DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MAGIC BACKPACK

NUR DALILA BINTI NAZAR

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2021
 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MAGIC BACKPACK

NUR DALILA BINTI NAZAR

Final Year Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for

the Degree of Bachelor of Technology (Hons) in
Manufacturing Technology (Product Design) in the
Faculty of Innovative Design & Technology
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

2021
 ABSTRACT

Outdoor chair and desk is one of the most important need for the outdoor activities lover such
as for camping, picnic or hiking. In this globalization era, many types of outdoor chair and
desk are made in various shapes, sizes and colours. These products should be portable so that
the users can easily bring it anywhere without worries. The current outdoor chair and desk
may have some weakness in terms of its portability or design. So, this research will find out
what is the suitable design and fabrication for this product especially to the target user which
is the outdoor artists. Outdoor artists have some problems due to the design of the current
chair and desk, thus they need some improvement in the design of portable desk chair. Magic
Backpack is a product which can be a desk chair when the user opens it. This product is
fabricated using lightweight and durable materials to support the weight of its users
especially the outdoor artists and art students.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express special thanks of gratitude to Allah S.W.T for giving me a
chance to attend this semester even though it was quite challenging especially during Covid-
19 pandemic. All subjects were having online classes includes this subject. Next, I would like
to extend my gratitude to Dr. Siti Maryam Binti Sharun and to other Final Technology
Product’s lecturers for guiding and supporting me in completing this research proposal
assignment. Thank you for giving me many information and knowledge since the first week
of this semester until its last week. Many things I had learn from them about proposal for
Final Technology Project 1. Also not forget to my supervisor, Ts. Dr. Martini Binti Muhamad
who is willingly giving ideas about my project and guiding me from zero knowledge to full
knowledge in making the research proposal. Thank you very much for lending your time with
me and my other friends.

I also would like to give big thanks to my friends and classmates who are willingly sharing
their knowledge and helping me during rough times. I am making this assignment not only
for marks but also to improve my knowledge. I hope that my friends and I can pass this
subject with flying colours. Lastly, I want to thank my family for supporting me in study. I
really appreciate you guys. Thanks again to all people who helped me in completing this task.
 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously
or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin or other
institutions.

___________________________

Nur Dalila Binti Nazar

Date: 15th February 2021

 DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORS

This is to confirm that Nur Dalila Binti Nazar has completed her research proposal entitled
Design and Fabrication of Magic Backpack in accordance with the Final Year Project
(FYP) Guidelines approved by the Department of Manufacturing Technology in the Faculty
of Innovative Design & Technology.

The research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision.

Signature: ______________________
Name of Main Supervisor: Ts. Dr. Martini Binti Muhamad
Faculty: Faculty of Innovative Design & Technology
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 4

1.4 Scope of Project 6

1.5 Significant of Project 7

1.6 Project Framework 9

CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................... 10

LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Background 10

2.2 Structure of Backpack and Folding Chair 12

2.3 Types of Folding Chair 14

2.4 Types of Bag for Artists 17

2.5 Folding Chair and Backpack User 19

2.6 Need for Folding Chair and Backpack 20

2.7 Characteristics of Folding Chair and Backpack........................................................... 20

CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 21

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 21

3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Project schedule 23

3.2.1 Gantt Chart 23

3.2.2 Milestones 23

3.3 Identifying Customer Needs 24

3.4 Benchmarking and Product Specifications 24

 3.5 Concept and Idea Specifications ............................................................................... 27

3.6 Screening and Scoring .............................................................................................. 32

3.7 Sketching for Final Ideation and Material Identification .......................................... 33

3.8 Method/Procedure 37

3.9 3D Modelling 38

3.10 Technical Drawing 39

3.11 Project Costing .......................................................................................................... 39

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 40

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... 41

APPENDICES 44
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Outdoor chairs and desks or also known as outdoor furniture are always used by many
people around the world. Theses furniture are usually placed at the lawn of their house,
garden or beach. They can be made by various types of material such as concrete, wood
or steel. They also can come in the combination of these materials to produce a better
quality furniture. These chairs and desks are used for the purpose of the users who does
not want to sit on the ground or grasses. They want to sit on better place so that their
clothes will not become dirty. That is why outdoor chairs and desks are invented for this
purpose. Also, some folks may have a health problem that can made them cannot stand on
a long period and having problem to get up when they are sitting on the ground. Thus,
outdoor chairs are invented to solve these problems. In fact, some of the outdoor chairs
and desks are foldable but some are not. There are many existing foldable chairs and
desks which can be brought anywhere for outdoor activities. For example, camping,
picnicking, barbeque, hiking, fishing and also for sketching. Why it is foldable? It is due
to the user needs and perspectives; they want a portable and lightweight product to make
their work easier. Another reason is because the users can keep and use it anytime, in
other words it is easy storage and nature compact. They can save spaces when bringing
the chair or desk to the destinations that they want. (Amol M. Kolhe & Samir J.
Deshmukh, 2012)

Outdoor sketching is a form of art in which artists will create artworks based on
outdoor scenery. It can help them to understand more about the form and volume of the
real object rather than referencing virtually. Outdoor artists usually will bring and use
props such as stool to the places that they want to sketch. Some outdoor artists will also
bring stand for painting, which they will put their paper on it to sketch or paint. Outdoor
artist frequently will bring many stuffs with them such as many drawing and painting
tools, includes bringing these props. So, their hands might be full with those things while
walking to their destinations to sketch. This is the artist problems. Nowadays, foldable
outdoor chair or desks can be used for outdoor sketching. They come in various shapes,

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colours, materials and designs. The famous materials used are plastics, aluminium and
fabric. These materials are used due to its durability and weight. They should be strong
enough to support the weight of a person and lightweight to become portable.

