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1. Introduction
tunnel and the noise level values (LIng) are illustrated as a function of the cavi-
tation number. From the diagram it is obvious that the character of the noise
level curve is governed by the cavitation conditions and their variations
[3 7].
~V!
15 r----t---~t+_-i-\T-------- ! dJ.J ~ 13
70 j-----j---+-'t--rl~~--___r--__1 2
D~~~ ____~______~__~O
2 3 6
Fig. 1
\ I I
: I
-"'. I I
J \. \'i I
Fig. 2
2. Method of measurement
c::::;
o
FA
Fig. 3
the method are referred to. Briiel and Kjaer acceleration sensors (G) measuring
in the 20-20 000 Hz range were placed on the spiral volute casing of the
pumps (P) to be examined (Fig. 3). The electric signals received were intro-
duced through an amplifier (E) into a frequency analyser (FA) connected to
a level recorder (R). Measurement of the hydraulic characteristics of the
pumps was made by traditional methods. In the course of investigations the
acceleration values of the vibrations 'were measured, and the levels were cal-
culated from the correlation
( *)'"
101g ~ - (1)
168 J. f"ARGA and GY. SEBESTYES
where g* is the value of the measured, while g is that of the gravitation accel-
eration. Fig. 4 contains the frequency-spectrum curves taken in the 6.3-20
kHz range, with different discharge at constant geodetic suction head in a
pump examined. The curves are with good approximation parallel, meaning
20.---·,---~--~----~-,~~~
ng [dBl
10r---+---~-+--T.=--~~~~
; O/Qopt == 1,26
Q/ Qapl == 1,25
-30~ __~__~~__~____~~~
6,3 8 9 10 12 14 16 20 r[kHz]
Fig. 4
"g /dB}
5 ~-~---+---7--"-~'----~--"~~
10 I----~---'--"'''''=----+---~---I---
- 20 l..-_'--_"--_'--_'"-_-'--_"----i
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 Q/Qopl
Fig. 5
that the investigations can be made at any arbitrarily chosen frequency. From
such frequency-spectrum curves the noise level performance curve of the pump
as function of the rate of flow can be constructed. Fig. 5 shows such a curve
as a function of the relative discharge. The curve was drawn according to the
values belonging to 10 kHz of the frequency-spectrum. Points A*, B*, C*, D*
in Fig. 4 are marked in this figure.
tlOISE JIEASURISG 169
0,8 6
0,6 4
0,4 2
0.2 0
0.2 O,It 0.6 0,8 QIQopf
Fig. 6
ng
ng [dB]
- 10
- 11
-12
- 13
I\. -1~
I -15
Q/Qopt 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 Q/Qopt
Fig. 7 Fig. 8
ng [dB] ng [dB]
0 0
5 - 5
-10 -10
A3
- 15 - 15
Az 2 6 8 10 2
0 " NPSH [mJ ®
6 8 10
NPSH [m]
ng ng I
[dB] [dBJ ! ~D3 ! I
I ' i
0 o
i QD/Q~pt =1,17
-5 - 5 i
I
, i
Fig. 9
.YOISE .1fEASl'RI.YG 171
level curves taken at frequencies 20, 14, and 10 kHz (c, b, a resp.) can be
seen, The NPSH values were determined by the usual correlation
NPSH (2)
y 2g
ng [dB]
15
10 f---I-'--
@ 5
o I--.~...
- 5 L..-_,--~_--1._--,- __
2 5 8 10 NPSH {mj
ng[dBj
5 ~.~.-.-.. - . - , - - - - - c - - " . - . - - - ;
o ,_...\-_........;.--.... -'--
(0 -
- 10
5
I la . .
- I~
15L..-_L-~
2
__~__~__~
6 B 10 NPSH {ml
ngfdBl
5
®- 5 f--t-,--.
- 15 I...----!_ _ _ _ _-'-_--'-_.....l
2 4 6 8 10 NPSH [m]
ng£dBl
- 5 ,---.,---.,--;---;--~
- 10 1-+-'----'--+- --1---;
- 25 '-----'---'---'---'-----'
2 6 8 10 NPSH {ml
Fig. 10
172 .J. VARGA and GY. SEBESTyE.Y
o-
ng [dB}
- 5
-10
-15
VI~
2 6 8 10 NPSH [m}
70
H [ml
60 I rT i
I
50
I I
I
I i
I
40 I I I
30 I
I
I I
20
10 I
2 6 8 10 NPSH [ml
Fig. 11
7
NPSH fmJ
6 "
5
It
Fig. 12
peaks and minimums in Fig. 9 as function of the relative discharge. They are
marked with the same numbers as the subscripts in Fig. 9. The curve marked
with the number 4 shows the (NPSH)krlt values defined by a value belonging
to 3% decrease in the head. Fig. 13 contains the (jp values as functions of the
relative discharge calculated from the correlation
NPSH ~
2
(jp =
H
and
d1
(NPSH)krlt
2
(Jp krit = (3)
H
where d1 is the inlet diameter of the impeller and H is the head belonging to
the given discharge on the head-capacity curve of the pump. These curves
carry physical content and they justify the fact that the conventionally used
curve belongs really to the incipient stage of the cavitation on the pressure side.
