Learning Outcome - 1 - Three Phase Circuit (003) - 2020

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power
Principles of Machines and Power
Electrical Engineering Technology

Higher Colleges of Technology
2020
Dr. Moath Awawdeh

Ruwais Women’s College
ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power Higher Colleges of Technology 1

Course Learning Outcome (CLO) 1
Analyze Three-Phase Electrical

Circuits.
1.1 List the advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase systems with
the same capacity.
1.2 Describe the construction and operation of a simple three-phase AC generator.

1.3 Calculate voltage and current in star and delta circuits.
1.4 Build star-star, star-delta, and delta-delta three-phase circuits and use
appropriate instruments to measure the phase voltages, phase currents, line
voltages, line currents, and associated power.
1.5 Determine the currents, voltages and powers in three-phase balanced and
unbalanced circuits.
1.6 Describe the per unit system of calculations in electrical networks
ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2020 2

Review – AC Voltage Generation
An Electrical Generator is a device that produces an Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) by

changing the number of Magnetic Flux Lines (Lines of Force), Φ, passing through a
Wire Coil
• The ac generator has slip rings that pick up the induced voltage through a
complete rotation cycle
• The induced voltage is related to the number of lines of flux being cut.
• When the loop is moving parallel with the lines of flux, no voltage is induced.
• When the loop is moving perpendicular to the lines of flux, the maximum
voltage is induced

Review – Faraday’s law and Lorentz force
Generator Action – Farady’s Law Motor Action – Lorentz Force
Moving a conductor through magnetic Passing a current through a conductor

field, cause a current through in the creates a force which causes the
conductor. conductor to move through field, the
magnitude of force acting on conductor
Whenever a conductor cuts a
magnetic field, a voltage is induced
across its terminals. The value of the The maximum force acting on a
induced voltage is given by: straight conductor is given by
𝑬 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝑭 = 𝑩𝒍𝑰
𝑬 = induced voltage [V] 𝑭 = force acting on the conductor [N]

𝑩 = flux density [T] 𝑩 = flux density of the field [T]
𝒍 = active length of the conductor in 𝒍 = active length of the conductor in
the magnetic field [m] the magnetic field [m]
𝒗 = relative speed of the conductor [m/s] 𝑰 = current in the conductor [A]

Review – Single Phase Generator
Consider a permanent magnet NS revolving at constant speed inside a stationary
iron ring (stator), the magnet is driven by an external mechanical source, such as a
turbine. Figures below show Single phase generator with a multiturn coil embedded
in two slots.
The flux density is greater The flux does not cut the If we plot Ea1 as a function of
at the center of the pole conductor at the moment the angle of rotation, we obtain
the sinusoidal voltage shown
At this instant Ea1 At this instant Ea1 in Figure above (Voltage
is maximum (+). is Zero. induced in winding A)

Review – Two Phase Generator
Using the same single-phase generator, let us mount a second winding (B) on the
stator, identical to winding A, but displaced from it by a mechanical angle of 90° (Fig,
a below).
As the magnet rotates, sinusoidal voltages are induced in each winding. They
obviously have the same magnitude and frequency but do not reach their maximum
value at the same time (Fig, b below).
This machine is called a two-phase The two voltages are out of phase by
generator, and the stator windings are 90°. Note that Ea1 leads Eb2 because it
respectively called phase A and phase reaches its peak positive value before
B. Eb2 does.

Introduction – Three Phase Generator
A3-phase generator is similar to a 2-phase generator, except that the stator has three
identical windings instead of two. The three windings a-1, b-2, and c-3 are placed at
120° to each other, as shown in Fig. a
At the moment when the magnet is in the position

shown in Fig. a, only voltage Ea1 is at its a
maximum positive value.
Voltage Eb2 will reach its positive peak after the

rotor has turned through an angle of 120° (or one
third of a turn).
b
Similarly, voltage Ec3 will attain its positive peak
after the rotor has turned through 240° (or two-
thirds of a turn) from its initial position.
Phasor diagram of the induced voltages of 3- c

phase generator. Fig. c
Introduction - Power output of a 3-phase generator
Let us consider Fig. a below (Three-phase, 6-wire system). The instantaneous power
supplied to each resistor is composed of a power wave that surges between zero and
a maximum value 𝑷𝒎 .
The total output of a 3-phase generator has a magnitude of 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑷𝒎 . Because the

electrical output is constant, the mechanical power required to drive the rotor is
also constant, and so a 3-phase generator does not vibrate. Furthermore, the
power flow over the transmission line, connecting the generator to the load, is
constant.

Advantages of Three-Phase Systems
Electric power is generated, transmitted, and distributed in the form of 3-phase

power. Homes and small establishments are wired for single-phase power, but this
merely represents a tap-off from the basic 3-phase system. Three-phase power is
preferred over single-phase power for several important reasons, mainly:
a. Three-phase motors, generators, and transformers are simpler, cheaper,

and more efficient
b. Three-phase transmission lines can deliver more power for a given weight
and cost
c. The voltage regulation of 3-phase transmission lines is inherently better

Further Advantages:
AC power systems have a great advantage over DC systems in that their voltage
levels can be changed with transformers to reduce transmission losses.
The power delivered to a three- phase load is constant at all times, instead of
pulsing as it does in single-phase systems
Three-Phase power never falls to zero.

