Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Howard P. McKaughan
Editor
ILOKANO
REFERENCE
GRAMMAR
by
Ernesto Constantino
Preface vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Phonology 2
3. Parts of Speech 8
4. Sentence Classification 11
5. Verbal Sentences 14
6. Nonverbal Sentences 24
7. Other Simple Sentences 27
8. Causative Sentences 30
9. Complex and Compound Sentences 35
10. Negative, Interrogative, and Other Modal Sentences 37
11. Other Syntactic Constructions 40
v
PREFACE
Howard P. McKaughan
Editor
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 2
PHONOLOGY
CHART 1
CONSONANT CHART
vl. p t k q
STOPS
vd. b d g
FRICATIVES
vl. f s h
NASALS
vd. m n ng
LATERAL
vd. l
FLAP
vd. r
SEMI-VOWEL
vd. w y
2
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
púso ‘heart’
apóy ‘fire’
atép ‘roof’
hués ‘judge’
kahón ‘box’
CHART 2
VOWEL CHART
3
PHONOLOGY
HIGH i u
MID e o
LOW a
biág ‘life’
duá ‘two’
boá ‘betel palm’
4
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
tsá ‘tea’
tsíp ‘chief’
If the second consonant is l, any one of the labial and velar stops
(i.e. p, b, k, g) occur as the first consonant.
pláno ‘plan’
blúmer ‘bloomer’
kláse ‘class’
glória ‘heaven’
ékstra ‘extra’
ínstruménto ‘instrument’
bért ‘Bert’
5
PHONOLOGY
baláy ‘house’
aldáw ‘day’
bábuy ‘pig’
tóy ‘this’
deydiáy ‘that’
maíliw ‘homesick’
All the possible falling diphthongs, except wu and wo, are found
in Ilokano.
yantá ‘whereas’
waló ‘eight’
iyiggém ‘to hold on with’
bumáwi ‘to take revenge’
yéro ‘galvanized iron sheet’
wén ‘yes’
iyúli ‘to take up’
yó ‘your, by you (pl.)’
6
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
7
CHAPTER 3
PARTS OF SPEECH
baláy ‘house’
panag-taráy ‘act or manner of running’
8
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
manén ‘again’
-en ‘already, now’
duá ‘two’
maika-duá ‘second’
ti ‘the’
pára ‘for’
annáy ‘ouch’
áy ‘oh’
9
PARTS OF SPEECH
10
CHAPTER 4
SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION
11
SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION
12
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
13
CHAPTER 5
VERBAL SENTENCES
14
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
15
VERBAL SENTENCES
16
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
17
VERBAL SENTENCES
18
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
19
VERBAL SENTENCES
If the verb stem has the directional affix i-, the goal-focus
affix -en is dropped. The goal-focus -en is also dropped when it
occurs with the potential affix ma-.
20
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
21
VERBAL SENTENCES
22
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
23
CHAPTER 6
NONVERBAL SENTENCES
24
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
25
NONVERBAL SENTENCES
26
CHAPTER 7
OTHER SIMPLE SENTENCES
(6) Diáy ubíng ti addá idiáy baláy. ‘It is the child who
is in the house.’
(7) Ubíng ti addá idiáy baláy. ‘It is a child who is in
the house.’
27
OTHER SIMPLE SENTENCES
28
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
29
CHAPTER 8
CAUSATIVE SENTENCES
30
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
31
CAUSATIVE SENTENCES
32
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
33
CAUSATIVE SENTENCES
34
CHAPTER 9
COMPLEX AND COMPOUND
SENTENCES
(2) Imbagá na nga mabisín ka. ‘He said that you are
hungry.’
(3) Baonén na diáy balásang nga agdígos. ‘He will
order the lady to take a bath.’
35
COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES
36
CHAPTER 10
NEGATIVE, INTERROGATIVE
AND OTHER MODAL
SENTENCES
37
NEGATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND OTHER MODAL SENTENCES
38
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
39
CHAPTER 11
OTHER SYNTACTIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
40
ILOKANO REFERENCE GRAMMAR
41
OTHER SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS
42