ACRONOMY

L= length of shell

DM = mean diameter

CA=Corrosion allowance

S= Allowable stress

Pi=internal design pressure

R = internal radius of the shell

ts= thickness of the shell

Do=Outside diameter of the cylindrical shell

Vs=volume of shell

E=joint efficiency

D= inner diameter of the shell

δ s=¿Tensile strength

Abstract
Pressure vessel is a device used to store liquid as well as air. Vertical vessels are massive
structures used in oil industries which store oil and different fluids. Due to the massiveness of the
structure and pedestal considerations, an octagonal foundation is designed in place of a simple
rectangular footing. The design includes analyzing of loads from superstructure, design of base
plate and foundation bolt, design of pedestal and footing. The design of pile is not considered in
the present study. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the manual method of design
procedure. The same footing is modeled in different commercial finite element software.
Performance of the designed foundation as obtained from the finite element analysis is then
compared with that obtained from manual calculations. Maximum moment obtained from the
software for the given support forces are found to be higher than those calculated manually
 CHAPTER .1

1. INTRODUCTION

Pressure vessels are the containers for fluids under high pressure. The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or
tanks) are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside
the pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine with other reagents as in a chemicaplant.

The pressure vessels are designed with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion
which may cause loss of life and property. Generally there are three main types of pressure vessel. These
are Horizontal, vertical and spherical pressure vessel. However there are some special type of vessels like
regeneration Tower, reactors, but these names are given according to their use only.

The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel. Pressure
vessel have wide applications in thermal and nuclear power plants, process chemical industries, in
pharmaceutical industries, and in food beverage industries. The failure of pressure vessel may result in
loss of life, health hazard and damage of property.

Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressure together with high temperatures, and in some
case flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the
design be such that no leakage can occur. With increasing demands from industrial process for high
operating pressures and higher temperature, new technologies have been developed to handle the present
day specialized requirements. The material of pressure vessel may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile
such as mild steel. Various parameters of pressure vessel are designed and checked according to the
principles specified in American society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) sec VIII and according to
IBR.

The pressure inside our vertical pressure vessel is taken as 16 Mpa. The strength of the metal
decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design stress will depend on the
material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be
taken as the maximum working temperature of the material. The temperature inside our vertical
pressure vessel is taken as 380°C subjected to high temperature the design stress is based on the
yield stress (or proof stress), or the tensile strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material at the
design temperature.
 1.1. BACKGROUND OF PRESSURE VESSEL
2. Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to
enact rule and regulations regarding the construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels
following several catastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century that
resulted in large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and users of boilers
and pressure vessels that the lack of uniformity in these regulations between states made it
difficult to construct vessels. Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in the
spring of 1915. The first Code rules for pressure vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of
Unfired Pressure Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple beginning the Code has now
evolved into the present eleven Section documents, with multiple subdivisions, parts,
subsections, and Mandatory and non mandatory almost all pressure vessels used in the
process industry are designed and constructed in their accordance.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

I want to design vertical air type pressure vessel with lateral leg support which can control
or resist many problems such as failure, fracture and corrosion. Pressure Vessel failures
can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel failure occurs.
Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs.
Each failure has a why and how to its history.

It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because the wrong material was selected! The
designer must be as familiar with categories and types of failure as with categories and
types of stress and loadings. Ultimately they are all related During the design the following
problems are occurring.

Those problems are listed as: Improper selection of material; defects our material.
Incorrect design data affect our material in accurate or incorrect design methods,
Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures include
welding; heat treatment or forming methods.
 1.3. Objective
1.3.1. General objective

 To design pressure vessel

1.3.2. Specific objectives

 To determine thickness of pressure vessel

 To know type of pressure vessel
 To evaluate the design based on the reliability
 To know about pressure vessel function
 Analyze and Design vertical vessel foundation using manual calculation available in
literature
 Evaluate the Manual Method of designing vessel foundation
 To determine the length of the pressure vessel
 To determine the supporter.

1.4 Scope of my project

 There are many kind of pressure vessel based on position and supporting
element but in kinds of pressure vessel my project is depends up on vertical
pressure vessel under type of air supported by lateral leg.there are

1.5. Significance

Pressure vessel is used to store oil at different temperature and pressure in analogous to
ambient. It used to air tight containers mostly in process industry, refinery and
petrochemical plant to hold liquid, gases or fluids. To apply simple shop fabrication
process that eliminates redundant fabrication and non- need experience improved quality
control via the reduction of traceability and inspection. Receive cost reduction advantages
when production costs are reduced. Make use of marketing advantages for using reinforced
nozzle manufacturing. Increase your sales revenue with an increase in production. Enjoy a
set cost and quality level. The main significance of this project is
  To exchange heat in the industry
 To used air cool exchangers
 To satisfy our customers need.
 To get income from the success of our project.
 To satisfy our need by increasing our fund

1.6. Future study

In the future we have modified the pressure vessel which is used in a modernized a
modernized or latest industry. Also we should have proven the limitation of our project in
the future. The present study is based on one typical case study. There is a provision for
repeating this study considering a large number of foundations with varying parameters to
arrive at a more comprehensive conclusion.
In our project we improve in future many things. Those improvements are:

 Change of material
 Change of diameter
 Change of material: The protected flange coupling design is prepared by using cast
iron but in our design stainless. Because it has:
 High strength and hardness than cast iron
 Ability to resist corrosion
 Good wear resistance
 Ability to weld and machined

CHAPTER.2
2. LITIRATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of this literature review is to get information about the project from the
reference books and websites. In this chapter the discussion will be made base on all the
sources. Since pressure vessel have different type.
Vertical pressure vessel is type of pressure vessel. This forms the most typical application
of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common engineering problems involving stress
in a thin plate. It can also be called as simplified 2D problems. Vertical pressure vessels
have the advantage of requiring for a given pressure and diameter than the equivalent.

Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors,
containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on. Pressure vessels are leak proof
containers designed to hold pressure substantially different from the atmospheric
pressure.
Pressure vessels and associated equipment’s are used in oil, space, chemical, nuclear
power and many other industries. Pressure vessels are classified into two based on their
shape i.e. cylindrical pressure vessel and spherical pressure vessel.