Figure 1.1.1 Portable folding stool

(https://www.dickblick.com/products/portable-folding-stools/)

Figure 1.1.2 Stand for painting

(https://depositphotos.com/29167175/stock-photo-easel-with-empty-canvas.html)

1.2 Problem statement

Frequently, many people are having problems during working, especially the artists
who need to do their task at specific place. It is because they cannot use the provided
studio or workplace forever because the places and their working hour are limited.
Sometimes, they also have limited space and environment at home to do their work so
they want to do them outdoor. Some people prefer doing outdoor activities rather than
indoor due to the outdoor environment which is much more relaxing, accessible and
interesting. For example, the garden, museum, iconic places or beach are some of
peaceful places to do work. Artists usually have to sketch landscapes of these places
rather than sketching them by referring pictures from phones or laptops. It is 100%
more real than that. Artists always take a long time to sketch while sitting on the

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chair. The problem begins here, which is lacks of ergonomic aspect for outdoor chair
and desk design which can result to back pain. They are always having back pain
either during or after doing works. M. Curran, L. O’Sullivan, P. O’Sullivan et al.
(2015) stated that people usually having back pain or low back discomfort (LBP)
problem when sitting on the current chair because some of the chairs have no back
support or also known as backrest. Other than that, there is also limited mobility for
artists to do outdoor sketching. Not forget, there is also lacks of outdoor chairs and
desks which are provided at public places. Even though there is chair and desk
provided there, they are still not very conducive and ergonomic to the artists.

There are 2 types of artists; traditional artists and digital artists. Traditional
artists use traditional mediums that have been existed and been developed and
improved over time. They use many types of stationery such as pencils, pens,
markers, crayons and pencil colour to draw and paint on the paper. Meanwhile digital
artists use digital technologies to produce arts. Frequently, they will only use
applications in their gadgets such as Adobe Illustrator Draw, MediBang Paint, Art
Studio and Autodesk SketchBook. For the traditional artists, they need more space to
put their drawing tools compared to digital artists. But, both of the artists still need
comfortable space to perform their works especially when they work outdoor. As we
know, some places have already provided chairs and tables as the public property so
that the citizens can use them but the provided chairs and tables are not very
ergonomic and not suitable for the artists. Another problem there is inadequate seating
in various public and private spaces. So more likely, they have to find another places
which has less people to use the provided chair or table to do their works. Artists may
have problems during sketching at that chair and table because they have to share it
with other citizens. So the space is limited for them.

In order to solve these problems, the title of design and fabrication of magic
backpack was chosen. This magic backpack is really in need due to the growing
number of artists and designers in art field. This product is essential for them by solve
the problem of back pain and the lacks of ergonomic aspect for outdoor chair and
desk design. However, the market price for the existing product of this instrument can
go up to RM100 per unit as displayed on the Lazada.com website. It is because the
material used and the number of parts for this magic backpack are improved and
increased compared to existing products. For example, the seat, desk and the legs.

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How does magic backpack work? When the users open it, it can become a chair that
comes together with a desk which will make it portable and foldable. This magic
backpack will not only consist of desk chair, but it also provides some spaces for the
artists to put their drawing tools too instead of bringing another bag or stationery case.
And no worrying, there is no such device produced locally here in Malaysia. In view
of that, it is necessary to fulfill this needs by fabricating an ergonomic desk chair in
the form of magic backpack for artist usage.

1.3 Objectives

There are three objectives of the project:

a) To design magic backpack that can be an ergonomic desk chair

b) To fabricate a portable desk chair for outdoor artists in the form of a backpack
c) To test and analyse the effectiveness of the magic backpack compared to the
recent desk and chair which is manufactured and assembled separately

To achieve the first objective, the design of the backpack will be sketched for at
least 3 designs. The designs should be completed with all the materials that is suit
with the magic backpack. For example, the seat pad and the backrest can be made of
fabric. The seat pad shall be comfortable and budget-friendly to the users. It will
avoid them from having back pain and other musculoskeletal disorders. Next, the desk
is usually made of wood or plastic. Lightweight materials are prioritized in this
product so that the users can easily bring the backpack anywhere without feeling
heavy and tired. The shape of current outdoor chair or desk is quite big and long. It is
because of the component such as legs that cannot be avoided to have a long length so
that the user can sit ergonomically on it. For this project, maybe the height of the desk
chair will be adjusted based on the ergonomic and aesthetic concepts. Ezran Zainal
Abdullah M and Aidil Azlin Abd Rahman K (2018) state that ergonomic and aesthetic
are important components that need to be considered throughout the design process
procedures. The interaction between these two aspects can make it easier to maximize
the efficiency of the design process, which will lead to higher production quality.

4
 The next objective is to fabricate a portable desk chair for outdoor artists in the
form of a backpack. As we know, recent outdoor chairs or desks are usually made of
wood or plastic or mixed materials. The suitable material for outdoor desk chair may
include fabric, steel and plastic. Fabric such as linen or polyester is used because it is
the lightest material for the seat of chair compared to cushion. Both of these materials
are comfortable to be seated, but cushion is quite heavy. Same to the back support
part, both of these materials are very suitable to avoid back pain, but in the terms of
weight, fabric is much more ideal and comfortable for outdoor use. Linen is also very
strong and absorbent and also dries faster than cushion or other fabric. Plastic chair or
table can contribute to many advantages such as easy to clean as it has smooth and flat
surfaces. Other than that, it is also much lighter than wood or metal. It also can
withstand damage, pressure, moisture and time. The most important thing is it is easy
to produce, so there are many stocks available at the market. A plenty of outdoor
furniture have been designed by the material of plastic for public use.

This desk chair has complex design as it requires many mechanisms to make it
able to be folded into magic backpack. It can be fabricated by many manufacturing
process especially the process of producing steel for the legs part and plastic for the
desk part. The assembly part may include fasteners such as screws to join the legs and
desk to the seat and also sturdy steel tubes. Battaïa O, Dolgui A, Heragu S et al.
(2018) state that in recent decades, the design of a component in such a way that
could be easily disassembled is a major problem that has attracted the attention of
many researchers. Simple assembly and disassembly, however does not go hand-in-
hand. Some of the problems that need to be kept in mind during the design stage
include the ease of separation, better and improved fastening to prevent permanent
integration, modular design for ease of handling and reduce the variance in material
usage. The widely used method of assembly and disassembly design was proposed by
Boothroyd and Alting (1992) to minimize assembly costs and to lay down principles
for upgrading the sustainable performance of the product through disassembly. Also,
there is shoulder straps created at the back to support the backpack so that the users
can bring it everywhere easily. Based on the survey, some people have a hard time to
fold the desk chair when they want to store it after being used. So, there are many
guidelines in fabricating and joining the components of the backpack so that the users
can use it without worries.