5
174 J. VARGA and GY. SEBESTYEN
%=
pz Pr (4)
(Q/2) ll~
0,12
6p
0,10
0,08
0,06
O,Olt
0,02
0
0,2 0,4 0,6 o,a 1,0 1,2 Q/Qopt
Fig. 13
ng [dB} [3 ! ng [dB}
I
- 10 - 10 I---i---+--,.o"'---.p.,c--i---i--~
!
- 15 - 15 I---'--I--!---+----\\--I----I
,I
,
- 20 Ii
A
.
:
- 25 - 25 I----I--'---'---'--.J:;.-J-\r",j
~/
°
'
- 30 21, : - J L----''------'-_---'-_--'-_-'---L:......I
2 6 8 10 NPSH [m} 0,2 0,4 0,6 o,a 1,0 7,2 X
Fig. 14
level curve taken as a function of the suction capacity and a function of the
cavitation coefficient according to Eq. (4). The latter curve gives good indi-
cation as to the cavitation of the pump. It is verifiable from the curve
that there is a comparatively insignificant cavitation on the suction side
(marked 1), while it shows also the cavitation on the pressure side influencing
]I,-OISE J/EASeRISG 175
the working conditions of the pump (point marked 3). The character of the
curve, by the way, shows good coincidence with that of the noise level curve
taken in the hydrodynamic tunnel (Fig. 1), and the characteristic sections can
be found here, too.
The noise level measurements are very sensitive in indicating changes in
the air content as "well. Fig. 15 is a good illustration of that. Section L1 of the
curve in the figure shows the results of noise level measuring, when air intruded
into the pump through a little crack in the suction pipe of the pump. Attention
is called to this irregularity hy the sinking initial section of the noise level
curve, as this initial section should be slightly rising, or horizontal. After
stopping the intrusion of air the noise level measurement resulted in curve L 2 •
15 -l
j
tJng [dB]
10 1----4.,---
5 I----='------'-"O""-----~---_i
Ot-----;-----+-------pr:>--_i
- 5 i-----+----+I-+-------,;....<'-----i--_i
2 10 NPSH [m]
Fig. 15
5*
176 J. rARGA and GY. SEBESTYE!,
pumps. The cavitation conditions of the pumps are enlightened throughout the
full delivery range. For characterising the cavitation conditions of the pumps
the authors have introduced the cavitation coefficient x giving better charac-
terisation of the cavitational behaviour of hydraulic machines. Noise level
measurements increase the reliability of hydraulic measurements and give
a basis to the designers for estimating the cavitation behaviour of the impeller
and the pump.
Summary
Results of noise level measurement method developed for acoustic detection of cavi-
tation phenomena and applied for investigation of pumps. "Without visual observation, the
method yields more information than the hydraulic characteristics by making noise level
measurements on a single properly chosen frequency. The noise level curves belonging to the
characteristic curves of the pumps and to the suction capacity curves serves for the determi-
nation of the cavitation conditions of the pumps in the full delivery range.
References
1. VARGA, J. and SEBESTYEN, Gy.: Experimental investigation of cavitation noise. La Houille
Blanche 8, 905-910 (1966).
2. V ARGA, J. and SEBESTYEN, Gy.: Cavitation noise spectrum and cavitation damage. Acta
Technica Acad. Sci. Hnng. 57, 383-}96 (1967).
3. VARGA, J. J., SEBESTYEN, Gy. and FAY, A.: Detection of ca"itation by acoustic and vibra-
tion-measurement methods. La Houille Blanche 2, 137 -149 (1969).
4. VARGA, J.: Eiuige Forschun.~sergebuisse auf dem Gebiete der Kavitationsstromung und
der Kavitationserosion. Osterreichische Ingenieur-Zeitschrift 8 (1968).
5. VARGA, J. and SEBESTYEN, Gy.: Experimental investigation of some properties of cavitating
flow. Periodica Polytechuica E. 9, 243-254 (1965).
6. NUlI1ACHI, F.: illtraschallwelle am Tragfiigelprofil bei Hohlsog. Teil Ill: Rep. Inst. High
Sp. Mech .. Japan, 12, !i3-87 (1960-1961). "
7. SEBESTYEN, Gy. and FAY, A.: Contributions to the ca"itation test on Francis model turbine.
Acta Technica Aca~. Sci. Hung. 60, 199-222 (1968).
8. SEBESTYEN, Gy., F ..\Y, A. and CSEMNICZKY, J.: Measnrements of cavitation characteristics
of a pump connectcd with measurement of noise. Acta Technica Acad. Sri. Hung. 66,
305-323 (1969).