Advantage of spherical pressure vessel over cylindrical pressure vessel is that for a given
diameter and pressure, spherical pressure vessels require thin walls than cylindrical
pressure vessels. Still cylindrical pressure vessels are usually preferred for construction
over the spherical pressure vessels since the construction of spherical pressure vessels is
more complicated and expensive. In cylindrical pressure vessel, end caps are connected to
it called heads. Types of head in a cylindrical pressure vessel are dish end, hemispherical,
ellipsoidal, flat etc.
C. K. Ramesh [1] in his paper made an elastic analysis involving partial differential equation
of pressure vessel with different heads such as ellipsoidal, tori spherical and hemispherical
head for the classic theory of thin shells of revolution. He attempted a step-by-step
numerical integration procedure following Goldberg’s earlier works involving
segmentation technique. Numerical results are obtained from the general computer
program FORTRAN for number of cases and for given values of poisons ratio, elastic
moduli, and thickness to diameter ratio. The results obtained are then compared to the
values from literatures and also with the stress predicted by ASME code.
Darian Kozak [2] presented a numerical analysis of pressure vessel with different heads
such as pressure vessel with hemispherical head and pressure vessel with semi-elliptical
head. For a given material property and dimension, both pressure vessels are analysed
using finite element method and von Mises stresses are determined.

Based on the analytical solutions for membrane stress state of pressure vessel, numerical
analysis of the pressure vessels with different head is also performed. The result obtained
for hemispherical head is compared with that of the result obtained from finite element
analysis. After the analysis, it was conclude that the equivalent stresses in hemispherical
head is lesser than that in the semi-elliptical head. Nevertheless, in exploitation, there is
much more pressure vessels with semi-elliptical heads, because manufacturing of
hemispherical heads is much more complicated and expensive.

Apsara C. Gedam[3] analysed a thin pressure vessel with different heads such as
hemispherical, flat circular, standard ellipsoidal and dished end using finite element
analysis. Three cases were considered in the analysis. In first case, axisymmetric models of
pressure vessel with different heads were analyzed. In second case, finite element analysis
of horizontal pressure vessel with saddle supports were conducted and in third case, finite
element analysis of vertical pressure vessel with straight leg support were conducted.
Longitudinal and circumferential stresses in all the three cases were plotted and the
comparison of stresses was made for different heads of pressure vessel. Effect of supports
on pressure vessel was also studied by the authors.
Shildip D. Urade [4] made a stress analysis of multilayer pressure vessel which is made of
homogeneous and isotropic material and subjected to internal loading. The stress analysis
of the model was carried out in finite element tool, ANSYS. The number of layers are varied
for calculating the hoop stress for finite element and theoretical analysis. In multilayer
pressure vessel, the layers are brought in contact by applying shrink fit between the layers
of the pressure vessel. The analytical estimation of hoop stresses in pressure vessel
consisting n layers is carried out.
2.2 Gathering Information
I collected data to find the current design of various vertical pressure vessels available in the
market since it is going to give a lot of ideas. Therefore; I collected data from different sources.
Likes

 Reference books.
 Internet available.
From internet I use different website such us :
http://www.google
uc browser etc.

2.3 Classification of Pressure Vessel

The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:

2.3.1 According to the dimensions:

The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick shell.
If the wall thickness of the shell thickness is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell diameter,
then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than
1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be thick shell. Thin shells are used in boilers,
tanks and pipes, whereas, thick shells are used in high pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.

2.3.2 According to the end construction:-

The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as open end or
closed end. A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open
end vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels having open
ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure, whereas in case of
closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced .

2.4 Types of Pressure Vessel

Generally there are three main types of pressure vessel.
These are:-
 Horizontal pressure vessel
  Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel Storage containers for large volume under moderate
pressure are usually fabricated in the shape of a sphere or spheroid. The
spherical type of tank is more economical for large volume, low-pressure
storage operation.
 Heat exchanges and storage vessels are either horizontal or vertical. If the
vessel to be installed outdoor, wind loads are to be calculated to prevent
overturning, thus horizontal is more economical. However, floor space ground
area and maintenance requirements should be considered.

2.4 .1 Components vertical pressure vessel

 Shell: is the main component of vertical pressure vessel that contains the
pressure. Material of the shell normally comes in plate and the vertical
pressure vessel shells are cylindrical in shape.

Figure 2.1 vessel shell

 Head: vertical pressure vessel must be closed at the ends by heads. Heads that
usually used are typically in curved rather than flat.

Figure 2.2 vessel head

Flange: Used to coupling the pipe which the fluid enter or live the pipe to the pressure
vessel. Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole
covers, and for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required.
 Figure 2.3 pressure flange

 Nozzle: is cylindrical component that penetrates and mounts whether at the

shell or heads of vertical pressure vessel surface. The nozzle ends are
generally flanged. Flanges function is to allow the necessary connection. It’s
used to provide access to the vessel interior at manholes.

Figure 2.3 nozzle

 Support: the vertical pressure vessel support is used to support the applied
and other loads. Several kinds of supports are there:
 skirt
 leg
 saddle
 This project is design of vertical pressure vessel is supported by saddle frame. It divides
the weight load over a large area of the shell to avoid an unnecessary stress in the shell at
two different locations.
 Fig 2.4 saddle support

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantage vertical of Pressure Vessel

2.5.1 Advantages

 To apply simple shop fabrication process that eliminates redundant fabrication

and non- need experience improved quality control via the reduction of
traceability and inspection. Receive cost reduction advantages when production
costs are reduced. Make use of marketing advantages for using reinforced nozzle
manufacturing. Increase your sales revenue with an increase in production. Enjoy
a set cost and quality level.
2.5.2 Disadvantage
The failure of pressure vessels may result in:
loss of Life, Health Hazards and
Damages to the property.
Venting
Oil build up
Ice up problems
Limited flow rate
Space requirement
Pre fill venting
Cost
Refurbishing
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design Method

The methods of design of vertical pressure vessel are primarily based on elastic analysis. There
are also other criteria such as stresses in plastic region, fatigue, creep, etc. Elastic analysis is
therefore in most important method of designing pressure vessel shells and components beyond
the elastic limit, the material yields and the plastic region (spreads with increased value of load.
The load for which this occurs is called collapse load rusting pressure which needs consideration
in certain cases. To design vertical pressure vessel the selection of code are important as a
reference guide to achieve the secure pressure vessel, for my design my selection code is ASME.
The stainless steel is the material section that I select for my design.
 The design of vertical pressure vessel can according to the following chart.
Fig 3.1 Steps calculation of designing pressure vessel.

