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2.0 Power Regulation 4 hours

2.1 Power variation: Daily, weekly and seasonal

2.2 Definition and meaning of terms such as

Firm power, Secondary power, mean and
peak load, utilization and diversity factors,
use of flow and power duration curve
2.3 Introduction to Power system, Power Grids,
Components of Power System

Power Regulation
• The study of the power or energy consumption i.e. demand variations
and their relationships in a particular power supply system for a
community, society, cities, and region or in country or countries is known
as power regulation.
• The demand of power is termed as load and supply/production of
power/energy is termed as power
• Although the power demand at individual consumer level is quite
unpredictable, however as the demands of the various users in a
community are accumulated or added, they begin to exhibit definite
pattern.
• The power regulation study at a substation, feeder line and power grid of
a community, country or region is important to know the variation of
power demand or load curve of a particular system or area so that supply
can be managed accordingly i.e. search of power projects of different
types like RoR, PROR, Storage and Thermal based on magnitude, duration
and their variations.
• Power regulation study helps for planning of different types of power
projects, transmission lines and distribution lines considering future
demand pattern predicted based on present demand pattern.

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2.1 Power variation: Daily, weekly and seasonal

Power consumption in a community or society fluctuates hour to hours
in a day and day to day in week and month to months in different
seasons.
The power consumption also varies society or community to community
and depends on the following factors.
• Population: Higher the number of people larger the power/energy
demand.
• Climate: In Nepal, the power demand is higher in winter season for
heating purpose compared to that in summer season while in India, the
power demand in winter is less than that compared in summer season
mainly due to high temperature and high power demand for cooling
• Living standard: The energy consumptions in city areas are higher than
that of remote areas mainly due to life style and living standard of the
people. The use of rice cooker, hot plate, oven etc, heating and cooling
demands high amount of electric energy. The industrial area needs a lot of
energy and power compared to that in residential areas.

Daily Load Curve: Daily Power Variation

Peak load in KTM valley =300 MW at evening
• Daily Variation of Peak load in Nepal grid = 1400 MW in 2019
power supply or Load in night is less than 100 MW
demand in a power
Power (MW)

system supplying to a
community, society,
or area is known as
daily load curve. 6 8 10 12
Time of a Day
16 18 20 22 24

The peak load generally Typical Daily load curve for residential Area

occurs at 18:00 to 20:00

for cooking and lighting
Power (MW)

purpose at evening in
residential area
The peak dem and
times slightly shifted 6 8 10 12 16 18 20 22 24

earlier during winter Time of a Day

season and t he peak Typical Daily load curve for industrial/commercial Area
demand is also higher The peak load may not alter too much even in night time if there
than t hat in summer are large numbers of industries that runs continuously 24 hours
season.

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Source: NEA Annual Report 2019/20

Weekly load curve:

The variations
of the load in
different days
Power (MW)

Industrial
of a week are
known as Domestic

weekly load Commercial

curve. Sun
10
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

Days of a week
Typical Weekly load curve for industrial/commercial and domestic Area

Seasonal load curve: The curve showing the variation of power consumption
or demand different seasons is known as seasonal load curve. The seasonal
load of a particular place is mainly governed by the climate and culture
besides the living standard & style of the society. E.g. the power demand in
the winter in Himalayan and high mountain areas are higher than that in the
Terai/ plain terrain region of Nepal mainly due to cold and arid climate in the
winter season. The power demand in the September and October is high in
Nepalese society mainly due to main festival (Dashain and Tihar) and culture
(Depawali).

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Monthly Variation of Load/Power in Nepal as per data of 2019/20

1600
Import Production Peak demand
1400
Power (MW) 1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
Aug/ Sep/ Oct/ Nov/ Dec/ Jan/F Feb/ Mar/ Apr/ May/ June July/
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan eb Mar Apr May june /July Aug
Import 414.7 439 239.5 292.7 402.4 570.5 566.7 556.8 563.6 236.7 249.1 263.2
Production 838.4 968.9 954.1 993 839.7 744.4 733.1 669.5 607.6 787 982.6 1083
Peak demand 1313 1408 1314 1296 1242 1375 1341 1256 1206 1024 1232 1370
Pow er dem and in Sep/Oct increases due to festival and its preparation
Power dem and in w inter m onth increases for heating but power production
decreases during non-m onsoon season due to decrease of flow in river

