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Chpat 1 Introduction Modifed
Chpat 1 Introduction Modifed
1. Introduction 4 hours
1.1. Introduction to Power, their types and Comparison
1.5. Run off the river, storage and pump storage plants
Madhya Bhote
Sunkoshi HP-10.05MW Budhi Gandaki
Koshi HP 102 MW
HP 1200 MW
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Source: BP Statiscal review of World Energy June 2020 from web site
https://www.bp.com/.../bp/pdf/energy.../statistical-review-2020bp-statistical-review-of-w...
by E Outlook - 2020
Fossil (%) Nuclear (%) Renewable (%) Fossil fuels contribution in 2019 is about 84.32%
100
a) Fuel wood 265.4 302.6 344.9 349.6 354.3 357.8 360.30 365.16
b) Agri. Residue 13.1 14.9 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.80 18.05
c) Animal dung 19.0 21.6 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.59 18.84
(ii) Commercial 71.0 78.4 82.9 98.6 95.1 137.6 155.57 172.30
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The Pharping hydropower station was developed with the technical and
financial aid of British Government at the cost of NRs 7,13,373.07 within 17
months in 1911 (BS 1968 Jestha 9 date of completion) .
It was made during the ruling of the prime minister of Chandra Samsher JB
Rana to enlighten Rana’s family plalace
The power house with the installed capacity of 500 kW was running
successfully till 1981 but after then, the water used for the plant was
diverted for drinking purpose and the plant was shut down. Even now, this
plant can be restarted if the supply of water is made possible (NEA, 2003a).
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Source: IAEA Report on Hydropower and the World's Energy Future By 2040, annual Energy
and World Energy resources Hydropower 2020 published by produced from hydro i.e.
World Energy council hydro-electricity
Hydropow er: About 100 GW capacity hydropow er 6150 billion kw h =6150TWh
projects are under construction
East
Asia
Pacif ic
Europe
North and
Central
America South
America
South and
Central Africa
Asia
Hydropower capacity
(GW) and Energy
generation (TWh) in
2019 by region
Source:
https://www.hydropo wer.
Source: org/resources/status-
Key World Energy reportHydropower Status
Statistics 2020 Report 2020
(IAEA)
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Source:
Key World Energy
Statistics 2020
(IAEA)
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16000
Per capita
14000
consumption in 2019
12000
of
10000
8000 Japan = 7446 Kwh
6000 South Korea =10458 Kwh
4000
North Korea =615 Kwh
2000 Per capita electricity
0 consumption of Nepal
World
Bangl Pakist Srilan Canad South in 2020 = 267
China India Nepal USA Avera
adesh an ka a Korea Kwh/capita
ge
Series1 488 5297 972 267 658 742 16648 10458 12235 3081 Nepalese people
consumes electricity
About 93% of the population of Nepal get access to Electricity about 11.5 times less
By 2023, Government has targeted to serve 100% of the than the world
people w ith reliable (grid connected) electricity average
IPP- f rom 1992 onwards after introduction of BOOT principles in Hydropower Development Policy 1992
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UTILIZATION OF HYDRO-ELECTRICITY
Residential sector for lighting, running domestic appliances like
radios, TVs irons to modern, equipment like rice cookers, geezers,
computers, modern audio- visuals, refrigerators, air conditioners,
vacuum cleaners
Industrial sector for running machines to produce or process goods
and commodities, heating, cooling etc
Commercial sectors for cooking , heating , lighting , water pumping
and running other electrical appliances in offices, shopping complex,
entertainment centers
Transport sector for motive power, cable car, rope ways, trolleybus,
heating and lighting
Agriculture sector in lift irrigation pumping water, food processing,
cold store etc
Others- for communication system, medical clinics and hospitals etc
About 93% of the total population in Nepal has access to the Electricity. (Economic survey
report 2020/21 published by MoF) Almost all of the energy are from Hydro-power and
energy supply 7551 GWh in 2019 including 2582 GWh purchase from India and 2590 GWh
from NEA owned power plant and 2190 GWh from IPP of Nepal. The Transmission and
distribution System loss =20.163% in 2019 (Source : Annual Report of NEA 2019/20)
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Annual average rate of power and energy increase percentage is nearly 10%
Source: NEA Annual report 2015/16
Potential of Hydropower
World’s theoretical potential of hydropower 5610 GW
World’s total technically feasible hydro potential 4365 GW (14 370 TWh/year)
Major hydropow er potential development are in Africa, Asia and Latin Am erica
Technically feasible Economically feasible
potential: potential:
Source: Hydropower & Dams, World Atlas and Industry Guide, 2000 in IAEA Report
on Hydropow er and the World's Energy Future IHA, ICOLD, IAHTP, CHA et.al. 2000
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1.5% of world’s total theoretical hydropower potential is in Nepal’s land (147516 Km 2) of only
0.10% of the world total (148940000 Km 2). This shows that hydropower potential per unit land
area in Nepal is about 14.93 times higher than that of the world average. (H.M. Shrestha, 1985,
p.34).