3.1.1 Material selection

Selection of materials in design process requires deep knowledge about different properties of
the material. The most important characteristics to be considered when selecting a material of
construction are:
1. Mechanical properties
2. The effect of high and low temperatures on the mechanical properties.
3. Corrosion resistance
4. Any special properties required; such as, thermal conductivity, electrical resistance, magnetic
properties
5. Ease of fabrication forming, welding, and casting (see Table2.3)
6. Availability in standard sizes plates, sections, tubes
7. Cost[1]
 The selection of materials for a machine part or structure member is one of the most
important decisions that the designer has to make.
 Methods for estimating stresses and deflection of machine member are based on the
properties of the materials from which members will made.
 We do select materials not only for stress and deflection design but also for filling gaps,
space, or for as the tics qualities to resist corrosion.
 For the selection of materials the physical, mechanical, chemical, and their manufacturing
process are the most important decision the designer has to make.
Mechanical properties
 strength stiffness
 fatigue hardness
 elasticity
 plasticity
 ductility
 brittleness
 machine ability
 toughen
Chemical properties
 oxidation stability
 corrosion resistance
 degradation
 toxicity
 flammability
Physical properties
 density
 specific heat
 thermal expansion
 conductivity
 melting point
 electric properties
 magnetic properties
Material Types
 ductile
 brittle
 Plastics
 Composites
 Ferrous
 non-ferrous
 alloys
 Manufacturing process
cast sanding
shell molding
hot working
cold working
machining
joining
powder metal gory

Heat treatment
 annealing
 tempering
 quenching
According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used
for the selection of materials
A) Strength
B) Corrosion resistance
C) Resistance to hydraulic attack
D) Fracture toughness
E) Fabricablity/predictability
A. Strength-it is the capability or property of material to with stand or sustained to

A. Strength-it is the capability or property of material to with stand or sustained to high load
under tension is called strength.
Strength of the material is based on the mechanical properties .it is used for the most easy,
strong &low cost of productions. Some of the mechanical properties are (toughness, ductility
yield strength, ultimate strength (UST) and creep strength and machinability).
Ductility – it is the property of material which enables to be drawn out or elongated to an
appreciable extent before repute under the load .
Yield strength – the stress level at which the plastic begin deformation .is a region where the
material changes from plastic to elastic deformation .the material we select for our pressure
vessel are shown below
Table 1: Material selection

Material Yield UTS CHEMICAL Tensile Fracture Designed

strength strength toughness stress
(MPa) (ust)

Stainless9304) steel 205MPa 719.6 Gasoline 540MPa 76 100MPa

18cr/8ni
(unstablized(304))

Machinability
 Property of material which enables to machined easily in the desired shape by cutting
tools.
 It signifies how much force & power are required to remove stock from the material.
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)-when basic strength of material reaches the maximum value .Its
measured by a standard tensile test.
Creep strength- is ability of the material which resist the slow and &continuous deformation
under steady load &some temperature.
B. Corrosion resistance
Corrosion: is gradual distraction of metals by the chemical or electrochemical reaction with the
environment.
 it made the material dissolve, softening & wearing away.
 our natural environment are caused for corrosion are : air ,salt & water
Example of corrosion
Rusting of iron when it exposed to atmospheric corrosion. So by use of the following corrosion
resistance method , we minimize the destruction done by corrosion
 by using of cathodes protection
 by using of protective coating or surface coating
 galvanization
 hot dipping
 tinning
C. Resistance to hydraulic attack
 The tensile strength (uts) & elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing the
temperature.
 Hydrogen attack cause irreversible damage through the component thickness &damage
carbon &low alloy steel.
So because of the above reason we have to take consideration on tensile strength, design stress
when we design something.
D. Fracture toughness
 Ability of the material absorbs the energy or impact load without any fracture.
Table 2: Material selection

Material Machining Cold work Hot work Casting welding Annealing

Stainless S S S D S 10500c
steel
18cr/8Ni
(unstablized
)
S – Satisfactory
D – Difficult, special technique needed
U – Unsatisfactory
When we conclude our material selection ,from our material of construction stainless
steel 18cr/8Ni, unstablized (304),it has good yield strength ,tensile strength, good fracture
toughness ,good resistance of temperature ,&has good resistance to corrosion & it can be
fabricated in different method except casting-because difficult & special technique needed

Table 3: Revision of stainless steel

Material Tensile strength Modules of Hardness brinell Specific gravity

elasticity
Stainless steel 540MPa 190 166 8.0
(304)18cr/Ni

3.2WELDING TYPE
A welding joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the two parts
to be joined together with or without the application of pressure and a filler material. Welding is
extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and as a
replacement for bolted and riveted joints. [2]
Advantage of welding joint
 The welding structures are usually lighter than riveted structures.
 The welding joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%).
 Welding joint has prater strength.
 The welding provides very rigid joints.
 It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point.
Welding processes
The welding processes may be broadly classified into the following two groups
1. Welding processes that use heat alone e.g. fusion welding
2. Welding processes that use a combination of heat and pressure
 e.g. forge welding
Stress for welding joint
The stresses in welded joints are difficult to determine because of the variable and unpredictable
Parameters like homogeneity of the weld metal, thermal stresses in the welds, changes of
physical
Properties due to high rate of cooling etc. The stresses are obtained, on the following
assumptions:
 The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the weld, and
 The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section

3.3 CODE REQUIREMENTS

According to the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels
are also restricted by the Code.

The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the titles:-

A. types of welded joints :( There is Joints permitted by the code, their efficiency and
limitations of their applications.)

B. design of welded joints: Types of joints to be used for vessels in various services and under
certain design conditions.