Importance of Power Regulation Study

• The study of the power/load variation i.e. Power regulation study is
important for planning of power production/generation, transmission
and distribution utilities.
• It also helps to impose systematic tariff of electricity based on the
consumption amount and the sector of services as well as based on the
return of electricity use. High increment charge for higher use of
(beyond 20 units) electricity in domestic sector to discourage more
energy in domestic use where economic return is low but the
electricity tariff for night time consumption in industrial areas to
increase load and promote to use excess energy from ROR in night .
• It also helps to prepare guide lines for operation and maintenance of
power projects to achieve the targeted service at optimum cost for
generation, transmission and distribution system at present and future
time.
• Hence it ultimately helps to formulate policies in energy sectors to
support sustainable economic development of country.

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Different Types of Factors and Their Relationship

Average Load Total Energy Pr oduced
Load factor ( LF )  
• Load Factor: Peak Load Total Energy corresponding toPeak Load

– It is the ratio of the average load during a certain period to the maximum or
peak load during that period.
– The load factor is thus related to the certain period of time consideration and
therefore, there will be daily load factor, weekly load factor, monthly load
factor and yearly load factor depending upon the time period.
– High load factor in Industrial area nearly 1 while it is low in residential area as
low as 0.25 to 0.30.
– If load factor of a power plant is low, it shows the high variations of loads and
large proportion of the generating capacity of the power plants supplying the
power to the area may remain idle for most of the time and the cost of
generation per unit energy (KWh) /power is high
– Load factor value of 0.80 is generally taken during the feasibility study of RoR
hydropower projects in Nepal where common or same feeder line/s are used
for residential, industrial and commercial sector in grid connection mode.

Different Types of Factors and Their Relationship

• Utilization factor or Plant use factor:
– It is the ratio of peak load developed during a certain period to the
installed capacity of the plant.
Peak Load Developed during certain period
Utilizatio n factor (UF ) 
Installed Capacity for the area
– It represents the ratio of maximum proportion of the installed capacity
utilized during that period of consideration.
– The values of utilization factor commonly vary from 0.4 to 0.9 depending
upon the plant capacity, load factor and available water storage
facilities/capacity for peaking runoff river power plant
– For industrial areas, utilization factor may be higher values up to 0.9
– For developed countries, the utilization factor is kept up to 0.9 to assure
electricity supply at the peak hour

Reserve factor: it is the reciprocal of utilization factor. It is the ratio of

Installed capacity to the peak Load.
Installed Capacity
Re serve Factor 
Peak Load

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Different Types of Factors and Their Relationship

• Capacity Factor or Plant factor:

– It is defined as the ratio of the energy that the plant actually

produced during any period to the energy that it might have
produced if operated at full capacity throughout the period.
– In other words, it is defined as the ratio of average load of a
community or area to the installed capacity of power plant
feeding to the area considering the same time interval
Actually Pr oduced Energy Average Load  T
Capacity factor(CF )  
Potential Capacityof Energy Pr oduced Installed Capacity  T
• The capacity factor will be equal to the load factor if the maximum
peak load of the duration is equal to the installed capacity of the
power plant/s i.e. If installed capacity = peak load, load factor =
capacity factor.

• For hydropower plants, the capacity factors varies from about 0.25
to 0.75 depending upon the plant capacity, available water storage
facilities and the load characteristics curve of the community/area.

Different Types of Factors and Their Relationship

• Diversity factor:
– It is the ratio of sum of all sector wise individual max demands
by the customer to the actual peak load of a system.

sum individual max demand by the customer

Diversity factor( DF ) 
Actual peak load of the system

– This factor gives idea about the time diversification of the

peak load and used to decide the sufficient generating plants
and transmission utilities.
– If all demands came at the same time, the diversity factor will
be Unity or one. The installed capacity to feed power in the
area having 1 D.F. would be much more. But in the real world
the Diversity factor is generally much higher than unity
(greater than 10 for domestic and greater than 5 for industrial)

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Different Types of Factors and Their Relationship

Average Load Total Energy Pr oduced
Load factor ( LF )  
Peak Load Total Energy corresponding toPeak Load

Peak Load Developed during certain period

Utilizatio n factor (UF ) 
Installed Capacity

Actually Pr oducedEner gy AverageLoad  T

Capacity factor (CF )  
Potential Capacity of Energy Pr oduced Installed Capacity  T

sum individual max demand by the customer

Diversity factor ( DF ) 
Actual peak load of the system
Installed Capacity
Re serve Factor 
Peak Load
Relationship: Capacity factor = load factor* Utilization factor
Reserve factor = load factor / Capacity Factor

