Professional Documents
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2014154
(Semester Pattern)
PUBLISHED BY
∫…∆i… M……b˜M…‰ §……§…… +®…Æ˙…¥…i…“ ¥…t…{…“`ˆ Dineshkumar Joshi
SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY Registrar
Sant Gadge Baba
Amravati University
Amravati- 444 602
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(FACULTY OF COMMERCE)
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PROSPECTUS
OF
Master of Commerce
(Semester Pattern Two Year Degree Course)
Semester-I & III Exam. W/2014
Semester-II & IV Exam. S/2015
2014
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Price Rs. /-
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visit us at www.sgbau.ac.in
© "No part of this prospectus can be reprinted or published without
specific permission of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University."
Prospectus No.2014154
M.Com. (Semester Pattern) Semester IV
M.Com. 401 Project Report and Viva-voce 34
Index
Optional Groups
Paper Title of the Paper Page GROUP- A - FINANCE
No. No. M.Com. 402 A(1) Financial Institutions & Markets 36
Special Note 1 A(2) Project Planning & Control 38
A(3) Security Analysis & Portfolio 39
Pattern of Question Paper 2
Management.
Ordinance No. 19 of 2003 3
Direction No. 20 of 2012 11 GROUP - B - MARKETING
Direction No. 6 of 2014 13 M.Com.402 B(1) Advertising & Sales Management 40
B(2) Co-operative Management 41
Semester I B(3) International Marketing 43
M.Com. 101 Managerial Economics 15
GROUP - C INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
M..Com. 102 Services Marketing and costomer 16
M.Com.402 C(1) International Business 44
Relationship Management Environment
M.Com. 103 Advanced Financial & 17 C(2) International Marketing 45
Cost Accounting C(3) Foreign Trade Policy, 45
procedures & documentation.
M.Com. 104 Banking & Insurance Services 19
Semester II
M.Com. 201 Accounting for Managerial 20
Decisions
M.Com. 202 Strategic Management 22
*Semester-IV
Paper No. Subject & Paper Duration Theory/ Max. Min. Min. Periods
of Exam. Sessional Marks Pass Aggre. per
hours. Marks Marks week
Unit-IV : Special Tax Provisons : Tax Provisions relating to free trade Objective : The objective of this course is enable students to gain
zones, infrastructure sector and backward areas,Tax knowledge about E-Commerce and its various components.
incentives for exporters. Unit-I : 1.1 Introduction to E-Commerce :- Meaning and concept;
Electronic commerce versus traditional commerce; Media
Unit-V : 5.1 Tax Issues Relating to Amalgamation : Tax Planning with
convergence; E-commerce and E-business; Channels of E-
reference to amalgamation of Companies.
Commerce; Business applications of E-Commerce; Needs for
5.2 Tax payment : Tax deductions and collection at source, E-Commerce, E-Commerce as an electronic trading system-
Advance Payment of Tax. special features.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED : 1.2 Internet Concepts and Technologies :- Concept and evolution
* Ahuja G.K. and Ravi Gupta : Systematic Approach to Income Tax and of internet; Web technologies- global publishing concept,
Central Sales Tax, Bharat Law House, New Delhi. universal reader concept and client server concept, Hypertext
* Circulars isssued by C.B.D.T. publishing and hypertext information network, Benefits of
* Income Tax Act. 1961. hypertext, URLs, HTTP, HTTPD servers, HTML, HTML
* Income Tax Rules,1962. Forms and CGI gateway services.
* Lakhotia,R.N.: Corporate Tax Planning, Vision Publications, Delhi. 1.3 Business Models of E-Commerce and Infrastructure :- E-
* Singhania, V.K. : Direct Taxes : Law and Practice, Taxman’s Publication, commerce models; Supply chain management, product and
Delhi. service digitisation, remote servicing, procurement, On-line
* Singhania,Vinod K. : Direct Tax Planning and Management,Taxmann marketing and advertising; E-commerce resources and
Publication, Delhi. infrastructure, resources and planning for infrastructure.
