OBJECTIVE:

To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally

To plot the total energy line Vs distance.

INTRODUCTION:

Bernoulli's theorem states that when there is a continuous connection between particles of flowing
mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of flow will remain the same provided there is no
reduction or addition of energy at any point.

THEORY:

This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy. This equation states
that at two sections of flow field the total energy remains the same. Provided that there is no loss or
gain of energy between the two sections. This situation is valid only for steady and non-turbulent

E =( p1/ρg) + (v12/2g) + Z1 = (p2/ρg) + (v22/2g) + Z2

where:

E = Total Energy

P1/ ρg = pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 1

V12/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 1

Z1 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point 1

P2/ρg = pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 2

V22/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 2

Z2 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point 2

P1 = pressure of fluid at point 1

P2 = pressure of fluid at point 2

V1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1

V2 = Velocity of fluid at point 2

ρ = Density of fluid

g = acceleration due to gravity

DESCRIPTION:

The present experimental set-up for Bernouli's Theorem is self-contained re circulating unit. The set-
up accompanies the Sump tank, Constant Head Tank, Centrifugal Pump for water lifting, Measuring
tank etc. Control Valve Is provided to regulate the flow of water in Constant Head Tank. A conduit,
made of Perspex, of varying cross section is provided, which is having converging and diverging
section. Piezometer tubes are fitted on this test section at regular interval. The inlet of the conduit is
connected to constant head tank. At the outlet of conduit, a gate valve is provided to regulate the
flow of water through the test section. After achieving the constant head, discharge through test
section can be measured with the help of measuring tank and Stop Watch. Please observe that head
may vary in piezo-meter tubes due to turbulent flow regime and friction encountered by fluid and
thus overall result may differ .
SPECIFICATION:

Test Section : Material Acrylic.

Piezometer Tubes : Material P.U. Tubes.

Water Circulation : by means of centrifugal Pump MM II CG make.

Flow Measurement : Using Measuring Tank with Piezometer tube and stopwatch.

Sump Tank : Capacity 85 Ltrs.

Constant head Tank : Capacity 25 Ltrs.

Stop WatchControl Panel Comprises of : Standard make On/Off Switch, Mains Indicator, etc.

The whole set-up is well designed and arranged in a good quality painted structure.

FORMULAE:

1. Discharge(Q) : ________________________(1)

Q1 = (A*R/t1)

2. Velocity of fluid(V) : ________________________(2)

V = (Q/a)

3. Total Energy (E) : _________________________(3)

E = (p1/ρ*g) + (V2/2g) + Z

p/ρg = h
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

DATA:

G = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s 2

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1m 2

S. No. of Test Cross sectional area Distance from reference point

points A(m2) S(m)

1. 6.1575 x 10-4 0.030

2. 4.9088 x 10-4 0.059
3. 3.4636 x 10-4 0.088
4. 2.4053 x 10-4 0.117
5. 1.5394 x 10-4 0.146
6. 2.4053 x 10-4 0.175
7. 3.4636 x 10-4 0.204
8. 4.9088 x 10-4 0.233
9. 6.1575 x 10-4 0.262

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S No. R(cm) T(sec.) h(cm)

at piezometer tube no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.

2.

3.
CALCULATION TABLE :

Run no. =

Discharge = m 3/s

Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V(m/s)
p/ρg=h
V2/2g
Z
E

Plot Total Energy v Distance.

NOMENCLATURE:

E = Total Energy.

p/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head.

V2/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head.

Z = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head.

P = Pressure of fluid (m of water).

V = Velocity of fluid (m/s).

Q = Discharge through test section.

v = Volume of water collected in measuring tank.

R = Rise of water level in Measuring Tank.

t = Time taken for R.

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Do not run the pump at abnormally low voltage.

2. Never fully close the gate valve provided at the end of test section and By-Pass line Valves
simultaneously.

3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

4. To prevent clogging of moving parts of pump, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.

5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.

6. Always use clean water.

7. If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely, and fill
pump with cutting oil.
TROUBLESHOOTINGS:

1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually.

2. If pump gets heat up, switch off the main power for 15 minutes and avold closing the flow control
valve and by pass valve simultaneously during operation.

REFERENCES:

1. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., "Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering", 4th ed. McGraw
Hill, NY, 1985.

2. Perry, R.H., Green, D.(editors), "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook", 6th

ed., McGraw HM, NY, 1985. 3. Foust, A.S., et. al., "Principles of Unit Operations", 2nd ed., John
Wiley, NY, 1980.

4. Brown, G.G., "Unit Operations", 1st ed., CBS, ND, 1995.

5. Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F., "Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering Vol. - 1", 5th ed.,
Asian Books Itd., ND, 1996.