Numerical Example 1:
Two Turbo Generators each of capacity 25000 KW have been installed at a
hydel power plant. During certain period the load on the hydel plant varies
from 15000 KW to 40000 KW. Calculate as follows:
The total installed capacity
The load factor
The plant factor or capacity factor
The utilization factor

• Solution: a) the total installed capacity = 2*25000 = 50000 KW

b) The Load factor LF =average load/peak load=
27500/40000 = 0.6875 = 68.75%
c) The plant factor = Average load/installed capacity =
27500/50000 = 55.00%
d)Utilization factor = Peak load/installed capacity =
40000/50000 =0.80 = 80.00%

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Numerical Example 2:
A power station supplies the following loads to the consumer as given below:
Time (hr) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
Load (MW) 30 70 90 60 100 80 60
i) Draw the load curve and calculate load factor for the plant
ii) What is the load factor of a stand by equipment of 30 MW capacity if it is taken
up all loads above the 70 MW? What is the plant factor and plant use factor of
the standby equipment?
Solution: i) Draw the curve by yourself
For Load factor calculation
Average load = (30*6+70*4+90*2+60*4+100*4+80*2+60*2)/24 = 1560/24 = 65 MW
Load Factor (LF) = Average Load/Peak Load = 65/100 = 0.65 = 65.0%
ii) Installed capacity of stand by station (equipment) = 30 MW
Load taken from the stand by station
Time (hr) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
Load (MW) 0 0 20 0 30 10 0
Average Load for stand by station = (20*2+30*4+10*2)/8 = 180/8 = 22.50
Load factor for the stand by station = 22.50/30 = 0.75 = 75.0%
Plant factor or capacity factor of the stand by station = (ave load)/(Installed capacity ) =
22.5/30 = o.75 =75% iii) Plant use factor or Utilization factor of the stand by station = peak
load /Installed capacity = 30 /30 = 1.0 = 100%. Check from relationship CF =LF*UF

Power Calculation from a Hydropower Project

• For a Hydropower Project, Power Production depends on the Net Head H, Flow
rate Q diverted to the powerhouse and efficiency of the electromechanical
equipments
Efficiency = Output Pow er / Input Pow er = Po /P in =
Hence Po = P = P in*  = Input Energy / time * 

For Calculation of Input Energy of Water = KE or P.E

KE =1/2 mv 2 PE = mgH
KE =1/2* V v 2 P E = VgH = VH
KE =1/2* V 2gH
KE = VH

Use of common equation  = m / V

Velocity head H = V 2/2g
Hence Output Pow er P = P.E or KE/ tim e * 
P =  VH /Tim e *  = =  *V /Tim e *H*  =  QH
The Pow er Produced from Hydropow er Project depends on
a) Specific w eight of w ater diverted to the pow erhouse  = g = constant
b) Net operating head of the project H = Gross head- Headloss
c) Flow Diverted to the pow erhouse for hydropow er Production We know P =E/T
d) Overall efficiency of turbine and generator  =  t*  g Hence E= P*T

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General Pattern of Mean monthly flow in Nepalese River

Flow hydrograph (m3/s) at intake site of a HP
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Flow (m3/s) 1.60 1.33 1.28 1.71 2.82 12.00 17.31 17.55 14.00 7.92 3.15 2.09

The flow in rainy (Monsoon Jun-Sept) season is high but in winter season
(Feb-Mar) minimum flow and ratio of high season monthly flow to dry
season monthly flow season may be very high (more than 15 in some river )

Mont Q in Perce Time

h desce ntage Excee
FDC curve from mean monthly flow nding of dence
order Time
20 Aug 17.55 8.333 8.333
July 17.31 8.333 16.667
18
Sep 14 8.333 25.00
16 Jun 12 8.333 33.333
Oct 7.92 8.333 41.667
14
Nov 3.15 8.333 50.00
Flow (m3/s)

12 May 2.82 8.333 58.333

Dec 2.09 8.333 66.667
10
April 1.71 8.333 75.00
8 Jan 1.6 8.333 83.333
Q40 = 8.4 m 3/s
Feb 1.33 8.333 91.667
6
Mar 1.28 8.333 100.00
4 Total 100.00

2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time Exceedence

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2.3. Definition and meaning of terms such as Firm

power, Secondary power and Duration curve
Duration curve:

• Duration curve is the plot of parameter (loads or power

supply/production) in ordinate and the percentage of time (generally 1
year) exceeding in axis during which the parameter (loads or power
supply/production) is equal or higher in the system.