5
 The last objective is to test and analyse the effectiveness of the magic
backpack compared to the recent desk and chair which is manufactured and
assembled separately. The effectiveness of magic backpack should also be tested by
the ability to be folded and easy storage which is made it to be portable. The materials
for the joints or connectors such as hinges and screws should be capable to insert into
holes in assembled parts of the chair or desk. For example, screws can be used to join
the chair legs and the arm support to the seat. According to the recent surveys done by
some researchers, the recent outdoor chairs and desks have many weaknesses in terms
of effectiveness. In both common and extreme conditions, outdoor chair or desk has a
range of effects on various plastics and elastomers, includes discoloration and
brittleness (L. McKeen, 2013). Same goes when it is raining and when the place has
many dust and dirt. It is because they do not have protection and wrong materials used
for their components. Many outdoor desks and chairs are manufactured separately
especially for the camping or picnic purpose, rather than for outdoor sketching or
painting purpose. As we know, when people went camping, they also need to bring
other important stuffs such as clothes, food, toiletries and tents. They do not even
need desk or table to complete their activity as they just want to blend with nature
which means they only using available items at the forest or mountain. Meanwhile,
artists are different with camping. They really need a desk or stand for painting to
sketch or paint easily and smoothly. Even though some of them are not using desk
while sketching, but every artist knows that it is an important support for their body
posture same just like having a chair with the back support.

1.4 Scope of project

The target user for this magic backpack is outdoor artists and art students. They
should get attentions too since the number of them are increased year by year
especially the students who just finish their study in Art and Design course. After
brainstorming ideas for making this project, the designs of the backpack will be
sketched. The designs should be completed with all the materials, shape and size that
is suit with the magic backpack. Estimated materials that can be matched and suitable
are fabric, steel, aluminium and plastic. Furthermore, this magic backpack can be used

6
in public places such as parks, beaches and public buildings. This product is quite
ergonomic just like the existing product but it is much more improved than them.
However, this product also has its limitations. It has maximum capacity to the users. It
cannot be used by people which is overweight or else this product will be broken or
tear apart. Another limitation is the users may have problem when raining because
this product does not have canopy to cover themselves either from the rain or hot
weather. However, it can be one of the most useful backpack in community and
world. Overall, the purpose design and fabrication of magic backpack is just to
produce a functional product to the users.

1.5 Significant of project

This project is significant to the community especially to artists and art students as the
number of them are growing day by day. Firstly, it will create a portable ergonomic
desk chair for them which can be brought and used anywhere. Its characteristics such
as lightweight, multifunction and easy storage will give benefits to the artists. It can
make the work performance of artists improved as their productivity increased when
sketching or drawing while sitting on the desk chair. By drawing outdoor, they can
learn way more from referencing the real world, just like they learn way more from
doing their own artwork instead of copying the other people artworks because some
of them are eventually think that the artworks of other people are much greater and
better than them. They will gain a better understanding about the shape and scale of
the real subject, so they would able to travel freely around the subject and see how
light falls on different surfaces, how shadows and light bounces delicately interact,
how perspective functions and breathes life into otherwise dry abstract art theory.
Other than that, artists also can save space to keep the desk chair in the form of a
backpack. Furthermore, it can save energy to bring the lightweight portable desk chair
everywhere.

Next, it can improve their good postures by avoiding and minimizing back
pain or other musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). The World Health Organization
defines MSD as disorders of muscles, tendons, peripheral nerves, or vascular systems
that are indirectly caused by acute or momentary events. There are two aspects of
body position can contribute to injuries. The first relates to body position. When parts

7
of the body are near the extremes of their range of movements, stretching and
compression of tendons and nerves will occur. The longer a fixed or awkward body
position is used, the more likely we are to develop musculoskeletal disorder. For
example, working with the torso bent forward, backward or twisted can place too
much stress on the low back. Other examples of stressful body positions include
reaching above shoulder level, reaching behind the body, rotating the arms, bending
the wrist forward, backward, or side to side, and reaching forward too far out in front
of the body. Musculoskeletal disorders are associated with high costs to employers
such as absenteeism, lost productivity, and increased health care, disability, and
worker’s compensation costs. MSD cases are more severe than the average nonfatal
injury or illness. Data from scientific studies of primary and secondary interventions
indicate that low back pain can be reduced by engineering controls such as ergonomic
workplace redesign (Division of Population Health, 2013). Hence, by adding some
parts such as back rest and desk to the previous product, the first objective which is to
design magic backpack that can be an ergonomic desk chair can be achieved.

The significant of this backpack to the country is it can increase the incomes
by selling more useful and innovative products. People demands on simple but useful
products as long as the products complied with their tastes and can function well.
Moreover, it can improve the manufacturing and assembly process in industry. Our
industries are currently improving day by day parallel with the globalisation. The
technologies nowadays have become more advanced in order to achieve the simplicity
and prosperity in life.

8
 1.6 Project framework

Design and fabrication of magic

backpack

Literature review

Project problem
To study the issue regarding back pain, lacks of workspace to do
work/sketching outdoor and current chair and desk are not
conducive and ergonomic, especially to the artists

Project aim
To study the design and fabrication of a portable
desk chair which can be brought anywhere in the
form of a backpack to make the work of outdoor
artist easier

To design magic backpack that • Literature

can be an ergonomic desk chair • Survey

To fabricate a portable desk • Surveying New propose shape

chair for outdoor artists in the material and size of the
form of a backpack • Material material for the magic
selection backpack

To test and analyse the

effectiveness of the magic • Testing
backpack compared to the • Recording data
recent outdoor desk and chair • Analysing
which is manufactured and •
assembled separately

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background

Ceren, S. G. (2018) states that art is an occurrence or phenomenon from which people
perceive the world aesthetically. Art can be acknowledged in every moment of human
life. They can see art anywhere and anytime even in a morning breakfast plate or at
their clothes. Since the mankind is having evolution, art has been defined in various
ways. It would be great to touch some meaning of art to obtain further understanding
about it. Schiller defines art as a “path for freedom and reflection”. Meanwhile for
Read, art can “provide a governing mechanism for life; but without art, all living
things will lose their balance. They may face social and spiritual hesitancy” according
to Artut, 2001: 19. Art can help people to balance and manage their emotional world.
Art includes a diverse range of human activities, creations and ways of expression
such as literature, film, music, sculpture and paintings. Overall, many people
generally will attend art classes for their first year at school. Art education consists
many functions. Firstly, it helps people to understand their history, country and
express their beliefs. Besides, it raises perception of senses such as seeing, tasting and
hearing. Also, it teaches many moral values to people. Moreover, it uplifts people
who respect the freedom of speech. Lastly, it helps people to evolve set of values.
Specifically, art is a powerful language which allows people to learn their history
either by means of an aesthetic eyes or a language and also to build their own
perspective. It is because the primary function of art is to help individual to
understand who they truly are and what they believe in, a high quality of art education
can be noticed through understanding the significant of art education, qualified
teacher and suitable environment.