Theoretical potential of Hydropow er in Nepal
The Karnali and Mahakali river systems represent approx imately 43 percent
theoretical and 55 percent of the technical/economical potential hydropow er of Nepal
Source: Energy Synopsis of Nepal WECS 2010 sited from Dr. Hariman Shrestha's doctoral
thesis prepared in 1966 (Shrestha, H.M., 1966).
Explain How hydropower development in western Part of Nepal can be a tool
for minimizing unbalance of regional development in Nepal
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Upper
Karnali (900)
Upper
Tamakoshi
(456)
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Transmission lines
33 KV and 11 KV
230 KV, 132 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV
6.6 KV to 11 KV 11 KV and 3 KV
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Fra ncis Turbine are used in Medium head to the high head power projects (30 m
to 500 m hea d)
The pressure energy as well as kinetic energy of the water is used to rotate the
turbi ne. The casing of the turbine is of spiral casing made of steel plate and need
to be of s ufficiently thick to bear water pressure.
Fra ncis Turbines are also known as Radial flow turbines a l so known as medium
head and medium flow turbines
Pel ton Turbines used in High to very high head hydropower project (300 m-2000 m
hea d)
The wa ter nozzle jet with high velocity is formed before s triking the turbine runner
bl a de. Hence the KE of water i s used to rotate the turbine by s triking the nozzle jet.
Pel ton turbines are known as High head low discharge turbine
Pel ton Turbines are also known as Impulse Turbine whi l e Propeller, Kaplan a nd
Fra ncis turbines a re known as Reactive Turbines
In net head calculation for Pelton turbines used in powerhouse, The gross head is
the difference of elevation of head water level and elevation of axis of rotation
and hence H and then power production may vary depending upon alignment
(vertical or horizontal) if the elevation of axis of rotation of the turbine is kept
different in different alignment.
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High dam is
provided at the
headwork site
Storage
(Reservoir)
type w ith
pow erhouse
at Dam toe
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Head works
ROR type w eir
PROR type Barrage
Storage type High dam
Water Conveyance
Headrace channel Head
race tunnel or
combination of both
Powerhouse
w ith the underground
pow erhouse
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Tidal Range
12 hr 25 min 12 hr 25 min
• Sea water rises or falls twice a day, each full cycle occupying about 12
hours 25 minutes interval. The tidal range or the difference between the
high tide and low tide level is utilized to generate power.
• This is accomplished constructing a basin separated from the sea by a wall
or a barrier and installing a turbine in opening through this wall or barrier.
• During high tide water passes from the sea to the basin thus running the
turbine and generating power. During low tide, water from the basin flows
back to the sea which can also be utilized to generate power by providing
another set of turbine operating in opposite flow direction.
• Example France: Rance power plant, tidal range 11 m, 9 units of 38 MW
each with total capacity of 342 MW., Sihwa Tidal Power plant in South
korea 254 MW producing 5527 GWh in a year
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Opportunities of Development
Clean and renewable Energy
more attractive sources of energy, technology of its production and use has been already
developed and affordable. easy to handle and transport from its production to the load
center. Water resources can be taken as white coal and policies has been introduced to
exploit the white coal in worldwide for supply of necessary energy (IAEA energy for future
world)
Market available
China and India are in developing phase at high growth rate and have high energy demand,
hydropower can export to reduce trade gap. Electricity produced can also be used for
domestic use in promotion of industrial activities replacing the petroleum fuels that has to
be imported paying hard currency.
Cheap labor force availability
Nepal has developed lot of engineering institutes and technical centers after the restoration
of Democracy in 1989 (BS 2046). The institutions have produced lot of skilled and semi
skilled man powers. These human resources are available at cheap rate compared to that of
the man power from developed countries
Favorable geological and topographical conditions
The steep river topography with good geological conditions are the favorable and essentials
for development of hydropower projects at low cost of investment. The perennial rivers
with considerable low flow with less sediment production from high Himalayas are available
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