• Depending upon the parameter like load or power or flow, the duration
curve is called as Load duration curve (LDC) or Power duration curve
(PDC) or flow duration curve (FDC).

• To plot duration curve, the load or power or flow occurred during the
time period is arranged in descending order along with the time during
which they occurred.
• The time percentage of the time period (generally 1 years) for which
the load or power or flow exist computed and then the cumulative
percentage of the time verses load or power or flow is plotted to obtain
duration curve

Typical Power Duration curve

Potential power production from a HP is directly proportional to the discharge available in river
at the dam site and head of the power plant assuming constant value of  and . Once
powerhouse site and dam site are fixed, H will be also fixed and hence potential power
duration can be developed from FDC curve multiplying flow with value corresponding to ×H×

Curve with Storage

Pw = Installed Power IP = Q40H
Secondary Energy Fp (w) =Firm Power = QminH
C C’ D
Pw = IP
Q40 = 40 % time exceedence flow
Qmin = Minimum flow
Power (MW)

Primary Load Factor LF = capacity factor if

Energy peak load =installed capacity.
Capacity factor =Area under the
curve CC’BAOC/Area of the
rectangle AOCDA
Fp(w) B

A
O Primary energy is also called
40% Time % of a Year 100%
firm energy and base energy

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Definition and meaning of terms such as Firm

power, Secondary power
Firm Power: The minimum power which can be generated throughout the all days of a year
from the hydro electric plant is called its firm or primary power represented by P100 which
is available 100 percent of time exceedeings.
It is also known as primary power and the energy generated from the firm power is known
as base energy or firm energy.
For a Run-off-River plant the firm power would correspond to the minimum flow of the
river which would be available throughout the whole year. Due to outage for
maintenance and internal use, the power corresponding to 90% time exceeding i.e. Q90 is
taken as firm power of RoR project in feasibility study in Nepal
By providing the storage (pondage), the firm power can be considerably increased.
Depending upon the minimum discharge that can be available during peak hours in low
flow season. Firm power in PROR and Storage are available only in designed peak hours.
The primary energy is reliable and available throughout the whole year and hence have
high value for reliable supply of energy.

• Secondary Power: It is also known as non firm power. The power in addition to
the firm power would be generated for only a part of the year is known as
secondary or non firm power. The power is also known as surplus power and the
energy is known as surplus Energy. The secondary power is available
intermittently and unpredictable time and quantity hence has less value in
market compared to that of primary power.

Numerical Problems
1. The daily load curve of a certain village is estimated as follows

Time (hr) 0-4 4-7 7-9 9-11 11-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12
Load
10 14 18 16 13 15 18 20 12
(MW)
The above load is supported by a power plant with design discharge of 19.8 m3/s,
operating head 150 m and efficiency 81%. Compute the load factor, capacity factor and
utilization factor and reserve factor. [PU. 2018] (installed capacity P= YQH=23.575
MW)
2. A hydropower plant has an installed capacity of 60 MW. The yearly output of the
plant is 300*10 6 KWh. If the peak load is 50000 KW, determine: i) Annual load factor, ii)
Plant utilsation factor and iii)Capacity factor (PU 2012)

3. Find the load factor, capacity factor and utilization factor of a stand by thermal
power plant having a capacity of 500 MW to supply power at the time greater than
1000 MW in Power system of Nepal at the following situation:
Time
0-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24
(hr)
Load
500 800 1100 1000 1200 1150 1300 1450 1200 600
(MW)

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Numerical Example of firm power:

Assuming tha t the daily flow of a ri ver is cons tant at 15 m 3/s and net head of the power
plant is 10 m and overall effi ciency of 80%. What would be the fi rm capa ci ty of a Run-
off-Ri ver (ROR) plants? What would be the fi rm power if the power plant is developed
as Pondage Run-off-Ri ver (PROR) designed to operate as a peaking power sta tion for 8
hours in a da y (8 hours peaking power s tation)? Wha t should be the magnitude of the
pondage ? Also calculate the pondage factor for the PROR project