In Malaysia, some institutes offered Art and Design course for the students
who is interested and have talent in this field. For example, Universiti Teknologi
MARA (UiTM) which has more than 30 branch campuses, Sunway University, The
One Academy, University of Malaya and Malaysian Institute of Art. These institutes
are a community of lively young artists in the making. Students will experience and
explore new creative forms, expressions of various kind of arts and skills that will

10
contribute to their future careers. Art and Design course encompasses diploma and
degree in Fine Arts, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Ceramics Design and Textile
Design. Earnshaw, R. A. et. al (2015) states that art and design compromised one or
more principal elements, which can be defined as below:

a) Fine arts
b) Arts and crafts
c) Creative industries
d) Critical, historical, social and cultural studies
e) Museums and curatorship
f) Visual and material culture

According to European academic traditions, fine art is the art that was
developed primarily for aesthetics or beauty, differentiating it from decorative
art or applied art that also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or
metalwork. In the aesthetic theories developed in the Italian Renaissance, the highest
art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination,
unrestricted by any of the practical considerations involved in such as making and
decorating a teapot. It was also considered important that making the artwork did not
involve dividing the work between different individuals with specialized skills, for
example, a piece of furniture.

Ergonomic is the study of relationship between employees and workplace. Many

employees worry and realize the potential ergonomics risk factors around their
workplace will bring negative implications such as permanent disability. (Tee, K. S et
al., 2017). Not only employees. but students also have their ergonomic aspects at their
surroundings. Kapuria, T. K. (2018) states that the ergonomic dimensions of the
classroom furniture which are measured are as below:

a) Chair Seat Height (SH): Calculated to the vertical distance from the floor to
the highest point on the front of the seat. (46.5 cm)
b) Chair Seat Depth (SD): Calculated to the horizontal distance from the back of
the sitting surface of the seat to its front. (42 cm)
c) Chair seat Width (SW): Calculated to the horizontal distance from the outer
left side of the sitting surface of the seat to outer right side. (43 cm)

11
 d) Chair Backrest Height (BH): Calculated to the vertical distance from the side
of the seat surface to the highest point of the backrest. (44 cm)
e) Table Height (TH): Calculated to the vertical distance from the floor to the top
of the front edge of the table. (76.5 cm)

Figure 2.1: Representation of the table and chair measurements.

2.2 Structure of Backpack and Folding Chair

Backpack is a type of bag that is used by many people start from children to folks.
Usually, students will bring many items to school or university. Some stuffs carried
by students to school every day includes books, laptops, pencil case, sports uniform,
sports shoes, lunch boxes and water bottles. (Perrone, M. et. al,2018). Backpack also
was used by people who loves to do outdoor activities which requires them to bring
many stuffs. For example, when they go camping or hiking, they have to bring tent,
food and toiletries. The structure of backpack consists of following parts:

Handle loop : This elastic cord can be cinched down for secure attachment
of anything which is too large to fit inside of the backpack such as extra gear. The
user also can grab it and bring the backpack when the shoulder straps have
problem.

12
 Side pocket : To keep quickly needed stuff such as sunglasses,
umbrellas and medicine kits. But it cannot be overloaded because it can affect the
balance of the backpack.

Front pocket : To put smaller stuffs such as pens, smartphones or wallets

which is for quick access.

Shoulder straps : To allow carry the backpack over the shoulder. The user’s
hands are free when using straps.

Reinforced bottom : To increase the durability of the backpack to carry

loads.

Padded back : To consider the ventilation and comfort of the user. Also, to
avoid the user’s back from having contact with the backpack.

Shoulder strap adjustments: To tighten or loosen the shoulder straps according to

the user’s body size and comfort.

Main compartment : The largest area in volume of backpack. To put any

big stuffs there such as books or clothes.

Mesh pocket : Usually, it is placed at the side of the backpack. Just like front
pocket, the function is to put quick access items such as bottles or pens.

The structure of folding chair consists of below:

Chair frame : To support and prevent the chair from bending out of shape or
snap.

Back rest : To sustain and support the user’s posture during sketching or painting
by laying on it. It will also avoid back pain. Ergonomic chair design is a need in
designing and fabricating this product.

13
 Seat : To place and set their bums on.

Fasteners : To join 2 or more parts together.

Chair legs : To make the chair become more sturdy, usable and successful to be
used. It also can only support limited weight of the users. Overweight user is not
encouraged to use it. It can be foldable so that the product can be kept easily.

2.3 Types of Folding Chair

There are many types of folding chair that comes in various materials and designs.

2.3.1 Outdoor Fishing Aluminium Foldable Chair

Fishing can be an occupation for people and also a hobby during free time.
According to research that was made by Khakzad, S. and Griffith, D., (2016),
most people at Shallotte, North Carolina are prefer to keep fishing as their
primary job, although some combine it with other job and some said that they
are not willing to switch to other job, even though if they found it more
commercial and profitable. This is the common folding chair that was used by
people when they went fishing since fishing can take a very long time for
people to get even one fish. The characteristic of the chair which is simple,
lightweight and portable is very suitable to be brought anywhere such as to the
lake or swamp. Furthermore, the materials used for the chair consist of
aluminium as the legs and support for the seat and fabric as the seat. These
durable material can at least support one people at a time.