* Kanga & Palkhiwala : Income Tax. Unit-II: 2.1 Business to Consumer E-Commerce :- Cataloguing, order
* Bhagwati Prasad : Law and Practice of Income Tax in India. planning and Order generation, cost estimation and pricing,
* S.Mistry: Direct Tax Law in Practice. order receipt and accounting, order selection and
* Mistry & Kumar : Practical Tax Planning. prioritization, order scheduling, order fulfilling and delivery,
* Dr. H.C.Mehrotra, Dr. S.P.Goyal : Income Tax Law & Practice including order billing and payment management; Post sales services.
Wealth Tax & Tax Planning. 2.2 Web-site Design :- Role of web site in B2C e-commerce; Web-
* Dr. S.P.Goyal : Direct Tax Planning & Management. site strategies and web-site design principles; Push an pull
* Dr. Arun Sinha, Dr. Jayantkumar Gupta, Dr. Prabhakar Ladhe, Prof. technologies, alternative methods of customer
Vrushali Pote : ÊxÉMÉÊ¨ÉªÉ Eò®ú ÊxɪÉÉäVÉxÉ ´É ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ{ÉxÉ, Shri. Balaji Prakashan, communication.
Mahal Road, Nagpur.
Unit-III: 3.1 Business to Business E-Commerce :- Need and alternative
models of B2B e-commerce Technologies, EDI and paperless
NOTE : The Act shall be studied in detail with reference to companies
trading; EDI architecture, EDI standards, VANs, Costs of EDI
33 34
infrastructure, feature of EDI service arrangement, Internet- * Minoli and Minal : Web Commerce Technology Handbook, Tata
based EDI and FTP-based messaging. McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
3.2 E-Business :- Workflow management, mass customization * Schnelder. Gary P : Electronic Commerce, Course Technology, Delhi.
and product differentiation; Organisation restructuring; * Young, Margaret Levine : The Complete Reference to Internet, Tata
Integrated logistics and distribution; Knowledge management McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
issues and role of e-commerce infrastructure. * O’Brien J : Management Information Systems, Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi.
3.3 Intenet Protocols :- Layers and networking, OSI layering and
* Parag Diwan and Sunil Sharma : E-Commerce- A Manager’s Guide to
TCP layering, TCP, UDP,IP, DNS, SLIP and PPP, Emerging
E-Business ; Excel Books, New Delhi.
scenario in ISP.
* C.S.V. Murthy : E-Commerce- Concepts, Models, Strategies, Himalaya
Unit-IV: 4.1 Electronic Payment Systems :- Special features required in Publishing House.
payment systems for e-commerce; Types of e-payment * Electronic Commerce - By Bharat Bhaskar, Tata Mc Graw Hill
systems; E-cash and currency servers; e-cheques, credit Publication, New Delhi.
cards, smart cards, electronic purses and debit cards; Business * E-Commerce - By Bhushan Diwan, S.Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi-
issues and economic implications; Operational credit and legal 55.
risks of e-payment systems; Risk management options in e- * Computer Applications in Business and Banking : By R.S. Virmal,
payment systems; Components of an effective electronic K.M. Gupta-Umesh Publication, 5-B, Nath Market, Nai Sarak- Delhi-
payment system. 6.
4.2 Multi-Media and E-Commerce :- Concept and role of * <«-EÚ…Ï®…∫…« : ¥…¥…‰EÚ ®…‰Ω˛‰j…‰ - =n¬˘¥…‰±…“ §…÷C∫…, ®…÷§∆ …<«-12
multimedia; Multimedia technologies; Digital Video and
digitization of product and customer communication; Desk-
top video conferencing and marketing; Broadband networks Division of Marks :
and related concepts; ISDN, ATM, Cell relay.
(1)Practicals:- 20 Marks (Record Preparation-5, Practical
Unit-V: 5.1 Security issues in E-Commerce :- Security risks of e- discription & Performance-10,
commerce, exposure of resources, types of threats, sources Viva-Voce-5).
of threats, security tools and risk-management approach, e-
(2)Assignment:- 20 Marks (Home assignment-4),
commerce security and a rational security policy for e-
(Each assignment of 5 Marks)
commerce; Corporate Digital Library; I.T. Act 2000.