C. joint efficiencies and stress reductions: Efficiencies of joints at certain locations and
reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations of vessel components. The data of the table
are based on the following Code regulations: Full, spot, partial radiographic examination or no
radiography of A, B, and C joints.

For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the same as
for spot radio graphed joints.

Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt joints that are spot radio
graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value equal to 85% of the
allowable stress value of the material, When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint
efficiency, E the value in column of table “Types of welded joints” are used, in all other design
calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of the allowable stress value of material shall be used
except for unstayed flat heads, etc.

3.2 Design procedure

 The given specifications of my project are the followings:
 Medium: Air type
 Inner service pressure = 16Mpa
 Nominal volume = 0.25m3
 Service Temperature = 380 0 C
 2 longitudinal & 1 lateral pipes nominal diameter =65mm
 Bottom discharge nominal diameter =65mm
 Position: vertical
 Support lateral leg

So now I need to calculate by procedure

1. Design Pressure and Material Selection

2. Calculation of length

Design of the thickness of the cylinder shell and some part of of vertical pressure
vessel .

3.2.1 To Determine the Diameter and Length of Pressure Vessel

There for the ratio of L/D= 5 and L=5D because the deign pressure greater than
3.448Mpa We know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 0.25m3 and the volume is equal to
the sum of the volume of the head/bottom(hemispherical) and the volume vessel shell (which is
in cylindrical in shape) According to process equipment design, brown ell and young suggest
that the ratio of L/D can be determined by according to their presser value. But mostly it is
recommended to take L/D ratio 5:1. The pressure that was given for my 1operating pressure is
16MPa.
OPERATING PRESSURE is a pressure which required for the process, served by the
vessel.

DESIGN PRESSURE is the pressure used in the design of a vessel. It recommended to design a
vessel and its parts for higher pressure than the operating pressure.

Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure.

I select 10 percent for more safety purpose.

=16MPa + 0.1*16MPa=17.6MPa

Pressure

Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
Table 4.used to fined L/D ratio

V=V h +Vs where V h=volume of the head

Vs=volume of the shell

V h= (4/3)*π*R3=(4/3)*π*(D/2)3=(1/6)*π*D3 D=internal diameter of the shell(D=2*R)

V h= (1/6)*π*D3

V h= (1/6)*π*D3 R=internal radius of the shell

Vs=π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*LL=length of the shell

V s = (1/4)*π*D2*(5D) L/D=5 and L=5D

Vs = (5/4)*π*D3

And the sum of the volume is 4m3

V=V h +V s=0.25m3= (1/6)*π*D3 + (5/4)*π*D3 = (17/12)*π*D3

0.25m3=4.45D3 and D = (4/4.45)1/3m=0.38m=0.4m

There for D= 0.4

 And L=5D=5*0.4m= 2m

3.2.2Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature, so the maximum allowable design
stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress
is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.

Table 3.5: Tensile strength & design stress of material selection

[5]
Then the given operation temperature for this project is:

Then the given operation temperature is

TO=380OC
 From typical design stress table find the stress for stainless steel:-
Design stress: (δ d ¿ =74Mpa
Tensile strength: (δ ¿¿ s)=¿ ¿360Mpa

3.2.3 Design of shell

In this sub topic we are going to design of the load of different type, stress on the shell and the
materials which are more suitable for this shell to resist the given parameters and also calculate
thickness and volume of the shell. For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal
pressure can be determined from the formula.

To Calculate shell thickness of pressure vessels

For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be determined from the
formula.

PR
t=
SE+ 0.6 P

Where:

S = allowable stress (Design stress)

E = joint factor

Pin=internal pressure

R=internal radius of shell

t=thickness of shell

Notation MKS

P=internal design pressure 16 MPa

D=inside diameter 400 mm

S= Allowable stress 74 MPa

E= joint efficiency 1

CA=Corrosion allowance 2 mm
 Tensile stress 360 MPa

Table:5

From the above table the value of:

Pin= 16N/mm2

S=74Mpa

E=1

R=200mm=0.2m

CA=2mm =0.002m

yield strength
S= =design stress
factor of saftey

The joint efficiency, length and diameter of vessel taken from the data calculated at chapter one.

The thickness of the cylindrical shell from inside diameter and corrosion allowance

PR
t= +CA……………...where s =allowable stress or design stress
SE−0.6 P
E = joint factor
P = internal pressure
R = internal radius of the shell
ts= thickness of of the shell
17.6 ×0.2
t= +2mm= 55mm
(74 × 1)−(0.6 × 17.6)

ts = 0.055m =55mm
 total thickness(design thickness)

 thickness(design thickness) total

For stainless steel (AISI-321) corrosion allowance is 2 mm and insulation thickness is 50mm

=minimum thickness + corrosion allowance + insulation thickness

Therefore,
tT = 55mm + 2mm + 50mm= 107mm

Outside diameter of the cylindrical shell.

 Do = 2tT + Di
 Do = 2(107mm)+400mm
 Do = 614mm =0.614m

The cylindrical shell is thick because shell thickness is greater than 1/10 of the inner diameter.

1
 t s ˂ D i×
10
1
 55mm>400mm ˟
10
 55mm>40mm
 Therefore the shell classified as thin wall.
And calculate the volume of the cylinder shell
π D2 L
Vs= ----------shell volume (cylindrical shell)
4
π D 2 L 3.14 ×0.4 2 x 2
Vs= = = 0.2512m3
4 4
Calculate the stress on the shell using a thin shell theory.

Calculate the stress. on the shell using lame’s equation

Thus the wall of a cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure has to withstand tensile
Stresses of the following two types:
(a) Circumferential or hoop stress, and
(b) Longitudinal stress.
These stresses are discussed, in detail, in the following articles.

 Hoop stress: - is the tensile stress in the direction tangential to the

circumference.
  Longitudinal stress: - tensile stress acting in the direction of the axis is called
longitudinal stress. It’s acting in the transverse or circumferential section or on
the ends of the vessel.

Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the
design is safe. Now to calculate the value of stress.

Figure1: Hoop stress

Pd 17.6 Pa ×0.4 m
σh = = = 64MPa
2t 2 ×0.055 m

Fig2: longitudinal stress

Longitudinal stress
Pd 17.6 MPa × 0.4 m
σL= = = 32MPa
4t 4 ×0.055

C) Radial stress -is insignificant compared to tangential stress, thusσr = 0.