Phase Sequence in Three-Phase Power
Phase Sequence The phase sequence of a three-phase power system is the order
in which the voltages in the individual phases peak. The three-phase power system
illustrated in previous slide is said to have phase sequence abc, since the voltages
in the three phases peak in the order a, b, c.
abc (or positive) phase sequence acb (or negative) phase sequence
𝑽𝒂 = 𝑉 ∠ 0° 𝑉 𝑽𝒂 = 𝑉 ∠ 0° 𝑉
𝑽𝒃 = 𝑉 ∠ − 120° 𝑉 𝑽𝒃 = 𝑉 ∠ + 120° 𝑉
𝑽𝒄 = 𝑉 ∠ + 120° 𝑉 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑉 ∠ − 120° 𝑉

Voltage and Currents in Three Phase Circuits
The three-Phase AC circuit can be connected mainly in two basic connection:

1. Y – Connection (Wye or Star connection)
2. Δ – connection (Delta connection)
Y – Connected Source Δ – Connected Source
Each generator and each load in a three-phase power system may be either Y or Δ
connected. Any number of Y and Δ connected generators and loads may be mixed
on a power system. (4 possible connections: Y-Y, Y- Δ, Δ- Δ, Δ-Y)
Voltage and Currents in wye (Y) Connection
A Y-connected three-phase generator with an abc phase sequence connected to a

resistive load is shown in Figure below
𝑉𝑎𝑛 , 𝑉𝑏𝑛 , 𝑉𝑐𝑛 Line-neutral Voltage (Phase Voltage 𝑽𝝓 ) 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐 Phase current

𝑉𝑎𝑏 , 𝑉𝑏𝑐 , 𝑉𝑐𝑎 Line-Line Voltage (Line Voltage 𝑽𝑳𝑳 ) 𝐼𝐿 Line current

The Phase Voltages Quantities:

𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠0°
𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The Line Voltages Quantities: (Relation to Phase Voltage)
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝟑 𝑽𝝓 ∠ 𝟑𝟎°
𝑽𝒃𝒄 = 𝟑 𝑽𝝓 ∠ − 𝟗𝟎°
𝑽𝒄𝒂 = 𝟑 𝑽𝝓 ∠ − 𝟐𝟏𝟎°

The relationship between the magnitudes of the line-to-line voltage and the line-to-
neutral (phase) voltage in a Y-connected generator or load is
𝑽𝑳𝑳 = 𝟑 𝑽𝝓 Y-connected
The line voltages are

shifted 30° with respect to
the phase voltages = 𝑽𝒂𝒏 +𝑽𝒏𝒃
Note that for Y connections with the abc
phase sequence such as the one in
previous Fig, the voltage of a line leads
the corresponding phase voltage by
30°. For Y connections with the acb
phase sequence, the voltage of a line
lags the corresponding phase voltage
by 30°

The Phase current Quantities: (The current in each phase of the generator will be
at the same angle as the voltage)
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠0°
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The Line current Quantities: (The current in any line is the same as the current in
the corresponding phase)
𝑰𝑳𝑳 = 𝑰𝝓 Y-connected

wye (Y-Y) Connection (4 Wires) – Balanced Circuit
A three-phase power system in which the three generators have voltages that are
exactly equal in magnitude and 120° different in phase, and in which all three loads
are identical, is called a balanced three-phase system
A B
𝑰𝑵 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼 ∠ − 𝜃 + 𝐼 ∠ − 𝜃 − 120 + 𝐼 ∠ − 𝜃 + 240
𝑰𝑵 = 𝟎 𝑨
As long as the three loads are equal, the return current
in the neutral is zero!
wye (Y-Y) Connection (3 Wires) – Balanced Circuit
Transmission Line
ZLA
ZLB
Transmission Line
A B
n - VNn + N
Transmission Line
ZLC
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑵𝒏
𝑰𝑨 =
𝒁𝑨
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑵𝒏 𝑉𝜙 ∠0° − 𝑽𝑵𝒏 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 120° − 𝑽𝑵𝒏 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 240° − 𝑽𝑵𝒏
𝑰𝑩 = 𝟎= + +
𝒁𝑩 𝒁𝑨 𝒁𝑩 𝒁𝑪
𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑵𝒏 Solve for 𝑽𝑵𝒏 so → 𝑽𝑵𝒏 = 0
𝑰𝑪 =
𝒁𝑪

Voltage and Currents in Delta (Δ) Connection
A Δ -connected three-phase generator with an abc phase sequence connected to

a resistive load is shown in Figure below
𝑉𝑎𝑛 , 𝑉𝑏𝑛 , 𝑉𝑐𝑛 Line-neutral Voltage (Phase Voltage 𝑽𝝓 ) 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐 Phase current