--------------
5.2 Regulatory and Legal Frame work of E-Commerce :- Cyber 40 Marks
laws-aims and sailent provisions; Cyber-laws in India and
their limitations; Taxation issues in e-commerce.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED : *****
* Agarwala. K.N. and Deeksha Ararwala : Business on the Net: What’s
and How’s of E-Commerce: Macmillan, New Delhi. SEMESTER-IV
* Agarwala. K.N. and Deeksha Ararwala: Business on the Net: Bridge
M.COM.401
to the Online storefront: Macmillan, New Delhi.
PROJECT REPORT & VIVA-VOCE
* Cady, Glcc Harrab and Mcgregor Pat : Mastering the Internet, BPB
Publication, New Delhi. Objective : The objective of this course is to provide an understanding
* Diwan Parag and Sunil Sharma : Electronic Commerce-A Manager’s to the field work and practical proficiency the students should
Guide to E-Business, Vanity Books International, Delhi. acquire.
* Janal. D.S. : On-line Marketing Hand Book, Van Nostrand Reinhold,
The candidates for Semester IV Examination shall
New York.
submit a project report at rhe end of forth Semester and shall
* Kosivr, David : Understanding Electronic Commerce, Microsoft Press,
go through the viva-voce alongwith paper for Semester III&IV.
Washington.
35 36
The project report will carry 60 marks and Viva-Voce 2. Comparative Research Project :Comparative study of two different
will carry 40 marks. business units or organisation working under any commercial
Two copies of project reports (Printed or Typewritten) activity of same nature.
shall be submitted to the University thorugh the supervisor 3. Recommendatory Research Project : Tracing the problem of any
of the candidate and the principal/Head of Institution/ business units or organisation working under any commercial
Department at least a fortnight prior to the date of activity and recommendations thereon.
commencement of the written examination. 4. Innovative Research Project :To recommend any new form of
business units or organisation of any commercial activity.
A candidate shall submit with his project report a
certificate from the supervisor and Principal to the effect :- Expected Contents of Project Writing :
(I) That the candidate has satisfactorily conducted - Title Page
research for not less than one academic year. (i.e. III - Letter of Transmission (If applicable)
& IV Semester). - College Certificate
- Candidates Declaration
(II) That the project report is the result of the candidates - Acknowledgement/Preface
own work and is of sufficiently good standard to - Index of Contents
warrant its presentation for examination. - List of Table/Graphs
Project report shall be prepared by the candidate
individually under the supervision of a teacher. A Chapter I : Introduction
seperate committee at the college level of teachers Chapter-II Methodology Adopted for Project
may be constituted as and its member will frame a Chapter-III: Profile of Business units or Organisation of
scheme of analysing the topic of Projects and concerned commercial or non commercial
supervision in the beginning of Semester-III and the activity.
Project report shall be submitted by the candidate at Chapter-IV: Data Analysis & Interpretation concerned to
the end of the Semester-IV in the College. The Project subject of research project
report shall be assessed by Internal/Supervisor and Chapter-V: Major Findings
External examiners in the college itself alongwith viva- Chapter-VI: Conclusion & Recommendations (If Any)
Voce on the Project. A candidate must obtain 24 Marks - Appendix :
in the Project report and 16 Marks in Viva-Voce for Copies of Forms
passing in the Project report paper. Questionnaire
Interview schedule
- Bibliography
Any one combination from the following groups
1.4 Indian financial system and overview. Unit I : IDENTIFICATION OF INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES.
1.1 Project ideas and screening of ideas.
Unit II : FINANCIAL MARKET
1.2 Environmental scanning and opportunity analysis.
2.1 Money market- meaning, constituents & function
1.3 Market and demand analysis-Information required and
2.2 Money market instruments – call money, treasury bills, and sources of information.
certificate of deposits, Commercial bills, and trade bills.
1.4 Demand forecasting.
2.3 Capital markets – primary and secondary market
1.5 Technical analysis- Plant location and layout.
2.4 Government securities markets Unit II : COSTAND FINANCING OF PROJECT
2.5 Role of SEBI - an overview, recent development. 2.1 Major cost components.
Unit III: FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 2.2 Cost of production,Break even analysis, Projected balance
sheet, P&L Account and Cash flow statement.