Weight of cylindrical shell.
Weight of cylindrical vessel given by(WS).
WS =π × DM ×ρ × ts× g × LS ……………..where DM is mean diameter
And ρ is the density of stainless steel.
DM = Di + t s
= 400mm + 55mm
= 455mm = 0.455m
 WS = π× 0.455m × 0.055m × 9.81m/s × 2m × 7870kg/m3
= 12120.89N
3.2.4 Design of head
Where: design pressure¿)=17.6Mpa
Thickness of the shell¿ ¿)0.055m
Joint efficiency=1
Outer diameter of the shell( Do ) =¿614mm
Corrosion allowance=2mm
Design stress¿)=74N/m2
All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads. In our case the ends of
cylindrical vessel are closed by hemispherical head. We prefer to use hemispherical head
at the bottom of our pressure vessel and at the top. Hemispherical head at the top can

3.2.3.1 Design of hemispherical head

The design thickness of a hemispherical head is given by
Pr
t h= +CA
2 SE−0.2 P
17.6 Pa× 0.2 m
= + 0.002m
( 2× 74 MPaX 1 ) −(0.2 ×17.6 MPa)
= 0.026m
The stress on the hemispherical head calculated using a thin shell theory.
 The hoop stress and longitudinal stress are equal in hemispherical head.
Pd
Therefore: σh=σL=
4t
17.6 MPa × 0.4 m
=
4 ×0.026 m
= 67.69MPa.
Wight of the hemispherical head.
Wight of hemispherical head is given by:
Wh=1.57dm2×t×ρ×g……….where ρ = density of stainless steel.
dm = mean vessel diameter.
dm = d+t
= 0.4m+0.026m
 = 0.426m.
Wh= 1.57×(0.4199m)2×0.055m×7870kg/cm3×9.8m/s2
= 1208.6N
To calculate hemispherical head volume
π D3
V h= ---------Head volume (hemispherical head)
6
π D 3 3.14 ×0.4 3
V h= = = 0.03349m3
6 6
V=0.03349 m3 is for one head but for both bottom and top head the
volume is twice of the individual head that means,
Vh=2V=0.0669m3

3.2.4 Design of manhole.

3.2.4.1 Design of manhole or inspection
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion
or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or other inspection
openings for examination and cleaning. To resist the load subjected(applied) on the man hole it
must be design from a material having enough strength to resist the applied load, having stainless
steel is a material which satisfy all this, so it selected

3.2.4.2 Dimension for man hole

The dimension of man hole must allow to get in to the vessel who wants to clean its internal
part. So we take the diameter of manhole as 40cm=400mm, i.e. di=400mm
pdi
To calculate the thickness of manhole wall will be; t=
2 s− p
Where p=internal pressure
di=selected inside diameter of manhole
do=outside diameter of manhole
S=stress of material
17.6 × 0.4
= =0.054m
2× 74−17.6
When corrosion allowance is added (2mm)
t=0.038m+0.002m=0.04m
Therefore thickness of wall of manhole, t=40mm
design pressure¿) 17.6Mpa
Thickness of the shell¿) 55mm
Reinforcement manhole
Joint efficiency 1
Outer diameter of the shell( Do ) 614mm
Corrosion allowance 2mm
Design stress¿) 74N/m2
Factor(F) 0.5
Design temperature (T d) 380oc

Figure3: reinforcement of manhole

The diameter of the opening is 1/3 0f the outer diameter of the shell.
d o = 1/3×614mm
= 204.66mm
Radius of the manhole is:
Rn = 1/2×204.66mm=102.33mm
Nominal thickness of the manhole (t n) is given by:
P Rn 17.6 Mpa ×0.10233 m
t n= +CA = + 2mm
SE+ 0.4 P ( 74 MP ×1 ) + ( 0.4 × 17.6 Mpa )
= 0.024m=24mm
The inside diameter of the manhole is:
d i = opening diameter ˗ (2×t n)
= 204.66mm– (2×24mm)
= 156.66mm= 0.15666m
The inside radius of the manhole is:
Rn = 1/2×di = 1/2×156.66mm
= 78.33mm
The required thickness of seamless manhole(t rn).
P Rn 17.6 Mpa × 0.07833 m
t rn = =
SE−0.6 P ( 74 Mpa ×1 )−(0.6 ×17.6 Mpa)
= 0.022m