𝑉𝑎𝑏 , 𝑉𝑏𝑐 , 𝑉𝑐𝑎 Line-Line Voltage (Line Voltage 𝑽𝑳𝑳 ) 𝐼𝐿 Line current

The Phase Voltages Quantities:

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠0°
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The Line Voltage Quantities: (In case of Δ connection, the line-to-line voltage
between any two lines will be the same as the voltage in the corresponding phase)
𝑽𝑳𝑳 = 𝑽𝝓 Δ -connected

The Phase Current Quantities:

𝐼𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠0°
𝐼𝑏𝑐 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝐼𝑐𝑎 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The Line Current Quantities: (Relation to Phase Current)

𝑰𝒂 = 𝟑 𝑰𝝓 ∠ − 𝟑𝟎°
Therefore, the relationship between the magnitudes of the line and phase currents
in a Δ -connected generator or load is
𝑰𝑳𝑳 = 𝟑 𝑰𝝓
Delta (Δ) – Wye (Y) Transform – Balanced
Δ -connected sources and loads included in a power system can be analyzed by a

standard approach; which is to transform the impedances by the Y–Δ transform of
elementary circuit theory
For balanced loads, a Δ -connected load consisting of three equal impedances,

each of value Z, is totally equivalent to a Y-connected load consisting of three
impedances, each of value Z /3.
Y- Δ transformation. A Y-connected impedance of Z/3 Ω is totally equivalent to a Δ -

connected impedance of Z Ω to any circuit connected to the load’s terminals.
Delta (Δ) – Wye (Y) Transform – Balanced
Δ -connected sources and loads included in a power system can be analyzed by a

standard approach; which is to transform the impedances by the Y–Δ transform of
elementary circuit theory
For balanced loads, a Δ -connected load consisting of three equal impedances,

each of value Z, is totally equivalent to a Y-connected load consisting of three
impedances, each of value Z /3.
Y- Δ transformation. A Y-connected impedance of Z/3 Ω is totally equivalent to a Δ -

connected impedance of Z Ω to any circuit connected to the load’s terminals.
Active, Reactive, and Apparent Power in 3-Phase Circuits
The required power supply to an electric circuit depends on the
• Active Power (P) [watt, W]- Real electrical resistance power consumption in circuit
(dissipated in resistance),
• Reactive power (Q) [volt-ampere reactive, var] - Imaginary inductive and capacitive
power consumption in circuit (power due to stored energy, which returns to the source in
each cycle)
The required power supply is called

the Apparent power (S) [volt ampere, VA].
Which is the power supplied to the electric
circuit - typical from a power supplier to the
grid - to cover the real and reactive power
consumption in the loads.

Active, Reactive, and Apparent Power in 3-Phase Circuits
The relationship between active power P, reactive power Q, and apparent power S is the
same for balanced 3-phase circuits as for single-phase circuits. We therefore have
Power Phase Quantities Line quantities Equivalent

ACTIVE 𝟑 × 𝑽𝝓 × 𝑰𝝓 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟑 × 𝑽𝑳 × 𝑰𝑳 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟑 𝑰𝟐𝝓 𝒁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
REACTIVE 𝟑 × 𝑽𝝓 × 𝑰𝝓 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟑 × 𝑽𝑳 × 𝑰𝑳 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟑 𝑰𝟐𝝓 𝒁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
APPARENT 𝟑 × 𝑽𝝓 × 𝑰∗𝝓 𝟑 × 𝑽𝑳 × 𝑰∗𝑳 𝟑 𝑰𝟐𝝓 𝒁
S : total 3-phase apparent power [VA]

P : total 3-phase active power [W]
Q : total 3-phase reactive power [var]
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 : power factor of the 3-phase load phase angle between the line current and the
line-to-neutral voltage [°]
Conjugate (𝑰∗ ) : If a current has a value I ∠𝜃, its conjugate 𝐈 ∗ = 𝑰 ∠ − 𝜽

E-BOOK EXAMPLE
A 208-V three-phase power system is shown in Figure 2–13 (eBook). It consists of an

ideal 208-V Y-connected three-phase generator connected through a three-phase
transmission line to a Y-connected load. The transmission line has an impedance of
0.06 + j0.12 Ω per phase, and the load has an impedance of 12 + j9 Ω per phase. For
this simple power system.
Go to e-Text Book and solve (Examples: 2-1 and 2-2).
Refer to: CHAPTER 2, Page [75 – 82]

Phase Sequence
Phase sequence means the order in which the three line voltages become successively
positive
In figure shown, the phase sequence of the

source is known to be A-C-B. Draw the phasor
diagram of the line voltages.
The voltages follow the sequence A-C-B (A C B A C B A C B …), which is the same as
the sequence AC-CB-BA-AC. . . . Consequently, the line voltage sequence is EAC - ECB –
EBA and the corresponding phasor diagram is

Power Measurement in AC Circuits
Wattmeters are used to measure active power in single-phase and 3-phase circuits. Owing
to its external connections and the way it is built, a wattmeter may be considered to be a
voltmeter and ammeter combined in the same box.
Consequently, it has 2 potential terminals and 2 current terminals. One of the potential
terminals and one of the current terminals bears a ± sign. The ± signs are polarity marks
that determine the positive or negative reading of the wattmeter. Thus, when the voltage
terminal is positive at the same time as current is entering the ± current terminal, then the
wattmeter will give a positive (upscale) reading.
Method of connecting a single-phase wattmeter.