Sol ution: Firm capacity of the ROR project without any pondage i .e. RoR project=
P = 1000*9.8*15*10*0.80 = 1176000 W = 1176 KW = 1.176 MW
Fi rm power of 8 hour peaking PROR project
Vol ume of water flow in 24 hours or in 1 day = 24*60*60*15 =1296000 m 3
The fl ow rate if the flow is to be used i n 8 hours
= Des ign flow Q = 1296000/(8*60*60) = 45 m 3/s
Fi rm Power or firm capacity of PROR project of 8 hours peaking station =
P = 1000*9.8*45*10*0.80 = 3528000 W = 3528 KW = 3.528 MW
Pondage factor = Q PROR/QROR = 24/Pea ki ng hour = 45/15 = 24/8 = 3.0
Magnitude of the pondage = volume of wa ter s tored in 16 hours = 16*60*60*15
=864000 m 3 = 0.864 mi l lion m 3.

Power system, Power Grids, Component Concept

Power grid is important for evacuation of power produced at the power plant to the load
distribution centre and the distribution system for supply of the power to the end costumer of energy

In grid power system, the

power produced f rom more
than one power
stations/sources are
connected together to
supply power in load centre
through transmission and
Distribution system

Such System is known as

Grid system or INPS
(Integrated national Power
Sy stem

Most of cities in Nepal are

interlinked with Grid

The rural areas are

supplied with isolated grid
i.e. the power supply is
from only one power station
(Micro, Mini, small etc)

Financial inf easible for

supply of power through
INPS in rural areas

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Advantages Disadvantages of Grid System over

isolated system
Advantages
• Grid system (It) makes possible to use of remote energy sources (that may be Hydropower,
Nuclear, Thermal etc) from load centre
• it helps to improve reliability of power supply system (failure of one station does not interrupt
the power supply in the grid supply area)

• It promote the Utilization of power system production operated in different m ode (Storage, PROR
and ROR) as per need based on load requirement/demand on the grid depending upon the peak
time and its occurrence at different time in various location which makes economic operation
• It helps for reduction of total installe d capacity than that require if supplied from is olated power
system

Disadvantages
• Investment cost is high as it needs towers for supports, good conductors and insulators. It also
need land acquisition for right of way depending upon the transmission voltage. The cost of
transmission line is about 10 Lakhs to 50 Lakhs Per km based on transmission voltage and single
or double circuit

• Grid Transmission system loss is high and unavoidable due to certain resistance in the wires and
transformer.
• Operation and maintenance cost is relatively high due to long transmission and distributions grid

Power Grids, Components of Power System

• In grid system, the general planning is such that some station may be run as base
load station while some other may be run as peak load stations.
• Power production is designed for optimizing the cost and comprising mixture of
thermal, hydro (different types RoR, PRoR and Storage), solar and nuclear sources.
Planning Strategies of power production system for future
Natural resources and technology available in country may dictate the choice of
power production like Hydro in abundant water resources area, Thermal if coal or
petroleum mines are available or Nuclear if sophisticated technology is available
considering the overall economy to satisfy the power demand or load.
Formulate power operation policies to meet the demand satisfactory at minimum
cost of generation and supply combining different types of sources Hydro ( ROR,
PROR, Storage ), Thermal and Nuclear depending upon the availability of resources.
Guiding principle for optimum use of electricity in Nepal
• Maximum Load sharing by hydro as it is clean and renewable, ROR and PROR in
rainy season and Reservoir and PROR in dry season
• Res ervoir /storage a nd PROR a re generally operated for peaking demand as the
hydropower plants have quick response ca pacity compared to thermal and nuclear
• Special attention for development of pumped storage hydro plants is required for use of
excess energy during off peak hours (night time) to produce hydro -power from
pumped s torage water during peak hours.

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Power Grid Components

• Switch yard at power station
• Transmission lines
• Substation
• Distribution network
• Safety notice and fences
Step up transformer /lighting
arrestor/energy meter
Wires/towers/insulators
step down transformer/
energy meter/switch yards step
/lighting arrestor
pole/tower transformer step
up/down depending upon the
requirements of voltage level
connecting wires, insulators, energy
meters, fuses etc
Notice boards/ fencing, awareness
campaign etc

VS Ns

Energy Loss = I2 * R

Vp Np Preferable for high voltage of transmission

i.e. low current for minimization of energy
P V *I loss in transmission

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How to calculate right of way for transmission line?