Figure 2.3.1: Outdoor Fishing Aluminium Foldable Chair

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 (https://shopee.com.my/SIMPLYBEST-Outdoor-Foldable-
Chair-Aluminium-Ultra-Light-Folding-Chair-Camping-
Fishing-Portable-Chair-Hiking-Beach-Pinic-
i.83894106.6430692423)

2.3.2 Plastic Folding Chair

Plastic folding is one of the most popular chair because it is always being used
either for indoor or outdoor activities. Chen, C. T. (2013) states that due to the
changes in society, many people have accustomed to use folding chair as
household use, especially which is made of plastic. The progress in science
and technology, plus the continuous improvement in plastic moulding
development and also the injection moulding technology as well as to the
variance in plastic materials, have prioritized the use of plastic folding chair.
This chair is made of thermoplastic polymer such as propylene as the seat and
the back support. Meanwhile for the legs and joints can either be made of
metal or plastic too.

Figure 2.3.2: Plastic Folding Chair

(https://shopee.com.my/Portable-Folding-Chair-Indoor-
Outdoor-Home-Living-Office-Kerusi-Berlipat-
i.281599298.5869854914)

2.3.3 Foldable Chair for Camping

This chair is made of sturdy powder-coated steel frame and 600D

polyester fabric that provides stability and comfort. There are 2
adjustable armrest that comes with a cup holder and side pocket for

15
 maximum storage at each of them. Also, it has convenient shoulder
carry bag which will allow the users to transport and store the chair
easily. It is really suitable for camping purpose.

Figure 2.3.3: Foldable Chair for Camping

(https://www.switchbacktravel.com/best-camping-chairs)

2.3.4 Sunyear Lightweight Compact Folding Camping Backpack Chair

Based on the review, this chair has a high portability as it is ultralight

and compact. It only weights 2.29 lbs (1.04 kg) and can be packed
down to 13.8’’(L) x 4.3’’(W) x 5.1’’(H) in the included stowaway bag.
The durability and features are at top condition. It is also bigger and
more comfortable compared to other folding chair. The ergonomic seat
design which had soft mesh panels will provide optimum comfort.
Moreover, the aluminium shock-cord pole structures is made for quick
intuitive setup. There is a strap which is made to hold the frame
together so that it can collapsed easily for transport and storage. Due to
its compact size, this chair sits low to the ground thus, making it not
suitable for the people who have trouble standing from a low position
such as old folks or also known as elderly. They have difficulty to
stand up after sitting for a long time because of the weakness of legs or
stiffness in the back that may result in injuries later on and usually
having irregular posture due to the seat height, seat depth and seat
width. (Almandrawy, M. A., Abdullah, M., & Almandrawy, T., 2018)

16
 Figure 2.3.4: Sunyear Lightweight Compact Folding Camping
Backpack Chair
(https://www.amazon.com/Sunyear-Lightweight-Backpack-
Breathable-Comfortable/dp/B078MNSM1Q)

2.3.5 Rio Broadback Oversized Camp Folding Chair

This chair has extra oversized powder-coated steel frame which is

resistant to corrosion. It will also provide the users a durable and long-
lasting camp chair. Other than that, it includes a fold-out side table
with drink holder so that the users can put any stuffs there. To make it
easy storage, the table folds flat against the chair frame. Also, there is
padded foam armrest to support forearms.

Figure 2.3.5: Rio Broadback Oversized Camp Folding Chair

(https://www.homedepot.com/p/Rio-Broadback-Oversized-
Camp-Folding-Chair-GRDR384-434-1/308990411)

2.4 Types of Bag for Artists

2.4.1 Field Sketching Kit

17
This small sketching kit is very lightweight and portable to be brought
anywhere. Many pockets are provided to be put with drawing equipment such
as pencils and brush. The main compartment which has zipper can be filled
with sketchbook. However, it is too small to be used for larger sketchbook or
paper such as A3 or A4 paper.

Figure 2.4.1: Field Sketching Kit

(https://www.scratchmadejournal.com/blog/tom-bihn-field-
sketching-kit)

2.4.2 Field Easel Art Bag for Sketchers

This bag is just like the Field Sketching Kit above, but it was more complex
and multipurpose. Besides having many pockets includes mesh pockets, it also
can be a small desk to put sketchbook on it while sketching. The bag comes
together with a piece of hard plastic sheet that acts as support when the user
put the sketchbook on the front cover of the bag in the easel mode. But, it is
limited to small sketchbook only.

Figure 2.4.2: Field Easel Art Bag for Sketchers

(https://www.parkablogs.com/content/review-field-easel-art-
bag-darsie-beck)

18
 2.4.3 Art Portfolio Bag Case Backpack Drawing Board Shoulder Bag with
Zipper Shoulder Straps for Artist Painter Students Artwork

It has big zippered main compartment used for drawing board, canvas and
other huge flat items. Meanwhile, the other pockets can be used for holding
folding easels, sketching papers and placing other drawing stuffs. The user can
store their artworks inside it without getting damaged. It also could be used as
side-handled carrying or backpack options.

Figure 2.4.3: Art Portfolio Bag Case Backpack Drawing Board

Shoulder Bag with Zipper Shoulder Straps for Artist Painter Students
Artwork

(https://www.lazada.com.my/products/art-portfolio-bag-case-
backpack-drawing-board-shoulder-bag-with-zipper-shoulder-straps-
for-artist-painter-students-artwork-i772682316-
s1756494466.html?exlaz=d_1:mm_150050845_51350205_201035020
5::12:1032211143!54400014687!!!pla-
368231893610!c!368231893610!1756494466!241707728&gclid=Cj0
KCQiArvX_BRCyARIsAKsnTxNyVN45d-
EC_KHKDNu5XSyMSubRNnKrMTIGerAhjMLU2zR6hyXQAAMa
ArXEEALw_wcB)

2.5 Folding Chair and Backpack User

The users are the outdoor artists and art students who need to bring many things such
as drawing equipment, chair and also desk or stand for painting. These stuffs are quite
many therefore, these may burden them as they have to bring all of the items to their
destination before they can start sketching.

19
2.6 Need for Folding Chair and Backpack

According to previous research about design and fabrication of folding chair, a

foldable seating device was created to be used at public places especially for elderly
or those who has chronic conditions. (Amol M. Kolhe & Samir J. Deshmukh, 2012).
It is used to find and sustain their posture when sitting instead of standing. For this
project, the folding chair will be used for art students or outdoor artists in the form of
a backpack. Recent folding chair is not very ergonomic which is lacks of back rest
and desk. The back rest will support their back while the desk will be the place to put
their sketchbook and also support for their arms when sketching. Before this, the
artists will bring stand for painting or just putting their sketchbook on their lap when
sketching. Therefore, magic backpack should be provided to the art students and
outdoor artists.