Power Measurement In 3-Phase, 3-Wire Circuits
In a 3-phase, 3-wire system, the active power

supplied to a 3-phase load may be measured by two
single-phase wattmeters connected as shown in Fig.
The total power is equal to the sum of the two
wattmeter readings
The two-wattmeter method gives the active power absorbed whether the load is
balanced or unbalanced.
To determine the Power Factor angle
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟑 → 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟑
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐

Power Measurement In 3-Phase, 4-Wire Circuits
In 3-phase, 4-wire circuits, three single-phase wattmeters are needed to measure the total
power. The connections are made as shown in Fig. Note that the current terminal is again
connected to the potential terminal. When the wattmeters are connected this way, an
upscale reading means that active power is flowing from source A, B, C, N to the load.
The total power supplied to the load is equal to the sum of the three wattmeter
readings.
The threewattmeter method gives the active power for both balanced and unbalanced
loads.

VARmeter
A varmeter indicates the reactive power in a circuit. It is

built the same way as a wattmeter is, but an internal
circuit shifts the line voltage by 90° before it is applied to
the potential coil. Varmeters are mainly employed in the
control rooms of generating stations and the substations
of electrical utilities and
large industrial consumers.
In 3-phase, 3-wire balanced circuits, we can calculate the

reactive power from the two wattmeter readings
We simply multiply the difference of the two readings by √3. For example, if the
two wattmeters indicate +5950 W and -2380 W respectively,
the reactive power is (5950 - 2380) × √3 = 6176 vars.
Note that this method of var measurement is only valid for balanced 3-
phase circuits

Per Unit System of Measurements
The SI (-The officially recognized metric system is the International System of Units, for which the universal
abbreviation is SI.-) units enable us to specify the magnitude of any quantity. Thus mass is
expressed in kilograms, power in watts, and electric potential in volts. However, we can
often get a better idea of the size of something by comparing it to the size of something
similar. In effect, we can create our own unit and specify the size of similar quantities
compared to this arbitrary unit. This concept gives rise to the per-unit method of expressing
the magnitude of a quantity.
In per unit notation, the physical quantity is In per unit notation, the physical
quantity is expressed as a fraction of the reference value
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑿
𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑿 =
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑿
Where the base value is a reference value for magnitude
Base quantities : Per-unit system with one base

Per-unit system with Two base

Per-unit system with one base
If we select the size of only one quantity as our measuring stick, the per-unit system is said
to have a single base. The base may be a power, a voltage, a current, or a velocity
Example: composed of several resistors, capacitors, and inductors having the impedances
shown. If we decide to use an impedance of 1500 ohms as the base, the per-unit
impedances are as follows
𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎 Ω 𝟒𝟓𝟎 Ω 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎 Ω 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 Ω

𝑹𝟏(𝒑𝒖) = = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 , 𝑹𝟐(𝒑𝒖) = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 , 𝑿𝑳(𝒑𝒖) = = 𝟑. 𝟐 , 𝑿𝑪(𝒑𝒖) = =𝟐
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 Ω 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 Ω 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 Ω 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 Ω
Given circuit Equivalent per-unit circuit

Per-unit system with Two base
In electrotechnology the per-unit system becomes particularly useful when two
bases are used. The bases are usually a base voltage EB and a base power PB
One interesting feature of the voltage/power per unit system is that it automatically
establishes a corresponding base current and base impedance. Thus the base current IB is
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑷𝑩
𝑰𝑩 = =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑬𝑩
and the base impedance ZB is
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑬𝑩
𝒁𝑩 = =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑰𝑩
For example, if the base voltage is 4 kV and the base power is 500 kW, the base current is
𝑷 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑬 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑰𝑩 = 𝑬𝑩 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑨 and the base impedance is 𝒁𝑩 = 𝑰 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟐 Ω
𝑩 𝑩
In effect, by selecting the voltage/power perunit system we also get a base current and
a base impedance.

