2008)

9. Draw the various characteristics of DC series motor. (May – 03, 06 ; Dec –

11. Draw the various characteristics of DC compound motor.

Where, T = Torque ; N = Speed ; Ia = Armature current

15. Write the condition for the maximum efficiency of DC motor.