3.1 Reserve bank of India – organization, management, and
function 2.3 Means of financing
3.2 Commercial banks - meaning, functions and investment 2.4 Planning capital structure.
policies. 2.5 Various financing schemes of financial institutions.
3.3 Development banks – concept, objectives, and function. Unit III : PROJECT APPRAISAL.
3.4 Insurance companies – objectives, role, and investment 3.1 Methods of appraisal under certainty and risk and uncertainty.
practices, IRDS. 3.2 Investment appraisal in practice.
3.5 Units Trust of India – objective, function, and schemes. 3.3 Appraisal process followed by financial institutions.
Unit IV: NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 3.4 Project appraisal techniques.
4.1 Concept and role of non-banking financial institutions Unit IV: SOCIAL COST BENEFITAANLYSIS.
4.1 Rationale for social cost benefit analysis.
4.2 Functions of non-banking financial institutions.
4.2 Methodology of social cost benefit analysis.
4.3 Investment policies of non-banking financial institutions
4.3 L&M approach andUNIDO approach.
4.4 Sources of finance for non-banking financial institutions
4.4 Measurement of the impact of distribution.
Unit V: MUTUAL FUNDS
4.5 Social cost benefit analysis in India.
5.1 Concept and performance of Mutual funds Unit V : NETWORK TECHNIQUES FOR PROJECT
5.2 Regulation of Mutual funds ( with special reference to SEBI IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND CONTROL.
guidelines)
5.1 PERT& CPM Techniques.
5.3 Designing and marketing of mutual fund schemes
5.2 Critical path,Event slacks and Activity floats.
5.4 Latest mutual funds schemes in India – an overview.
39 40
5.3 Scheduling to match activity of manpower. 4.3 Company analysis.
5.4 Measures of variability and probability of completion by a 4.4 Technical analysis.
specified date.
4.5 Efficient market hypothesis.
5.5 Project implementation practices in India.
Unit V : PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS.
(3) SECURITYANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT 5.1 Estimating rate of return and standard deviation of portfolio.
Objective: To help students understand various issues in security 5.3 Sharpe’s Optimasation solution.
analysis and portfolio management. 5.4 Portfolio risk- Total risk, market risk and unique risk.
Unit I : INVESTMENTS 5.5 Capital Market theory- Factor models and arbitrage theory.
1.1 Nature and scope of Investment analysis.
1.2 Elements and avenues of investment. M.COM.402
( OPTIONAL GROUP B-MARKETING )
1.3 Approaches to investment analysis.
(1) ADVERTISINGAND SALES MANAGEMENT
1.4 Concept and measurement of return and risk.
Time :3 Hours Marks : 80
1.5 Security return and risk analysis.
Objective: - To acquaint student with the theory and practice and
Unit II : SECURITY MARKETS advertising as well as management of a firm’s sales operation
2.1 Primary Market- Role, Functions.Methods of selling securities Unit I: ADVERTISING
and allotment procedure.
1.1 Meaning of advertising, advertising as tool of marketing
2.2 Secondary Markets-Role, Importance. Types of brokers,
1.2 Advertising effect – Economic and Social
Trading mechanism and listing of securities
1.3 Advertising objective- DAGMAR Approach
2.3 Public Issue- SEBI guide lines on public issue and making of
public issue. 1.4 Advertising budgets – Meaning and Methods
2.4 Dipository- Role and need.Depositories Act 1996. 1.5 Advertising consumer behavior
Unit III : VALUATION OF SECURITIES. Unit II: ADVERTISING MEDIAAND MESSAGE
3.1 Financial assets- Types and their characteristics. 2.1 Media types – print media, broadcasting media
3.2 Valuation of bonds. 2.2 Media planning and scheduling
3.3 Valuation of debentures. 2.3 Media selection decision
3.4 Valuation of preference shares. 2.4 Message design and development – copy development, type
of appeal, copy testing.
3.5 Valuation of equity shares.
2.5 Advertising on Internet
Unit IV : SECURITYANALYSIS
Unit III: SELLING.