Per Unit System of Measurements - Three Phase Systems
In power system calculations the nominal voltage of lines and equipment is almost
always known, so the voltage is a convenient base value to choose. The
apparent power (volt-ampere - S) is usually chosen as a second base. In
equipment this quantity is usually known and makes a convenient base. The choice
of these two base quantities will automatically fix the base of current, impedance,
and admittance.
For single-phase systems or three-phase systems where the term current refers to
line current, where the term voltage refers to line to neutral voltage, and where the
term voltamperes refers to volt-amperes per phase, the following formulae relate the
various quantities: [Reference PowerLearn project copyright © 2000]
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜙 [𝑉𝐴]
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 [𝐴] =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝐿𝑁)
2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑁
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Ω = → =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜙 [𝑉𝐴]
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 [Ω]

Generally, Per Unit impedence of an element = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 [Ω]

CLO 1: Examples
Example 1: A balanced star connected 3 phase load of 10Ω per phase is supplied
from a 400V 50 Hz main supply at unity power factor. Calculate the phase voltage,
the line current and the total power consumed
𝑉𝐿 400
𝑉𝐿 = 3 × 𝑉𝑃 → 𝑽𝑷 = = = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟗 𝑽
3 3
𝑉𝑃 230
𝑰𝑳 = 𝐼𝑃 = = = 𝟐𝟑 𝑨
𝑅𝑃 10
𝑃 = 3 × 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿 × cos 𝜃
= 3 × 400 × 23 × 1
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑾
Note: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
CLO 1: Examples
Example 2: A 20 kW 400V balanced delta connected load has a power factor of 0.8,
Calculate the line current and the phase current
𝑃 = 3 × 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿 × cos 𝜃
𝑃 20000
𝑰𝑳 = = = 𝟑𝟔 𝑨
3 × 𝑉𝐿 × cos 𝜃 3 × 400 × 0.8
Since delta connected load so 𝐼𝐿 = 3 × 𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝐿 36
𝑰𝑷 = → = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝑨
3 3
Note: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
CLO 1: Examples
Example 3: A 3Ph, 60 Hz wye connected generator, generates a line to-line voltage

of 23,900 V. Calculate,,,
a. The line-to-neutral voltage

𝐸𝐿 23900
𝑬𝑷 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑽
3 3
b. The voltage induced in the individual windings
𝑬𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑽
c. The time interval between the positive peak voltage of phase A and the positive
peak of phase B
120 1
𝑻= × = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒔
360 60
d. The peak value of the line voltage

𝑬𝑳(𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌) = 2 𝑬𝑳 = 2 × 23900 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑽
Note: Regarding c. One complete cycle 360° → 1/60 s.

Consequently a phase angle of 120° → T s.
CLO 1: Examples
Example 4: The generator in the Figure generates a line voltage of 865 V, and each
load resistor has an impedance of 50 Ω. Calculate:
a. The voltage across each resistor
𝐸𝐿 865
𝑬𝑷 = = = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑽
3 3
b. The current in each resistor
𝐸𝑃 500
𝑰𝑷 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝑨
𝑅 50
c. The total power output of the generator
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔: 𝑷 = 𝑬𝑷 × 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟓𝒌𝑾

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓): 𝑷 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝒌𝑾
Note: Further reading on Wildi Book, Three phase circuit Page 170

CLO 1: Examples
Example 5: Three identical impedances are connected in delta across a 3-phase,

550 V line. If the line current is 10 A, calculate the following:
a. The current in each impedance
𝐼𝐿 10
𝑰𝒁 = = = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟕 𝑨
3 3
b. The value of each impedance [Ω]
𝐸𝑃 550
𝒁= = = 𝟗𝟓 Ω
𝐼𝑍 5.77
Note: See Wildi Book: Chapter 8, Example 5, Page 174. For further reading

wye (Y-Y) Connection – Example
Consider the 3-phase 3-wire balanced system shown.
1. Calculate the phase current (magnitude and phase).
𝟏𝟐𝟎 ∠ 𝟎° 𝟏𝟐𝟎 ∠ 𝟎°
𝑰∅ = = = 𝟏𝟑 ∠ − 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔°
𝟕+𝒋𝟓+𝟏𝒋 𝟕+𝒋𝟔
2. Calculate the load phase-neutral voltage
𝑽𝑳∅ = 𝑰∅ × 𝟕 + 𝒋𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖 ∠ − 𝟓. 𝟏° 𝑽
3. Calculate the load line-line voltage
𝑽𝑳𝑳 = 𝟑 ∠𝟑𝟎 ° × 𝑽𝑳∅ = 𝟑 ∠𝟑𝟎 ° 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖 ∠ − 𝟓. 𝟏° = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟔 ∠𝟐𝟒. 𝟗° 𝑽
CLO 1: Examples
Example 6: A 3-phase motor, connected to a 440 V line, draws a line current of 5 A.