2.7 Characteristics of Folding Chair and Backpack

Some of art students and outdoor artists have difficulty in bringing many stuffs for
outdoor sketching such as sketchbook, stationery and colouring tools. The current bag
or backpack may already in a good condition and can function well but then they will
have to find a good spot which has chair and desk to start sketching. Even though
magic backpack design may look complex and need a high cost for manufacturing,
the price is still reasonable. The materials used are matched and complied with the
price. The materials also should have high durability and long-lasting. This backpack
must be an affordable price to help the users to purchase and use it for outdoor
purpose. The user will get advantages from it such as can avoid back pain during
outdoor sketching. According to Kapuria, T. K. (2018), an anthropometric survey
showed that imprecise furniture dimensions can lead to discomfort, pain and
disorders, especially in back, neck, shoulder, hands and many musculoskeletal
diseases. Hence, designing table and chair by considering the anthropometric
dimensions and ergonomic guidelines is very important. Last but not least, the
backpack should be lightweight so that the user can bring it anywhere, thus making it
very portable. If the weight of the backpack is heavy, plus with the weight of the art
tools, the user may already face back pain before starts sketching yet.

20
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The objective of this research is to study the design and fabrication of a portable desk
chair which can be brought anywhere in the form of a backpack to make the work of
outdoor artist and art students easier. The problem statements have been identified.
Based on the literature review, the structure of magic backpack, the types of folding
chair, the existing folding chair, the need for magic backpack and the characteristics
of magic backpack was identified too. Figure 3.1 below shows the project flow chart:

21
 Start

Stage 1: Literature Review

Stage 2: Designing

• Sketching and
design
• Material selection
• Measurement

Stage 3: Prototype
Fabrication

• Cutting
• Joining
• Welding
• Grinding

Stage 4: Testing and Evaluation NO

YES
Need
modification

End

Figure 3.1: Project Flow Chart

22
3.2 Project Schedule

Table 3.2.1: Gantt Chart

2020 2021
Time O N D J F M A M J J
C O E A E A P A U U
Activities T V C N B R R Y N L

Define the conception

and ideate the
brainstorm
Selection and
preparation of material
and software program
Simulation and
designation the 3D
model
Fabrication of magic
backpack
Obtaining ethical
approval
Testing the functioning
of the fabrication
Data analysis using
software
Test summary report

Table 3.2.2 Milestones and Dates

No Description of Milestone Expected End

Date
1. Completion of the identification of ideation concept 31.01.2021

23
 2. Completion of the designation of a 3D model of magic 31.02.2021
backpack
3. Completion of the fabrication of magic backpack 31.05.2021
4. Completion of the development of mechanical system 10.06.2021
activity
5. Completion of product testing 20.06.2021
6. Completion of the production of magic backpack 10.07.2021

3.3 Identifying Customer Needs

A survey was carried out to know the users’ problems and needs about the current
folding chair or backpack. The users consist of art students and artists. The survey
included of several questions:

a) Personal information (status, gender, age)

b) Place for outdoor sketching
c) Problems faced when outdoor sketching
d) Things brought during outdoor sketching
e) Characteristics of magic backpack that the users want

3.4 Benchmarking and Product Specifications

Every researcher should find existing products from many companies which may
become their inspiration in developing a product. The purpose of benchmarking is to
identify internal opportunities for improvement. Some benchmark products for this
project were identified.

a) Art Student Folding Chair for Sketching and Painting

It is made of oxford cloth and load-bearing sprayed steel pipe support.
This folding chair is made specially to the art students who love to draw
outdoor rather than indoor. It comes with many designs and colours,
suitable either for adults or children. The weakness of this product is it
does not come with desk, so the user has to bring another props such as
stand for painting to put their paper there for sketching.

24
 Figure 3.4 (a): Art Student Folding Chair for Sketching and Painting
(https://shopee.com.my/%E2%98%BD%E2%9D%96%E2%99%9DArt-
student-folding-chair-for-sketching-and-painting-special-portable-outdoor-
fishing-Maza-stool-camping-bench-i.182610827.3657404428)

b) Shakespeare Deluxe Rucksack Bag

This backpack provided ultimate comfortness with its back rest and
protective webbing back support. There is also a rucksack with a
drawstring main compartment and shoulder straps so that the user can
carry it easily.

Figure 3.4 (b): Shakespeare Deluxe Rucksack Bag

(https://www.amazon.co.uk/Shakespeare-Deluxe-Rucksack-Chair-
Brown/dp/B003XN8XGY)

c) Stool Seat Foldable Camping Outdoor Storage with Convenient Carry

Fishing Bag
The bag was designed with large storage to keep outdoor gear, snacks and
drinks. It is suitable for camping and fishing as the stool is not take much
space. It also has two shoulder straps for convenient carry. The outdoor
stool is made of high quality steel pipes and durable oxford fabric

25
 Figure 3.4 (c): Stool Seat Foldable Camping Outdoor Storage with
Convenient Carry Fishing Bag
(https://shopee.com.my/Stool-Seat-Foldable-Camping-Outdoor-Storage-
With-Convenient-Carry-Fishing-Bag-
i.129774218.1992217938?gclid=CjwKCAiA9bmABhBbEiwASb35V-
buyjcxHtuddjrBl9tU7pE349ZMxTbe78mBxb7DpIcfyOB4Hx3DrRoC8vE
QAvD_BwE)

d) Foldable Outdoor Camping Fishing Chair Multi-Function Insulated

Cooling Bag
The materials used for this bag are reinforced steel pipe and double Oxford
cloth. Instead of becoming a refrigerator, this multifunctional bag also can
become a chair with a backrest. It is really suitable item for outdoor sports
as the user can bring and store beverages and various food in it. The
insulation ice packs can keep the food and drinks cold for a long time
when used with ice packs.