Right of Way calculation for Typical Transmission Lines of 66 KV line
Distance between the wires = 2cm*66 = 132 cm+ FS
Distance between two wires = at least 2
cm per 1 KV and it has to be increased
with increase of humidity in the air
(Thumb rule) to protect from sparking
and leakage of electricity. It can be
reduced by providing proper insulation on
the wires
2.00 m + 1*0.305= 2.305 m +FS

Trimming is under regular

maintenance 5.2 m + 1*0.305 m + FS

Right of Way
What are the constrains/problems in development of transmission lines?
Social Problem: Difficult to complete the land acquisition process (no compensation under the
line, limited compensation for tower foundation only, need long strips of land along the
transmission line), no direct benefit for the people from transmission lines –It is totally different
from road construction

Provisions in Electricity Regulation 2050 BS

for more than 33,000 volt , additional 0.305 m for each 33000 volt increase
required for horizontal and vertical distance

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Different types of Tower commonly used in

Transmission system

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Additional problems
Q.N.1 A run off river plant operates at 25% load factor with an installed capacity of 16 MW
when it works as a peak load plant. Find the minimum flow rate in the stream so that it
may serve as base load plant. The efficiency and head are 85 percent and 20 m
respectively. Find the maximum LF of the plant when Q = 35 m 3/s.
Solution (refer to Sanjeeb Baral book pg 76 example 4 -6)
L.F.= ave load/peak load, and assuming peak load = installed capacity = 16 MW,
from LF = Ave load/Peak load Hence, Ave load =0.25*16 MW = 4MW
Let Q be the plant to run as base load, base load =ave load = p=yQHn, so Q =23.985 m3/s
base load power station run 24 hours of a day, while peak load power plant operates only
in peak load period i.e. peak hours
When Q = 35 m3/s, Then average power production Pav = yQHn= 5.836 MW
Then LF = ave load/peak load = 5.836/16 = 36.475%
Q.N.2 A run off river station with an installed capacity of 15 MW operates at 15% Load factor
when it serves as a peak load station. What should be the lowest discharge in the stream
so that the station may serve as the base load station? If it is given that the plant efficiency
is 75% when working under a head of 20 m. Also calculate the maximum load factor of the
plant when the discharge in the stream rises to 20 m 3/s
Solution (refer to Sanjeeb Baral book pg 88 example 4 -10)
L.F.= ave load/peak load, peak load = installed capacity 15 MW, so ave load =0.15*15 MW =
2.25MW, Let Q be the plant to run as base load, base load =ave load = p=yQHn, so Q
=15.31 m3/s When Q = 20 m3/s, p ave = 2.94 MW, load factor = ave load/peak load =
2.94/15 = 19.6 %

Additional problems
Q.N.3 . A run off river plant is installed on a river having a minimum flow of 15 m3 /s. if the plant is used
as a peak load plant operating only for 6 hours daily (i.e. 6 hour peaking plant) compute the firm
capacity of the plant.

i) Without pondge, ii) with pondage but allowing 10% water to be lost in evaporation and other losses
if head of the plant is 16 m and plant efficiency may be assumed as 80%
Solution (sanjeeb Baral pg 89, example 4-12)

i) Firm power for simple RoR without pondage, P= yQHn = 1.882 MW

ii)For 6 hours peaking PROR project, volume of water available when plant is not operating =
15*18*3600 , net amount of water pondage after 10% losses =0.9 * 15*18*3600 =0.875 million m3,
total available Q for peaking hours 6 hours = 15+0.875*10^6/( 6*60*60) =55.51 m3/s. So, Firm power
of 6 hours peaking PROR project = P = yQHn = 6.963 MW

Q.N.4 A run of river plant has a minimum flow of 30 m3 /s and net head of 70 m. the overall efficiency of
a plant is 85%, calculate the installed capacity of a plant a)without pondage firm power b) if the plant
is designed for a peaking plant with 6 hours peaking ( morning 2 hours and evening 4 hours). The plant
has two set of units such that one unit with full capacity is operated during off peak hours. If total
evaporation and other loss 5% of the stored water.
Solution (sanjeeb Baral pg 89, example 4-13)

Hints: a) P= yQHn = 17.510 MW b) volume of water available continuously to store during off peak
hours =50% of water =15 m3/s = 15*18*3600 , net amount of water pondage after 5% losses =0.95 *
15*18*3600 =0.92314 million m3 , total available Q for peaking hours 6 hours = 30+0.92314*10^6/(
6*60*60) = 72.73796 m3/s. Firm power of PROR project = P = yQHn = 42.456 MW

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