If the power factor of the motor is 80 percent, calculate the following:
a. The total apparent power
𝑺 = 3 × 𝐸𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿 = 3 × 440 × 5 = 3811 𝑉𝐴 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑽𝑨
b. The total active power
𝑷 = 𝑆 × cos 𝜃 = 3.81 × 0.80 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑾
c. The total reactive power absorbed by the machine
𝑸= 𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 = 3.812 − 3.052 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝐯𝐚𝐫
REM: S = total 3-phase apparent power [VA]

P = total 3-phase active power [W]
Q = total 3-phase reactive power [var]
cos 𝜽 = power factor of the 3-phase load
𝜽 = phase angle between the line current and the line-to-neutral voltage [°]
For further reading see Wildi Book, Ch. 8, 12 Active, reactive, and apparent power in 3-phase circuits
CLO 1: Examples
Example 7: Three identical resistors dissipating a total power of 3000 W are

connected in wye across a 3-phase, 550 V line. Calculate:
a. The current in each line
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠:
3000 𝑊
𝑃= = 1000 𝑊
3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠:
550 𝑉
𝐸= = 318 𝑉
3
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠:
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 1000 𝑊

𝐼= = = 3.15 𝐴 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨
𝐸𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 318 𝑉
b. The resistance of each element

𝐸𝑃 318
𝑹= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟏 Ω
𝐼𝑍 3.15
CLO 1: Examples
CONT’d | Example 7: Further reading of the previous example: The phase sequence
of the source is known to be A-C-B. Draw the phasor diagram of the line voltages
The voltages follow the sequence A-C-B, which is the same as the sequence AC-CB-
BA-AC....
Consequently, the line voltage sequence is 𝐄𝑨𝑪 -𝑬𝑪𝑩 -𝑬𝑩𝑨 and the corresponding
phasor diagram is shown. We can reverse the phase sequence of a 3-phase line by
interchanging any two conductors.

CLO 1: Examples
Example 8: In the circuit of the below figure, calculate the following:
a. The current in each line

The impedance of each branch is
𝒁= 42 − 32 = 5 Ω
The voltage across each branch is
𝐸𝐿 440
𝑬𝑳𝑵 = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝑽
3 3
The current in each circuit element is
𝐸𝐿𝑁 254
𝑰= = = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖 𝑨 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑍 5
b. The voltage across the inductor terminals
𝑬𝑳𝑵 = 𝐼 × 𝑋𝐿 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖 × 𝟒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟐 𝑽
Note: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................................................................
CLO 1: Examples
Example 9: A 3-phase, 550 V, 60 Hz line is connected to three identical capacitors

connected in delta (Fig. below). If the line current is 22 A, calculate the capacitance
of each capacitor:
The current in each capacitor is

𝐼𝐿 22
𝑰= = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕 𝑨
3 3
The voltage across each capacitor is
𝑬𝑳 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝑽
Capacitive reactance 𝑿𝑪 of each capacitor is

𝐸𝐿 550
𝑿𝑪 = = = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟒 Ω
𝐼 12.7
Capacitance of each capacitor is
1 1
𝑪= = = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟑 𝛍𝑭
2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝑋𝐶 2 × 𝜋 × 60 × 43.3
Note: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLO 1: Examples
Example 10: A manufacturing plant draws a total of 415 kVA from a 2400 V (line-to-
line), 3-phase line (Fig. 9a). If the plant power factor is 87.5 percent lagging, calculate
the following:
a. The impedance of the plant, per phase
We assume a wye connection composed of

three identical impedances Z (Fig. 9b)
The voltage per branch is
2400
𝑬= = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔 𝑽
3 Fig. 9 (a)
The current per branch is
𝑆 415000
𝑰= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨
𝐸 × 3 2400 × 3
The impedance per branch is

𝐸 1386
𝒁= = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗 Ω
𝐼 100
Fig. 9 (b)
CONT’d Next slide …
CLO 1: Examples
CONT’d | Example 10: A manufacturing plant draws a total of 415 kVA from a 2400
V (line-to-line), 3-phase line (Fig. 9a). If the plant power factor is 87.5 percent
lagging, calculate the following:
c. The complete phasor diagram for the plant
The phase angle 𝜃 between the line-to-neutral voltage (1386 V) and the
corresponding line current (100 A) is given by
cos 𝜃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑓 = 0.875

𝜃 = 29 °
Note that the current in each

phase lags 𝟐𝟗 ° behind the
line-to-neutral voltage
Phasor diagram of the voltages and currents

CLO 1: Examples
Example 11: 5000 hp, wye-connected motor is connected to a 4000 V, 3-phase, 60

Hz line. A delta-connected capacitor bank rated at 1800 kvar is also connected to the
line. If the motor produces an output of 3594 hp at an efficiency of 93% and a power
factor of 90% (lagging), calculate the following:
a. The active power absorbed by the motor

b. The reactive power absorbed by the motor
c. The reactive power supplied by the
transmission line
d. The apparent power supplied by the
transmission line
e. The transmission line current
Industrial motor and
f. The motor line current capacitor.