Figure 3.4 (d): Foldable Outdoor Camping Fishing Chair Multi-Function

Insulated Cooling Bag
(https://shopee.com.my/Foldable-Outdoor-Camping-Fishing-Chair-Multi-
function-Insulated-Cooling-Bag-i.286208227.3543052928)

26
3.5 Concept and Idea Specifications

Design

The design of the backpack must be amenable with several aspects. It should be done
carefully so that the backpack can be produce easily and smoothly based on the design
and all of the parts of the product will function well. Several aspects that must be
considered in designing the backpack are:

a) Ergonomic: The user must be comfortable and does not having back
pain again.
b) Strength: The chair of the backpack must be durable and have enough
strength to support the weight of the user.
c) Cost: The backpack shall be produced with affordable and low cost so
that the user can easily purchase it.
d) Size: The desk chair of the backpack should compliant with the
standard size of current chair and desk so that the user can use it well
and easily.

Specifications

a) Customer needs for the plug and their relative importance

No Need Imp.
1 The backpack is lightweight 5
2 The backpack is easy storage 4
3 The backpack has high portability 4
4 The backpack has high durability 3
5 The backpack has ergonomic aspects 3
6 The backpack is affordable 3

b) List of metrics for the plug. The relative importance of each metric and
the units for the metric are also shown.
Metric Need Metric Imp. Units
no. no.

27
 1 1,3 Total mass 5 kg
2 2 Surface area 4 cm^2
3 1,3 Size of backpack 4 cm^3
4 4 Maximum force or strength 3 N
5 5 Height of the chair 3 cm
6 6 Unit manufacturing cost 3 MYR

c) The needs-metrics matrix

1 2 3 4 5 6
Metric

Total Surface Size of Maximum Height Unit

mass area backpack force or of the manufacturing
Need strength desk cost
chair
1 Lightweight
. .
2 Easy
.
storage
3 High
. .
portability
4 High
.
durability
5 Has
.
ergonomic
aspects
6 Affordable
.
price

d) Competitive benchmarking chart metrics based on metrics

Me Nee Metric Imp Unit Art Shakes Stool Foldable
tric d s studen peare Seat Outdoor
no. nos. t Deluxe Foldable Camping
foldin Rucksa Camping Chair
g ck Bag Outdoor Multi-

28
 chair Storage function
for with Insulated
sketch Conveni Cooling
ing ent Carry Bag
and Fishing
painti Bag
ng
1 1,3 Total mass 5 kg 2 2.8 1.12 2
2 2 Surface 4 cm^ 1296 2052 841 775
area 2
3 1,3 Size of 4 cm 14 x 30 x 10 32 x 7 x 28 x 29 x
backpack/ 10 x x 60 43 60
case 60
4 4 Maximum 3 N 490 1080 900 1000
force or
strength
5 5 Height of 3 cm 60 74 34 58
chair
6 6 Unit 3 MY 68.00 141.62 42.47 45.73
manufactu R
ring cost

e) Competitive benchmarking chart based on perceived satisfaction of

needs
N Need I Art Shakespear Stool Seat Foldable
o m student e Deluxe Foldable Outdoor
p. folding Rucksack Camping Camping
chair for Bag Outdoor Chair
sketching Storage Multi-
and with function
painting Convenient Insulated
Carry Cooling
Fishing Bag Bag

29
 1 Lightweight 5
…. … ….. ….
2 Easy storage 4
…. …. …. …
3 High portability 4
… .. … …
4 High durability 3
… ….. …. ….
5 Has ergonomic 3
…. …. .. …
aspects
6 Affordable 3
…. .. …. ….
price

f) The target specifications

Metric Need Metric Imp Units Marginal Ideal

no. nos. value value
1 1,3 Total mass 5 kg 1-3 2.5
2 2 Surface area 4 cm^2 < 2750 1634
3 1,3 Size of backpack 4 cm < 40 x 10 35 x 8 x
x 45 43
4 4 Maximum force or 3 N 700-900 800
strength
5 5 Height of chair 3 cm 60-80 74
6 6 Unit manufacturing cost 3 MYR 60-100 80

3.5.1 Design of Folding Chair and Desk

Magic backpack is designed together with folding desk chair due to the
customers need which is multifunction backpack. The chair has seat and also
back rest which is designed to prevent back pain of its user. The seat part is
the part of front backpack when the user opens the zip meanwhile the back rest
part is the back part of the backpack which included shoulder straps. The user
can lay their body onto the back rest while sketching. The desk which is

30
 designed at the side of the backpack can be adjusted. It should be pull to be
opened and being used.

3.5.2 Design of the Chair Legs

The chair legs also can be folded just like the existing folding desk. The legs
should be made of lightweight metal to make it easy to be brought anywhere.
The chair legs should be adjustable to be folded and stored after being used.
The user can adjust the height of the chair and lock the position according to
their body height or comfortability. It also should be durable and strong
enough to support the user’s body weight.

Sketching

3 sketches were made for idea specifications. All of the sketches were sketched using
Fusion 360 software.

a) Sketch 1

b) Sketch 2

31
c) Sketch 3

3.6 Screening and Scoring

Screening and scoring are the processes of evaluating and deciding which designs or
sketches should be considered or improved. Firstly, screening will be done by putting
‘+’ to improve the product in new sketch, ‘-‘ if the criteria of the design is not very
good and ‘=’ if the criteria of the design would be maintained.

a) Screening
Selection criteria Sketch 1 Sketch 2 Sketch 3
Multifunction + + +
Ergonomic + + +
Easy storage 0 0 +
Lightweight + 0 +
Durability 0 - 0

32
 Portability 0 0 +
Sum +’s 3 2 5
Sum 0 3 3 1
Sum –‘s 0 1 0
Net score 3 1 5
Rank 2 3 1
Continue No No Yes

b) Scoring
Selection Weight Sketch 1 Sketch 2 Sketch 3
criteria Ratin Weight Ratin Weight Ratin Weight
g ed g ed g ed
Score Score Score
Multifuncti 20% 5 1 5 1 5 1
on
Ergonomic 10% 5 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5
Easy 20% 5 1 4 0.8 4 0.8
storage
Lightweigh 30% 4 1.2 3 0.9 4 1.2
t
Durability 10% 4 0.4 4 0.4 4 0.4
Portability 10% 3 0.3 4 0.4 5 0.5
Total
score 4.4 4 4.4
Rank 2 3 1
Contin No No Yes
ue

3.7 Sketching for Final Ideation

33
After screening and scoring, Sketch 3 gained highest total score and rank compared to
Sketch 1 and 2. So, it is chosen and proceed to final ideation. Analysis have been
made on it.

