ASSIGNMENT 1

De sign a c antileve r re tain ing wall to re tain e arth for a h eigh t of

3.75m. The backfill is horizontal. T he density of soil is 18 kN/m 3.

 Safe bearing capacity of soil is 190 kN/m 2

 Take the coefficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6.

The angle of repose of earth is 35 o

 Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

DATA:

h'= 3.75m

Safe Bearing Capacity of soil = 190 kN/m 2

γ = 18 kN/m3,

µ= 0.6,

ø = 35o

DEPTH OF FOUNDAT ION:

He ight of the reta ining wa ll = H = h' + Df

De pth of foundation D f,

DF = SBC/ 𝛾 (1— SIN𝜑 1+SIN 𝜑 )2

= 190/18 (1— SIN35 1+SIN 35)2

= 0 . 8 2 m sa y 0 . 8 m

Therefore H = 4.55 m.

P R O P O R T I ON I N G O F WA L L :

T h i c k n e s s o f ba s e s l a b = h / 1 2 = 4 5 5 0 / 1 2 = 3 7 9 m m

Say 400 mm

He ight of the sla b = hs= 4.55-0.40 = 4.15m

Ka = (1-sin 𝜑 /1+sin 𝜑 )

= (1-sin 35 0 /1+sin 350)

= (1-0.57/1+0.57)

= 0.43/1.57

= 0.274

 Width of heel slab = h = h √ ka /3= 4.55 √ 0.2 74´ ∕ 3 = 1.4 m

• Width of the ba se slab = 1.5 × Xh= 1.5 × 1.4 = 2.1 m say 3m

• width of toe slab = 1m

Width of heel slab = 2m

DE SIGN OF ST EM :
He ight of stem = hs= 4.15m

T h i c k n e s s o f st e m = t h i c k n e s s o f b a s e s l a b

= 400 mm at bottom

Tempering to 190 mm at top

Ph = ½. Ka. 𝛾 .H2

= ½ × 0.274 × 18 × 4.15 2

= ½ × 0.274 × 18 × 17.2225

= 42.47 kN

M = Ph. h/3

=42.47 × 4.15/3

= 42.47 × 1.39

= 59.033

≈60 kN-m -1

Mu= 1.5 × M

=1.5 × 60

= 90 kN-m

Provide cover of 50 mm, D=400mm

(Mu / bd2) = 90 × 106

10 3 × 4 0 0 2

= 0.57

% of reinforcement table – 2 (sp – 16)

Pt = 0.30 (100 A st / bd)

= 0.30 × 103×400
100

= 1200 mm

Provide 16 mm Ø at 160 mm c/c at bottom at 1.7s m

200 mm c/c at bottom at next 1m

300 mm c/c at bottom at next remain- ing

length

Distribu ting r/f = 0.12% of D= 0.12% × 400 = 400 mm

Provide 8mm Ø @ 180 mm c/c

Stability computations,

( P r e s s u r e d i s tr i b u t i o n a t b a s e )
 Loads Magnitude Distance Moment
W 1 = 1 . 5 5 × 4 . 15 × 1 8 115.78 0.78 90.30

kN.m
W2 = (0.19 × 4.15 ×25) + 19.71 1.65 32.52

(0.5×0.25×4.15×25)

33.75
W3 = (3×0.45×25) 1.5 48.60

Total
=180.85

Moment due to earth pressure,

M= 60 kN-m - from 1

Z=£m / £w = 256.45 / 180.85 = 1.4m

Eccentricity (e)= 2-0.58 = 1.4 – (0.5×3) = 0.1 m

B / 6 = 3 / 6 = 0 .5 m

0.1 < 0.5

Therefore e < B

Soil pressure is in compression from a to d.

P ( m a x & m i n. ) = w × 1 ± 6 e
B B

P (max) = 180.85 × 1+ 6×0.1 = 72.34 kN/m 2 Toe.

3 3

P (min) = 180.85 × 1- 6×0.1 = 48.22 kN/m2 base

3 3

Loads Magnitude distance moment

M = ( 1 . 5 5 × 4 .1 5 × 115.78 0.77 39.15

18)

Self m. of heel slab=

(1.55 × 0.45 × 25) 16.70 0.77 12.94

Total - 102.09
Default for upwa rd

pressure

48.22 × 1.5 74. 74 0.77 57.55

0.5 × 1.55 × 13.9 10.77 0.576 5.56

Total= 63.11

Max. BM in heel slab = Mu = 102.09 – 63.11 = 38.98 kN.m

Max. ultimate moments = Mu = 1.5 × 38.98 = 58.47 kN.m

M a x . s h e a r f or c e V u = 1 . 5 × 4 6 . 9 7 = 7 0 . 4 5 5

τv = V u / b d = ( 7 0 . 4 5 × 10 3 ) / ( 1 0 0 0 × 4 0 0 ) = 0 . 1 7 N / m m 2
M20 % Pt II = 0.17 N/mm2

(100 Ast)/bd = 0.15 Ast = (0.15×1000×400)/100 = 600 mm

Mu = 58.47 × 106 = 0.365

bd2 1000 × 4002

Pt O.k.< D15

Ast = π/ 4 × 122 × x

600 = π/ 4 × 122 × x

X = 5.30 no. ≈ 6

Ast = 678 mm

P r o v i d e 1 2 m mØ b a r o f 6 n o s . @ 1 8 0 m m s p a c i n g

8mmØ @ 180 mm c/c

T o e s l a b d e s i gn

Loads upward Magnitude Distance Moment

pressure
64.3 × 1 64.3 0.5 32.15
0.5 × 8.04 ×1 4.49 0.67 3

Total = 35.15
Destruct self

wt. of toe slab

1×1×0.45×25 10.8 0.5 5.40

M a x i m u m u l t i m a t e m o m e n t u m = M u = 1 . 5 × 2 9 . 7 5 = 4 4 . 6 2 5 kN . m