4.1 Economic analysis.
3.1 Concepts – objective, fundamental and function of sales
4.2 Industry analysis.
management
41 42
3.2 Selling process iv. Importance & need of Co-operation.
3.3 Sales planning – importance, type and process. v. Origin & development of Co-operative movement in India.
Unit-II- Working & functions of –
3.4 Sales forecasting, sales quotas, and sales budget
i. Agricultural credit Co-operative Societies.
3.5 Salesmanship, product and consumer knowledge.
ii. Marketing Co-operative Societies.
iii. Industrial Co-operative Societies.
Unit IV: SALES ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL
iv. Consumer Co-operative Societies.
4.1 Principle of determining sales organization.
Unit-III -Working & functions of –
4.2 Setting up a sales organization.
i. Sugar factories of Maharashtra.
4.3 Planning process for sales organization ii. State Co-operative Bank.
4.4 Control process – analysis of sales volume, cost and iii. District Central Co-operative Bank.
profitability. iv. Student Consumer Co-operative Societies.
4.5 Meaning expenses – Sales personal expenses, evaluating Unit-IV -i. Govt. policy on co-operation, Financial Assistance to Co-
sales for performance. operative sector from Govt., S.B.I., N.C.D.C. & Co-operative
Banks.
Unit V: SALES FORCE MANAGEMENT ii. Co-operative Education & Training.
5.1 Planning and estimation of manpower environment for sales
Unit-V - Brief history of co-operative legislation in India.
department.
i. Formation of M.S. Co-operative Act. 1960, Registration,
5.2 Recruitment, selection, training, and development, placement Byelaws, Membership, Capital, Meetings, Meeting Notice,
and induction of sales forces. Agenda, Quorum, Minutes & method of Resolution.
5.3 Motivating and leading sales force.
5.4 Compensation and promotion polices. BOOKS RECOMMENDED-
1. Theory & practice of co-operation in India & abroad. Vol.I,II,III :
5.5 Sales meeting and contests.
Kulkarni R.K.
Reference Books : 2. Co-operation in India by C.B.Memoria & R.D. Saksena.
* Advertising Management by Akker,Devid. Prentice Hall New Delhi. 3. ºÉ½þEòÉ®ú iÉi´É +ÉÊhÉ ´ªÉ´É½þÉ®ú : |ÉÉ.B.+É®ú.®úɪÉJɱÉEò®ú, |ÉÉ.+¶ÉÉäEò b÷ÉMÆ Éä
4. ªÉÖ´ÉEò ºÉ½þEòÉ®úÒ Sɳý´É³ý : +ɴɶªÉEòiÉÉ, +É´½þÉxÉä +ÉÊhÉ +{ÉäIÉÉ, |ÉÉ.b÷É.ì ¨ÉÉiÉÈb÷
* Sales Management in the Indian Perspective by Gupta,Vaswar. JÉÖ{ɺÉä, ºÉä´ÉÉ |ÉEòɶÉxÉ, +¨É®úÉ´ÉiÉÒ
Prentice Hall India. 5. ºÉ½þEòÉ®ú iÉi´É +ÉÊhÉ ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ{ÉxÉ : b÷É.ì MÉÉä.ºÉ.EòɨÉiÉ
6. ºÉ½þEòÉ®úÒ EòɪÉnùÉ : Ê´ÉtÉ PÉÉhÉäEò®ú
M.COM. - 402-B ( 2 )
7. ¨É½þÉ®úɹ]Åõ ºÉ½þEòÉ®úÒ ºÉƺlÉÉ +ÊvÉÊxɪɨÉ, 1960 ´É iªÉÉJÉɱÉÒ±É ÊxÉªÉ¨É - +ìb÷.|ÉiÉÉ{É
CO-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
SÉ´½þÉhÉ
( Effective from Summer – 2015 Exam.)