The required thickness of the shell (t r ¿=¿ shell thickness (t s ¿ – corrosion allowance.
t r = 55mm – 2mm
= 53mm = 0.053m
The metal used as reinforcement must be located within the limits.
 The limit measured parallel to the vessel wall (L) is equal to d or Rn +t n+t; use the largest
value.
 L = 2000mm or L = 102.33mm+24mm+55mm
L = 181.33mm
The value of this limit is equald i = L = 2000mm
 The limit measured perpendicular to the manhole wall in outward (h) is equal to
2.5t n or 2.5t, use the smaller value
h = 2.5 × 0.024m = 0.06m (OR) h = 2.5 × 0.055m = 0.0875m
The value of this limit is equal to 0.06m
 The limit measured perpendicular to the inward (h1) is equal to 2.5t or (2.5
t n - 2(CA)), use the smallest value
h1 = 2.5×0.055m = 0.1375m (OR) h1 = (2.5×0.024m) – (2×0.002) = 0.171m
The value of h1=0.044m
The thickness of the reinforcing pad (t p)
 The length of the welding (LW) = 0.7 × t = 0.7 × 0.055m = 0.0385m
  The diameter of pad ( D P)
(2 × L) – ( D P) = 2 × LW
D P = (2 × L) – (2 × LW) = (2 × 2m) – (2 × 0.0385m)
=3.924m
Radius of the pad ( R P) = 1.96m
P RP
Therefore t p= + CA
SE+ 0.4 P
17.6 Mpa × 1.96 m
= + 0.002m
( 74 Mpa ×1 ) +( 0.4 ×17.6 Mpa)
=0.426m
The ratios
design stress of nozzle 74 Mpa
f r 1= = =1
design stress of shell 74 pa
design stress of pad 74 Mpa
f r 4= = =1
design stress of shell 74 Mpa
Since the material we select for both manhole and shell is the same the ratio is equal to 1. The
material we select for both is carbon steel (AISI-321) stable.
Areas in the reinforcement of manhole design.
For vessel under internal pressure the total cross sectional area required for the reinforcement is
A= (d i× t r× F) + (2 × t n× t r × F × (1-fr1))
= (0.156.66 × 0.053 × 0.5) + (2 × 0.024× 0.002 × 0.5 × (1 –1)) m2
= 0.0041515m2
Area of excess thickness in vessel (A1)
A1 = (2×L-d) × (t-F ×t r) - 2 × t n (t-F×t r) × (1-fr1)
=(2 × 2 -0.4) × (0.055 – 0.5× 0.053) – 2 × 0.024× (0.055 – 0.5 × 0.002) × (1 – 1)m2
=0.1026m2
Area of excess thickness in manhole (A2)
A2 = 2×h × (t n-t rn) × fr1
= 2 × 0.06m× (0.024m – 0.022m) × 1 m2
= 0.00024m2
Area of inside extension of manhole square (A3)
A3 = 2 × h1 × (t n- 0.2 × CA) × fr1
 = 2 × 0.06m × (0.024m– 0.2 × 0.002m) × 1 m2
= 0.002832 m2
Area of weld (A4)
A4 = (A41 + A3) × fr1 + A42 × f r 4
A42 = (0.7 × t) 2 = (0.7 × 0.055)2= 0.00148225m2
A41 = t n × t n = 0.024m × 0.024 = 0.000576m2
A43 = has no minimum area
A4 = (0.000576 + 0.002832) × 1 + 0.00148225× 1m2
= 0.00489025m2
A5 = ( D p–d-2×t n) ×t p f r 4
= (3.924 – 0.4- 2 × 0.024) × 0.426× 1 m2 =1.480776m2
The sum of the area is:
A1+A2+A3+A4 = 0.1026+0.00024+0.002832+0.00489025= 0.11056225m2
Since the sum of the areas available for reinforcement (A 1+A2+A3 +A4) is less than the area to be
replaced (A), the opening is adequately reinforced. Therefore the difference must be supplied by
reinforcing pad A5.
A = A5-the sum of the area
= (1.480776 – 0.11056225) m2 = 1.3702m2
The weight of the manhole (w m)
The weight of the manhole is given by:
W m =π× d m×ρ × t s× g × Ln ……………..where DM is mean diameter
And ρ is the density of stainless steel.
d m = d i + t s×10-3
= 0.15666m + 0.055*0.001
= 0.1567m
Ln = h+t s +h1
= 0.06m+0.055m+0.044m
= 0.159m
W m =π×0.1567m×7870kg/m3×0.055m×9.8m/s2×0.159m
= 331.86N
3.2.5 DESIGN OF NOZZLE
For my nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S=83.63MPa
(13.0KPSi). R [2]
Given
Table 4: Properties of material of nozzle

Nominal Dia. P, MPa C.A, mm Radius(mm)

(mm)
65 17.6 1 32.2

65 17.6 1 32.5

E=0.85
S=85MPa
Wall thickness of nozzle
tn will be
tn, =PR/(SE-0.6P) +1mm w select the nozzle with nominal diameter is 65mm.
tn,65=[(17.6MPa*mm)/(85MPa*0.85-0.6*17.6Pa)]+2mm
=9.22mm
tn,65=9.22mm

3.2.6Design of bolt
Bolt is used to join the part of instrument with a vessels part by using connecting methods Load
on bolt. The load that applied on bolt is subjected to the stress due to the stress due to the torque
transmitted and depends on the number of bolts and to tall load on the all bolts. Load on each
bolt is given by:-
The total load on all bolts:

π d2
F= 4 ∗σb∗n

But the normal load on the bolt is given by:-

π d2
F=A×P= *P
4
Where D= diameter of bolt given suppose (assumed)
σb =allowable stress for bolt

Material selection for bolts

For my design I select low alloy steel of code18Cr-8Ni SA-193 -B8. Because to serve the given
temperature (3800c) the bolt material should be properly selected. From allowable stress table for
bolt of pressure vessel design manual book 3rd edition the maximum allowable stress for code
18Cr-8Ni SA-193-68 -B8 type at 3800c is 25ksi. But 1ksi=1000psi then, to obtain in MPa
multiplying by 0.006894, yields allowable stress 172.35MPa. Soσb is 172.35MPa.

And I take external diameter of the bolt 70mm. But internal diameter becomes 35mm.

Load in each bolt; F= (πd2/4)*σb =π*352 /4*172.35= 165736.07N= 165.736KN

Total load on all the bolt F =(π*d2/4)*σb*n where n is number of bolt

But the normal load on the bolt is given by:-

F=A*P=(πd2/4)*P= (3.14*352/4)*17.6= 16924.6N=16.9246KN

Now since the load on all bolt is not equal to the normal load on the bolt;

Number of bolts (n) = multiple of 4 from standard design.

So that number of bolts on in 8 the average one. In the bolt design the diameter is equal to the
thickness material bolt d = t.

So the thickness of the bolt is t = 35 mm

Stress analysis on bolt

Stress analysis on the bolt is nothing but the load that applied on bolt directly and indirectly on each
bolt the stress load that applied on each stress.

Where F is total load on all bolt. So F = (πd2/4)*σb*n =1325888.55N=1325.888KN

And load on each bolt is F=πd2/4 *σb=3.14*302/4 *172.35 =121765.3N=165.735KN

Selection Of Flange Based On The Temperature And Pressure Rating R[1,2&3]

Standard flanges
Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are used extensively
for pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels.
The proportions of standard flanges are set out in various codes and standards.
 For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the American
National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating. The given temperature
is 380oC (716oF) and pressure is 16MPa.