Maximum shear force = Vu = 1.5 × 29.75 = 44.625 kNm

Vu/bd = 86.98 × 103 = 0.217 N/MM2

1000 × 400

100 Ast/bd = 0.15 Ast = 0.15 1000 400 = 600mm2

0.15

S t a b i l i t y a g a i ns t o v e r t u r n i n g ,

O v e r t u r n i n g of m o m e n t s = M o = k a . 𝛾 . e . h 3 = 6 1 . 3 2 k N . m
6

S t a b i l i t y m o me n t s d u e t o v e r t i c a l p r e s s s u r e a b o u t t h e t o e .

Mv= £w(B -2)=180.85(3-1.4)= 289.36 kN.m

Factory safety against overturning

Fs = 0.9 × Mv = 0.9 × 289.36 = 4.24> 1.4

Mo 61.32

Hence it is safe.

S t a b i l i t y a g a i ns t s l i d i n g ,

Sliding force = P a = 0.5 ka. 𝛾 . e. h2 = 0.5 ×0.286×18 ×4.55 2

= 53 . 2 8 K n

Resultant force(excluding the passive pressure)

F = µ R = µ W = 0 . 5 × 1 8 0 . 8 5 = 9 0 . 4 2 5 kN

Factor of safety against sliding = (0.9 × 90.425) /53.28

= 1.52 > 1.4

I t i s s a f e i n s li d i n g

Design of shear key

P p = K P . p ’ ( 1+ s i n 𝜑 / 1 - s i n 𝜑 ) = 6 4 . 3

Pp = 3×64.3 = 192.9 kN/m2

I f a d e p t h o f sh e a r k e y = 4 0 0 m m

Total passive pressure = pp = pp.a= 192.9 0.4= 77.16 kN

Factor of safety against sliding =(µW+p.p)/£Pa=

= (90.425+77.16)/53.29

= 3.14>1.40

N ow s a f e i n s l i d l i n g .
2.

T a k i n g 1 m w id t h o f t h e v e r t i c a l w a l l , i t s t h i c k n e s s i s g i v e n b y ,

2
B.M.= 0.133 σck bd

136.7 × 106 = 0.133 × 20 × 1000 × d2

d2 = (136.7 × 10 6)/ (0.133 × 20 × 1000)

=136700000 / 2660

= 51390.98

d = 226.7 mm

Adopt a 300 mm effective depth & 350 mm overall thickness of

the stem at base & 200 mm thickness at the top of the stem.

Area of steel required:

Mu = 0.87. σy. At [d- (σy. At/ σck. b)]

136.7 × 10 6 = 0.87× 500 × At [300- (500 ×. At/ 20 × 1000)]

136.7 × 10 6 = 435 × A t [300- (500 ×. At/ 20000)]

314252.874= At [300- (500 ×. At/ 20000)]

314252.874= A t [300- (At/ 40)]

314252.874= A t [300- (At/ 40)]

12570115 = 12000 At – At2

At= (0.36 × σck .bxm)

(0.87. σy)

= 0.36 × 20 × 1000 × 0.46 × 300

0.87 × 500

= 2284 mm2 > 1394 mm2

T h e s e c t i o n is u n d e r r e i n f o r c e d .

Use 16mm diameter TMT bars @ 125 mm c/c

(*less than 300mm & 3d, o.k.)

At provided = 201 × 1000/125 × 100

1000 × 300

= 0. 5 4 % > 0 . 1 2 %

Curtailment of bars

C u r t a i l 5 0 % s t e e l f r o m t o p w h e r e t h e m o me n t i s 5 0% o f

base moment. Position where the B.M. is half from top=

3 .7 7 m

A c t u a l p o i n t o f c u t o f f = 3 .7 7 - L d

= 3.77 - 58 𝜑 bar

= 3 .7 7 – 0 . 9 2 8

= 2 .8 5 m f r o m t o p

S p a c i n g o f ba r s = 2 5 0 m m c/ c

< 300mm and 3d o.k.

D e v e l o p m e nt l e n g t h ( s t e m s t e e l )

Ld = 58 𝜑 bar = 58 × 16 = 928 mm

Secondary steel for stem at front

0 .1 2 % G A = 0 . 1 2 × ( 3 5 0 + 2 0 0 ) × 1 0 0 0 = 3 3 0 m m 2
2 100

#10Ø bar @ 175 – 200 mm c/c both ways

< 4 5 0 m m a n d 5 d o .k .

Distribution steel
= 0 .1 2 % G A

= 0 .1 2 × 2 7 5 × 1 0 0 0 / 1 0 0

=330 mm2

#10 mm Ø bar @ 175-200 mm c/c

< 4 5 0 m m a n d 5 d o .k .

Che ck for sh ear

M a x . s f a t j un c t i o n x - x = P h = 6 7 .6 9 k N

Ultimate SF = Vu/bd = 101.535 × 1000

1000 × 300

= 0 .3 4 M P a

Ultimate SF =