Acids react with metals, alkalis and bases to produce compounds known as salts.

Many
OVERVIEW chemical reactions produce a change in temperature.
Chemical reactions can be made to go faster or slower by changing the conditions.
The Earth’s atmosphere has changed over billions of years. Human activities increase the
amounts of some substances in the atmosphere.

SuccessWater that is safe to drink is essential for human health.

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Acids react with some metals to produce salts and hydrogen.
Hydrochloric acid produces chlorides and sulphuric acid produces
sulphates.
The test for hydrogen uses a burning splint held at the open end of a
test tube of the gas. Hydrogen burns rapidly with a pop sound.
Acids are neutralised by alkalis (eg sodium hydroxide) and bases (eg
insoluble metal oxides) to produce salts and water.
The salts made in neutralisation reactions can be either soluble or
insoluble.
A salt is any compound formed by the neutralisation of an acid by a
base.
Acids are neutralised by carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon
dioxide.
Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky.
Salt solutions can be crystallised to produce solid salts.
Some reactions transfer energy to the surroundings, so the
temperature increases. Eg combustion, oxidation and neutralisation.
Other reactions take in energy from the surroundings, so the
temperature decreases. Eg dissolving ammonium chloride in water and
reacting citric acid with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
The rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by:
 Increasing the temperature of reactants
 Increasing the surface area of reactants (solids)
 Increasing concentration of reactants
 Adding a catalyst
Compare relative rates by measuring the time for a reactant to be used
up, the volume of a gas produced in a given time, the time for a
solution to become opaque or coloured.
During the first billion years of the Earth’s existence, there was volcanic
activity that released gases that formed early atmosphere, and water
vapour that condensed to form the oceans.
The early atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide with little or no
oxygen.
From about three billion years ago, algae and plants developed and
produced the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere by photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide was removed from the early atmosphere by dissolving
in the oceans and by photosynthesis. 
Most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide gradually became locked
up in rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels.
Current atmosphere is about 80% nitrogen, 20% Oxygen and small
amounts of other gases eg carbon dioxide and argon
Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds & found

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Component 4: Chemistry in our World
underground, eg under the North sea.
Crude oil may be separated into fractions by fractional distillation. This
process, which takes place in a refinery, can be used to produce a
range of useful fuels and oils, ie petrol and diesel.
When combustion of fuels happens, CO2 and H2O are released. If the
fuel contains Sulphur, a gas called sulphur dioxide is also released.
When incomplete combustion happens (when there’s not enough
Oxygen) carbon monoxide and solid particles are also produced.
Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain, which dissolves limestone buildings.
Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, toxic gas that causes death.
Solid particles cause global dimming and health problems.
More greenhouse gases in our atmosphere cause the temperature of
Earth to increase.
Water that is safe to drink has small amounts of dissolved substances
and low levels of microbes.
Most drinking water is produced by choosing a suitable source of fresh
water, filtering to remove solids and sterilising to kill microbes.
If supplies of fresh water are limited, salty water can be distilled to
produce fresh water. This requires a large energy input.

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