Material Identification

The material selection process is one of the most important process that must be
considered. It will lead to the cost of the final product. Material selection shall be
chosen carefully before deciding at design stage to prevent the cost of material in
producing magic backpack becomes expensive.

a) Chair frame and chair legs

The material of the chair frame and chair legs is low carbon steel due to the
standard material used for furniture especially folding chair and it is also low cost.
It has been chosen based on the customer requirements for the design which is
lightweight and so strong yet so tough. Furthermore, it is resistant to corrosion.

Figure 3.7 (a): Low carbon steel

(https://www.pipesteelchina.com/metal-pipes/introduction-of-low-carbon-
steel.html)

34
b) Seat and backrest
The material for the seat is polypropylene (PP) which is a type of thermoplastics
polymer. Polypropylene is a light weight polymer and very suitable to be used in
many industrial applications includes consumer products. It has high stiffness and
melting point, good resistance towards impact and also low density. (Hisham A.
Maddah, 2016). The other characteristic is it is inexpensive and usually used to
make chair shells.

Figure 3.7 (b): Polypropylene Chair

(https://www.simplytablesandchairs.co.uk/shop/chairs/strava-polypropylene-
outdoor-stacking-chair/)

c) Backpack and side pocket

The material used for the backpack and side pocket is fabric (polyamides) which
is nylons. Nylons are strong, tough and have a low coefficient of friction. It also
does not absorb moisture and usually manufactured as a fibre.

Figure 3.7 (c): Backpack

(https://travelbagexperts.com/nylon-vs-polyester-backpack/)

d) Zipper
Material used for zipper is polyoxymethylene (POM), which is similar to nylon
but is stiffer and has better fatigue and also water resistance.

35
 Figure3.7 (d): Zipper
(https://dunlapworld.com/products/zippers/)

e) Desk
The material for the desk is also made of polypropylene (PP) which is a type of
thermoplastics polymer just like the material of the seat.

Figure 3.7 (e): Polypropylene desk

(https://www.costcuttersuk.com/titan-folding-exam-desk.html)

f) Folding hinge
Folding hinge acts as the joints to join the seat and the legs. The material for the
folding hinge is stainless steel. Stainless steel is alloy which consist of chromium,
nickel and another four or five elements. The alloying transmutes plain carbon
steel that rusts and is prone to brittleness under room temperature into a material
that does neither. That is why it is corrosion resistance and also quite expensive.

36
 Figure 3.7 (f): Folding hinge
(https://shopee.com.my/Folding-Self-locking-Table-Hinge-Top-easy-Desk-Install-
To-Space-Save-Furniture-i.161676204.7615330222)

g) Fasteners
Fasteners will join hinges and legs together. Fasteners also are made of stainless
steel and have the same characteristics just like the folding hinge.

Figure 3.7 (g): Fasteners

(https://shopee.com.my/Fastener-50pcs-M3-Stainless-Steel-SS304-Flat-Head-
Star-Drive-i.93754946.1786445470)

3.8 Method/Procedure

Some methods are used in achieving the second objective of this research which is to
fabricate a portable desk chair for outdoor artists in the form of a backpack. Methods
and procedures that will be applied are measurement, joining, cutting, welding and
grinding process.

a) Measurement

The initial step of fabricating a product is measuring the length of the materials.
The length of the low carbon steel tube was measured based on the length in the
drawing. The tools used during measurement are ruler, scriber and others.

b) Joining

There are many parts that need to be joined together such as seat, backrest, chair
legs and others using hinges and fasteners. The zipper can be joined by sewing it
to the backpack. It is very suitable method to join fabric with polymer.

c) Cutting

37
 The low carbon steel will be cut according to its measurement. It can be cut using
plasma cutter, chop saw, die grinder, or angle grinder. Die grinder with a cut-off
wheel is probably the best.

d) Welding

Materials which are made of steel especially low carbon steel are very suitable to
be welded because steel can produce spark when melted and solidifies quickly.
Welding processes that can be used for welding carbon steel are stick welding,
TIG welding, and MIG welding.

e) Grinding

Grinding is a finishing process used to make high surface quality of the product
and resulting to high accuracy of shape and dimension. Grinding machine can be
used in this process.

3.9 3D modelling

Figure 3.9.1: Front view Figure 3.9.2: Isometric view

38
 Figure 3.9.3: Exploded view

Figure 3.9.4: Finite element

3.10 Technical drawing (*refer to appendices)

3.11 Project costing

Project costing’s purpose is to know the budget of manufacturing the product

in terms of its materials used. The cost may vary according to current
economy situation. The estimation project cost can be referred on table below:

Table 3.11: Project cost

No. Components Material Quantity Cost
(MYR/kg)

39
 1. Chair frame Low carbon steel 2 2.11
2. Chair legs Low carbon steel 4 2.32
3. Seat and backrest Polypropylene (PP) 2 11.90
4. Backpack and side Nylon 1 12.40
pocket
5. Zipper Polyoxymethylene 1 7.00
(POM)
6. Folding hinges Stainless steel 4 37.40
7. Fasteners Stainless steel 32 8.00
TOTAL 81.13

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the magic backpack can be used for outdoor purpose which is outdoor
sketching especially to the outdoor artists and art students. Some objectives that need to be
achieved are to design magic backpack that can be an ergonomic desk chair, to fabricate a
portable desk chair for outdoor artists in the form of a backpack and lastly, to test and analyse
the effectiveness of the magic backpack compared to the recent outdoor desk and chair which
is manufactured and assembled separately. This product can bring many benefits to its user as
it consists of the characteristics needed by them such as lightweight, easy storage, high
portability, multipurpose and ergonomic. The magic backpack will be manufactured and
fabricated with affordable cost, ergonomic and safe to be used by its users.

40
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Tee, K. S., Low, E., Saim, H., Zakaria, W. N. W., Khialdin, S. B. M., Isa, H., … Soon, C. F.
(2017). A study on the ergonomic assessment in the workplace. In AIP Conference

Proceedings (Vol. 1883). American Institute of Physics Inc.

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5002052

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APPENDICES

Survey Questionnaires

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Technical Drawing

Figure 1: Technical drawing

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Figure 2: Bill of Material (BOM)

Figure 3: Backpack

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Figure 4: Chair frame

Figure 5: Chair leg

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 Figure 6: Desk

Figure 7: Folding hinge

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Figure 8: Side pocket

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