CLO 1: Examples
CONT’d | Solution to Example 11

a. Power output of 3594 hp is equivalent to
𝑃2 = 3594 ℎ𝑝 × 0.746 = 2681 𝑘W

Active power input to motor
𝑃2 2681
𝑷𝒎 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝐖
𝜂 0.93
b. Apparent power absorbed by the motor
𝑃𝑚 2883
𝑆𝑚 = = = 3203 𝑘VA
cos 𝜃 0.90
Reactive power absorbed by the motor
2
𝑄𝑚 = 𝑆𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚2 = 32032 − 28832 = 1395 𝑘var
c. Reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank

𝑄𝐶 = −1880 𝑘var

CLO 1: Examples
CONT’d | Solution to Example 11

Cont’d to point c: Total reactive power absorbed by the load
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑄𝐶 + 𝑄𝑚 = −1800 + 1395 = −405 𝑘var
d. Active power supplied by the line is

𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃𝑚 = 2883 𝑘W
Apparent power supplied by the line is
𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿2 − 𝑄𝐿2 = 28832 + (−405)2 = 2911 𝑘VA

e. Transmission line current is
𝑆𝐿 2911000
𝐼𝐿 = = = 420 A
𝐸𝐿 × 3 4000 × 3
f. Motor line current is
𝑆𝑚 3203000
𝐼𝑚 = = = 462 A
𝐸𝐿 × 3 4000 × 3
CLO 1: Examples
CONT’d | Note to Example 11 - FURTHER CONSIDERATION
Line currents. Note that the motor currents

exceed the currents of the source.
Note: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................................................................
CLO 1: Examples
Example 12: Calculate the total apparent power for three-phase Y-Y connected
balanced system shown, if the phase voltage is 110 V, and load
impedance per phase is 50 ∠ 60° Ω.
𝑽𝒂 = 110 ∠ 0° 𝑉rms
𝑽𝒃 = 110 ∠ − 120° 𝑉rms
𝑽𝒄 = 110 ∠ 120° 𝑉rms
𝒁𝒂 = 50 ∠ 60° Ω = 𝒁𝒃 = 𝒁𝒄
𝑉𝑎 110 ∠ 0°
𝐼𝑎𝐴 = = = 2.2 ∠ − 60° Arms
𝑍𝐴 50 ∠ 60°
𝑉𝑏 110 ∠ − 120°
𝐼𝑏𝐵 = = = 2.2 ∠ − 180° Arms
𝑍𝐵 50 ∠ 60°
𝑉𝑐 110 ∠ 120°
𝐼𝑐𝐶 = = = 2.2 ∠60° Arms
𝑍𝐶 50 ∠ 60°
𝑺 = 𝟑 × 𝑽 × 𝑰∗ = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎 ∠𝟎° × 𝟐. 𝟐 ∠𝟔𝟎° = 𝟕𝟐𝟔 ∠𝟔𝟎° 𝐕𝐀
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑰 ∠ 𝜽°, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑰∗ = 𝑰 ∠ − 𝜽°

CLO 1: Examples
Example 13: Calculate the total apparent power for three-phase 4-wire Y-Y
connected shown in if the phase voltage is 110 V, and load
impedances are:
𝒁𝒂 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋𝟖𝟎 Ω
𝒁𝒃 = 𝟓0 Ω
𝒁𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒋𝟐𝟓 Ω
𝑽𝒂 = 110 ∠ 0° 𝑉rms
𝑽𝒃 = 110 ∠ − 120° 𝑉rms
𝑽𝒄 = 110 ∠ 120° 𝑉rms
𝑉𝑎 110 ∠ 0° ∗
𝑰𝒂𝑨 = = = 1.16 ∠ − 58° Arms → 𝐒𝐀 = 𝐈𝐚𝐀 × 𝑽𝒂 = 𝟔𝟖 + 𝒋𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐕𝐀
𝑍𝐴 50 + 𝑗80
𝑉𝑏 110 ∠ − 120° ∗
𝑰𝒃𝑩 = = = 2.2 ∠ 150° Arms → 𝐒𝐁 = 𝐈𝐛𝐁 × 𝑽𝒃 = 𝒋𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝐕𝐀
𝑍𝐵 𝑗50
𝑉𝑐 110 ∠ 120° ∗
𝑰𝒄𝑪 = = = 1.07 ∠ 106° Arms → 𝐒𝐂 = 𝐈𝐜𝐂 × 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒 + 𝒋𝟐𝟖 𝐕𝐀
𝑍𝐶 100 + 𝑗25
𝑺 = 𝑺𝑨 + 𝑺𝑩 + 𝑺𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝐕𝐀
SUM UP | Three-Phase System Features
Three-Phase Systems Single Phase Systems
• A three-phase AC power system consists of three-phase • Uneven torque on generator

generators, transmission lines, and loads • Varying power over AC cycle
• Volt-age levels can be changed with transformers to (power falls to zero)
reduce transmission losses • Two wires
• Three-phase transmission lines can deliver more power • The design is less complex and
for a given weight and cost cost is less
• The power delivered to a three- phase load is constant at • The capacity of power transfer in
all times (never falls to zero) the single phase is minimum
• Three-phase motors, generators, and transformers are
simpler, cheaper, and more Efficient
• The voltage regulation of 3-phase transmission lines is
inherently better
• Smooth torque on generator shaft
• 3 or 4 wires not 6
• Consists of three single-phase generators, with voltages
equal in magnitude but differing in phase angle from the
others by 120°
For more about Three-phase advantages see:
• Chapter 8, page 146 (Reference Book): Wildi, Theodoer (2006) Electrical machines, drives and power systems
(6th ed.) Pearson Education ISBN: 9780131969186
• Chapter 2, page 63 & Chapter 3 (eBook): Chapman, Stephen J. (2001), Electric Machinery and Power System
Fundamentals. McGraw Hill Education. ISBN: 10-0072291354