8. ºÉ½þEòÉ®úÒ ºÉƺlÉÉÆSÉÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ ´É EòɪÉÇ{ÉrùiÉÒ : ]õÒ.BºÉ.VÉÉvÉ´É
9. ºÉ½þEòÉ®Òú ºÉƺlÉÉÆSÉä ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ{ÉxÉ : ¨ÉÉ.Ê´É.xÉÉiÉÖ, |É.nù.ªÉäJÉbä÷Eò®ú
Time : 3 Hours Max.Marks. : 80 10. ¤ÉÄEòÓMÉ : {ÉÖ.PÉ.½þÉVè É´ÉɱÉÉ, ´ÉÒ.ºÉ.xÉÉJÉä
Unit-I - i. Meaning & Definition of Co-operation. 11. ºÉ½þEòÉ®ú iÉi´Éä +ÉÊhÉ ´ªÉ´É½þÉ®ú : ¨ÉvÉÖEò®ú MÉÉ´ÉÆb÷ä-ʽþ¨ÉÉ±ÉªÉ {ÉΤ±É˶ÉMÉ ½þÉ>ðºÉ, |ÉÉ.
ii. Principles of Co-operation. ʱÉ. ÊMÉ®úMÉÉÆ´É ¨ÉÖ¤Æ É<Ç-40.
iii. Characteristics of Co-operation. *******
43 44
(3) INTERNATIONALMARKETING Unit V: EMERGING ISSUEAND DEVELOPMENTS IN
Time :3 Hours Marks : 80 INTERNATIONALMARKETING
Objectives: - To expose students to the conceptual framework of 5.1 Ethical and social issues
International marketing management 5.2 International marketing of services
5.3 Information technology and international marketing.
Unit I: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONALMARKETING 5.4 Impact of globalization
1.1 Nature, significance and complexities in international 5.5 World trade organization.
marketing.
1.2 Transition from domestic of international marketing M.COM. 402
1.3 Internal environment of international marketing (OPTIONAL GROUP C - INTERNATIONAL MARKETING)
1.4 External environment of international marketing – (1) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Geographical, Demographic, Economic, Socio-cultural , Time: 3 Hours Marks : 80
Political and legal environment.
Unit-I: International Business and Economic Environment :
1.5 Impact of environment on international marketing decisions
Nature, importance and scope, framework for analyzing
Unit II: INTERNATIONALMARKETING, PLANNING, ORGANIZING international business environment-geographical, Economic,
AND CONTROL Socio-cultural, Political and legal environment, world
2.1 Issue in international marketing Economic and trading situation.
Unit-II : Economic institutions and agreements :
2.2 International marketing, information system
WTO, UNCTAD, IMF, World Bank, types and rationale of
2.3 Organizing and controlling, international marketing operations
regional Economic groups, EV, NATTA, ASEAN, SAFTA and
2.4 Global market segmentation other groupings.
2.5 Selection of foreign market and international positioning. Unit-III : Multinational Corporations :
Unit III: PRODUCTAND PRICING DECISION Conceptual framework of MNCs, MNCs and host and home
country relations. Market orientation of MNCs.
3.1 Products planning for global markets
Unit-IV: Foreign Exchange markets :
3.2 New product development
Determining Exchange rates, Fixed and flexible Exchange rate
3.3 Management of international brand system, Cash and spot Exchange market, Factors affecting
3.4 Packaging and labeling Exchange rates-spot rates, Forward Exchange rates, Forward
3.5 Environmental influences on pricing decisions Exchange contract, Foreign Exchange and currency features.
3.6 International pricing policies and strategies. Unit-V: Foreign Exchange Management in India :
Exchange rate arrangement in India overview of FEMA ;
Unit IV: PROMOTION AND DISTRIBUTION DECISIONS
Exchange dealings and currency possession; Information and
4.1 Complexities and issues in promotion decision communication, Concept of FOREX, Markets, IT and
4.2 International promotion mix decision – Advertising, personal international business.
selling, sales Promotion and public relations Reference Books :
4.3 Functions and types of distribution channels 1. Adhikari Maneb : Global Business Management- Macmillan New
4.4 Channels selection decisions Delhi.
2. Black and Sundaram : International Business Environment- Prentice
4.5 Selection of foreign distributors/ Agents & managing relation
Hall.
with them.
45 46
3. Sodersten B.O. : International Economics- Macmillan, London. adjustment mechanism tariff, Exchange controls and other
4. Parvez Asheghian and Bahaman Ebrahim- International Business. non-tariff measures.
5. ∂….E‰Ú.®……‰b˜EÚ : +…∆i…Æ˙Æ˙…π]≈ı“™… +l…«∂……∫j… UNIT-II: FOREIGN TRADE POLICY :