Class 600lb(this is by 150lb)

Hydrostatic test/design pressure MPa(PSi) 600(2225pi)
Temperature ,oC(oF) Maximum allowable non-shock
pressure,
MPa
o o
380 C (716 F) 7.238
We know that the flange is class 150lb and the material is Forged steel SA 105.I select
Welding-neck flanges, because have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded
Joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flanges
and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable
for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear
and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process
vessels and process equipment.
There are 7 flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is shown blow.
 Two longitudinal pipe with D=65mm
 One lateral pipe with D=65mm.
 One bottom discharge D=65mm
 Figure 7.welding neck flange

Since the value of give nominal size is not there directly from the table, I take the ratio between
two points

And the value of: A =E-10 Where B=A/2

C=h1, D=H, E=d1, G=d3, J=b, K=d4

Table Flanges standard ANSI 105
Nom Diameter Length Diameter Diameter Outside Thickness Outside Bolting
inal of through of the of the diameter of the diameter
pipe the the hub hub flange flange [J] the
size, bore, Hub at the at the [H] raised
Mm mm [C] point of base Face [K]
[A] welding [G]
[E]
65 66.1 52 76.1 90 185 22 145 M16
All dimensions in mm

Flange and Gasket Design R [1]

A) Flange Applied Lode and Flange Moment
The lode on the flange can be given as fallow
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange
Pi=7.238MPa
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe
B=A/2
b=effective gasket selling width
2b=effective gasket pressure width
tf=thickness of flange
tf=J
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4

hg= (H - G)/4
ht= (G + H)/4
G’=mane diameter of gasket
=B + (ht-hg)
Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)
=πG’ (2b) mPi
H=total pressure
= (π/4)G’2Pi
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
= (π/4) B2Pi
Ht=pressure for a flange face

=H - Hd
The moment on the flange is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg

Figure forces act on internal flange

Let’s calculate the lode and moment
  There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are:
m=2.5, b=10mm and Pi=7.238MPa
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4

For 65mm= (90+185-2*76.1)mm/4=30.7mm

hg= (H - G)/4
For 65mm= (185-90)mm/4=23.75mm
ht= (G+H)/4

For 65mm= (90+185) mm/4=68.75mm

tf=J
For 65mm=22mm
B=A/2
For 65mm=66.1mm/2=33.05mm
G’=B + (ht - hg)
For 65mm=38.05mm + (68.75-23.75) mm=83.05mm
H= (π/4) G’2Pi
For 65mm= (π/4) (83.05mm) 2*7.238MPa=39189.3N
Hd= (π/4) B2Pi
For 65mm= (π/4)(38.05)2*7.238MPa=8226.16N
Ht =H-Hd
For 65mm= (39189.3-8226.16)N=30963.13N
Hg=πG’ (2b)mPi
For 65mm=π (83.05mm) (2*10mm)*2.5*7.238MPa=94375.2N
The moment is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
For 65mm pipe
Mop= (8226.16)(30.7mm)+(30963.13N)(68.75mm)+( 94375.2N
) ( 23.75mm)=4622669.3Nmm=4622.669Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg

Wm1, 65mm=39189.3N + 94375.2N=133564.5N

The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The
Moment is given by
Matm=Wm2*hg

Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by Wm2=yπ G’*b

y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =2.8MPa

y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =20MPa (from table gasket stress for carbon=20Mpa)
Wm2, 65mm=20MPa*π*83.05mm *10mm=52155.4N=52.155KN
Matm, 65mm=52155.4*23.75mm=1238690.75Nmm=1238.69Nm

Flange stress R [2] and R[3]

Flange stress are given by
Longitudinal hub stress
σhb=F1M
Radial flange stress
σrd=F2M
Tangential flange stress
σtg=F3M - F4σrd
where M is taken as Mop/B’ or Matm/B’, whichever is the greater; and the factors F1, F2, F3
And F4 are functions of the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained as followed
F1= 1/λ gt2
gt= (G-A)/2
λ=δ + γ
δ=t3/d
γ=α/T
α=te+1
d= (u/v)hogo2
go=J
ho= (B’go)1/2=(B’J)1/2
= (u/v) (B’J)1/2J2 B’=(G-A)/2
F2=β/λt2 t=thickness of the flange=J
β=1.333te+1
F3=y/t2 where y= (1-v2) u
F4=z where z=k-factor
K=A’/B’ A’= (H-G)/2 and B’= (G-A)/2
=(H-G)/(G-A)

K65mm= (185-90) mm/ (90-66.1) mm=3.97

And from R[3] we find this table

Nominal K T Z Y, MPa(Psi) U
pipe Dia.
(mm)
65 3.97 1.01 1.13 1.45 1.6
Table 10.value of (K, T, Z, Y and U) R [3]
Y-gasket seating design stress
• Let’s find the value of (e)
e=F/ho =F/(B’b)1/2
Let’s find the value of F (in y-axis) by using ASME code, section viii, Dev 1.in x-
axis g1/go(or B’/J) and h/ho(or (h1-b)/(B’-b)1/2) After
go =j=22 from table
(g 0)65 =22

h=h1-b , h/h0=h/(Bg0)1/2
h65mm=42mm , h/h0=42/(13.9*22) 1/2=2.4
F65mm=0.6

e65mm=0.6/(11.95*10)1/2mm=0.054mm
and lets find (α and β)

α65mm=te+1
=22*0.054+1
=2.207
β65mm=1.333*22*0.054+1=2.583

and γ will be
γ65mm=1.01/2.207=0.4576
 lets find the value of v from ASME code Viii Div. 1 using by the value of (**)
and it will be
v65mm=0.11

d will be
d65mm=(1.6/0.11)(16.214)(22)2
=114146.56mm3

δ=t3/d
δ25mm=(22mm)3/114146.56mm3
=0.0933

Δ65mm=(10mm)3/47749.1mm3
=0.021

Let’s find the value of λ

λ=δ + γ

λ65mm=0.021+1.326=0.05509

y will be
y=(1-v2)u
y65mm= (1-0.112)1.6=1.58

gt will be
gt= (d3-A)/2

gt=11.95mm

F will be

F1= 1/λ gt2, F2=β/λt2 F3=y/t2 F4=z

Nominal Dia. F1(1/mm2) F2 (1/mm2) F3(1/mm2) F4
(mm)
65 0.12732 0.097 0.00326 1.13
Table 11.value of the constant