Glossary – PHASE
Refer to Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems Theodore Wildi Sixth
Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2014
The term phase is used to designate different things. Consequently, it has to be read in context
to be understood. The following examples show some of the ways in which the word phase is
used.
1. The current is out of phase with the voltage (refers to phasor diagram)
2. The three phases of a transmission line (the three conductors of the line)
3. The phase-to-phase voltage (the line voltage)
4. The phase sequence (the order in which the phasors follow each other)
5. The burned-out phase (the burned-out winding of a 3- phase machine)
6. The 3-phase voltage (the line voltage of a 3-phase system)
7. The 3-phase currents are unbalanced (the currents in a 3-phase line or machine are unequal
and not displaced at 120°)
8. The phase-shift transformer (a device that can change the phase angle of the output voltage
with respect to the input voltage)
9. The phase-to-phase fault (a short-circuit between two line conductors)
10. Phase-to-ground fault (a short-circuit between a line or winding and ground)
11. The phases are unbalanced (the line voltages, or the line currents, are unequal or not
displaced at 120° to each other)

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ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power

Principles of Machines and Power

Electrical Engineering Technology

Dr. Moath Awawdeh

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power Higher Colleges of Technology 1

Analyze Three-Phase Electrical

1.2 Describe the construction and operation of a simple three-phase AC generator.

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2020 2

An Electrical Generator is a device that produces an Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) by

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 3

Generator Action – Farady’s Law Motor Action – Lorentz Force

Moving a conductor through magnetic Passing a current through a conductor

𝑬 = induced voltage [V] 𝑭 = force acting on the conductor [N]

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 4

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 5

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 6

At the moment when the magnet is in the position

Voltage Eb2 will reach its positive peak after the

Phasor diagram of the induced voltages of 3- c

The total output of a 3-phase generator has a magnitude of 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑷𝒎 . Because the

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 8

Electric power is generated, transmitted, and distributed in the form of 3-phase

a. Three-phase motors, generators, and transformers are simpler, cheaper,

c. The voltage regulation of 3-phase transmission lines is inherently better

Three-Phase power never falls to zero.

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 10

The three-Phase AC circuit can be connected mainly in two basic connection:

Y – Connected Source Δ – Connected Source

A Y-connected three-phase generator with an abc phase sequence connected to a

𝑉𝑎𝑛 , 𝑉𝑏𝑛 , 𝑉𝑐𝑛 Line-neutral Voltage (Phase Voltage 𝑽𝝓 ) 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐 Phase current

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 12

The Phase Voltages Quantities:

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 13

The line voltages are

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 14

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 15

ELE 2314 Principles of Machines and Power 2019 17

A Δ -connected three-phase generator with an abc phase sequence connected to

𝑉𝑎𝑛 , 𝑉𝑏𝑛 , 𝑉𝑐𝑛 Line-neutral Voltage (Phase Voltage 𝑽𝝓 ) 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐 Phase current

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The Phase Voltages Quantities:

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The Phase Current Quantities:

The Line Current Quantities: (Relation to Phase Current)

Δ -connected sources and loads included in a power system can be analyzed by a

For balanced loads, a Δ -connected load consisting of three equal impedances,

Y- Δ transformation. A Y-connected impedance of Z/3 Ω is totally equivalent to a Δ -

Δ -connected sources and loads included in a power system can be analyzed by a

For balanced loads, a Δ -connected load consisting of three equal impedances,

Y- Δ transformation. A Y-connected impedance of Z/3 Ω is totally equivalent to a Δ -

The required power supply to an electric circuit depends on the

The required power supply is called

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Power Phase Quantities Line quantities Equivalent

REACTIVE 𝟑 × 𝑽𝝓 × 𝑰𝝓 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟑 × 𝑽𝑳 × 𝑰𝑳 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟑 𝑰𝟐𝝓 𝒁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

APPARENT 𝟑 × 𝑽𝝓 × 𝑰∗𝝓 𝟑 × 𝑽𝑳 × 𝑰∗𝑳 𝟑 𝑰𝟐𝝓 𝒁

S : total 3-phase apparent power [VA]

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A 208-V three-phase power system is shown in Figure 2–13 (eBook). It consists of an

Go to e-Text Book and solve (Examples: 2-1 and 2-2).

Refer to: CHAPTER 2, Page [75 – 82]

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In figure shown, the phase sequence of the