To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment M and it
is the largest of them(Mop/B’ or Matm/B’). And it is given blow
 Nominal Mop, Nm(KNmm) Matm(Nm)
diameter(mm)
65 4622.669(4622.669) 1238.69

There for M=Mop/B’ the stress is

σ hb=F1M

For 65mm=0.12732(1/mm2)(4622.669KNmm/11.95mm)
=4912.79MPa

σ rd=F2M

For 65mm=0.097(1/mm2)( 4622.669KNmm/11.95mm)

=3752.29MPa

σ tg =F3M-F4σrd

For 65mm=0.00326(1/mm2)( 4622.669KNmm/11.95mm)-

1.13(1/mm2)3752.29
=8370.7Mpa

The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy
the following criteria: when ffo=102.04MPa(14.8KPSi) is the maximum
allowable design stress for the flange material at the operating conditions.
R[1] and [2]
σ hb > 1.5ffo

F0r 65mm 4912.79MPa > 153.06MPa -(satisfied)

F0r 125mm 4070.35MPa > 153.06MPa -(satisfied)

σ rd > ffo

For 65mm 3752.29MPa > 102.04MPa -----(satisfied)

0.5(σ hb+σrd) > ffo

For 65mm 4332.54MPa > 102.04MPa -(satisfied

3.3 Calculation of Overall Load for the Design of Supporter

Mass of pressure vessel is given by :

m=[(πr12 L1)-(πr2 L)] ρ
r12= r+ the actual thickness
=200 mm+ 55mm
=255mm
=0.255 m
L1=L+ actual thickness
=2000+55
=2055mm
=2.055m

m= [(π*(0.255)2*(2.055)-(π*(0.2)2*2)]*ρ steel
= [0.0707]*7870Kg
m = 1325.2Kg
mf = V*ρ LPG
Density of air=1.18kg/m3
Volume=0.25m3
mf =V*ρ LPG
=0.25*407.05
=101.76kg

mt =m + mf
 =1325.2 Kg+ 101.76Kg.
=1426.96 Kg
mover all = m total +0.15* m total

mover all=1539.244kg.

3.3.1Design Calculation of leg

 First to calculate the load in the leg the mass of the over load of the pressure vessel and its
components have to Calculated. Mass of the pressure vessel; Density of the steel alloy is ρ =
7850 Kg/m3
m = ΔV*ρ
m= [(π r1²× ) - (πr²×L)]×ρ
m= [(π (0.255m)2×2.055m)-( π(0.2m)²×2m)]×7870Kg/m³
m = 1325.2kg Where
( = r +the actual thickness &
L1 = L + the actual thickness)
ρ= is density of steel alloys

Then we will calculate the mass of the fluid Mf which is possessed in the pressure vessel
Where; V=volume of tanker, ρair=density of air
mf=0.25*1.18kg/m3
= 0.295kg
Total mass of the tanker = mass of fluid +mass of the pressure vessel
= 0.295kg+1325.2kg = 1325.495 kg
But the overall mass include the relief valve and other components of the pressure vessel so add
15% of additional mass to the total mass

mt =1325.495+ 0.15*1325.495
= 1524.3kg
Finally calculate the weight of the leg
W = mt*g
W = 1524.3*9.81
W=14953.57 N
Wind load
Since the direction of wind force is unknown; wind can come from any direction. Therefore in
this paper the arbitrary direction of wind is considered & the vertical or flat vessel is selected
wind loads the effect is nearly negligible.
CHAPTER FOUR

ASSEMPLY DRAWING

4.1Assembly
The assembling procedure of pressure vessel is as follow:-
  First weld the hemispherical head to the cylinder.
 Second weld the saddle support to the bottom side.
 Then insert the outlet and inlet nozzle on the upper part of the vessel.

4.2 Disassembling
The assembling procedure of pressure vessel is as follow
 First disassemble the support from the vessel
 Second disassemble the heads and nozzles.
.

4.3 Working Principle

The pressure vessel which is mounted on vertical lateral leg support is used to store air at
3800c. The internal pressure of the pressure vessel is 16MPa and all parts is constructed from
carbon steel.

4.4 Component Construction

Components of hemispherical head pressure vessel are discussed as follow:-.

 There is a one shell which is at the middle of two heads.

 There are two heads at both side with inner diameter 0.4m and thickness 0.055m of the
cylinder.
The pressure is supported by lateral leg at the bottom sides of the heads.

4.5 Improvement and Futurity

4.5.1. Improvement
When I relate to my project with the former one is from Aluminum/steel and it has the following
properties.
 Its strength is not that match.
 It is Expensive.
 It is affected by corrosion.
But now in my project I improve these properties
 Strength and hardness increase.
  It can elongate beyond the yield point since it is from different alloy steel.
 Its Costs are fair.

CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary of Findings

Summary of Results Will Be As Shown

Shell L=2000mm, DO=614mm, 1

Di=400mm, V=0.2512m3
Head D=419.9mm, t=19.9mm 2
Manhole T=38mm 1
Flange Df=606.14mm, t=3.07mm
Nozzle D=65, t=9.22mm 1
Support X,Y=23.12mm,126.5mm 2
Bolt D=70mm 12

CONCLUSION
Vessel design is a specialized subject,and will be carried out by Mechanical Engineers who are
conversant with the current design codes and practice , and methods of stress analysis. The word
"DESIGN" does not mean only the calculation of the detailed dimensions of a member, but
rather is an all-inclusive term, incorporating
The project design is considering all criteria for a good quality and life time of the pressure
vessel. For this reasons the design done by considering the following and have long life and our
design are safe. This are:
 Thickness of vessel column
 material selection,
 Internal pressure
 Support skirt etc…
Therefore if we concerning the above information our design is safe.
RECOMONDATION
Based on personal experience on this work, the following recommendations were made;
the system can be equipped with a rubber in the linkages; so that as soon to reduce the vibrations
experienced during carrying, the system can be equipped with a harmonic filter to enhance the
efficient functioning of the remote control without experiencing retriggering actions. the design
is equipped with pressure vessel components. Process equipment is fabricated by a number of
well-established methods such as fusion welding, casting, forging, machining, brazing and
soldering and sheet metal forming.