Thick skin (hairless)

- Thicker epidermis
Thin skin (hairy)
- Thinner epidermis
Body part with no hair: the palms, soles of the feet, lips and nipples

Note: Sebaceuous gland and arrector pili muscle always related to hair follicle
Thickening of the keratin – calleous / kalyo – additional protection to the skin
Epidermis – wave pattern (responsible for the creases)
Tension lines / longer lines – fine line all over the skin / related to the healing process of scars
EX: Horizontal and vertical tension line
2. Fascia / Faciae
– lie between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones
Two types:
a. Superficial
b. Deep

A. Superficial fascia – made up of fats

- Subcutaneous tissue
- Mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue (main component)
- Adipose – fats
- Adipocytes - cells
- Unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia

Thicker superficial fascia - Abdominal region

- Gives protection
Thicker in male -
Thicker in female -
 B. Deep Fascia
- Membranous layer of connective tissue
- Invests the muscles and other deep structures
- Membrane covering organs
- Can serve as bands to support certain regions in the body
 In the thorax and abdomen
- A thin film of areolar tissue covering the muscles and aponeuroses
 In the limbs
- Dss
 In the region of joints
- Considerably thickened to form restraining bands called retinacula
- Retinacula – supports ligaments and tendons
- Function is to hold underlying tendons in position or to serve as pulleys around which the tendons may move

DIFFERENCE:
Superficial fascia
- Mainly made out of fats
Deep fascia
- Membranous layer
- Made up of fiber / Fibrous tissue
o Collagen

MUSCLE
3 types:
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Skeletal Muscle
- Produce the movements of the skeleton
- Voluntary muscles
- Made up of striped muscle fibers
- Two or more attachments
a. Origin – moves the least / stable point of attachment
b. Insertion – moves the most / flexible point of attachment
Ex: Biceps – origin: along the shoulder joint
Insertion: near the elbow joint
Providing structural integrity to the muscles:
Belly – flesh part of the muscle
Tendons – cords of fibrous tissue
- Muscle to bone
Aponeurosis – thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue / provide another protection for internal organ
Raphe – an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles
 Skeletal Muscle Action
a. Prime mover / Agonist – chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular
movement
- Facilitate major type of movement

b. Antagonist
- Opposite of agonist
- Muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover

When flexing: Tricep opposes the flexion (Became antagonist)

When extending the arm: Tricep is the extensor, bicep is the flexor

c. Fixator
- Contracts isometrically
- To stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently

d. Synergist
- Contract and stabilize the intermediate joints
Example: Pectoral (chest muscle)
Pectoralis major - big muscle
Pectoralis minor – smaller muscle

Number of heads
Example: biceps – 2 heads
Tricep – 3 heads
 BONES
- Consists of cells, fibers (collagen) , and calcified matrix (matrix – foundation)
- Calcified – has calcium important mineral for the health of the bone
- With degree of elasticity
- For protection, movement, storage of calcium, hemopoiesis

Wall of region – 1st 4 basic structure (Skin, muscles, fascia, bones)

- Regional wall of the body
Bone tissue – Haversion system

Axial skeleton
- bones found in the axis / along the midline
a. Skull
b. Vertebral column
c. Thoracic cage
d. Laryngeal skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
- Bones of the extremities
a. X` girdle
b. Upper limbs
c. Pelvic girdle
d. Lower limbs
a. Femur
b. Pharynges
e. Girdles – bones that will connect extremities the name torso of the body
a. Pectoral girdle – shoulder girdle
b. Pelvic girdle – lower extremity / hip bone
Bone Marrow
a. Red marrow – blood / stores blood
- Hemopoeisis – blood cell production
- Found in the ends of the bone
b. Yellow marrow – fats
- Store food (Specialized function)
Bone Types based on General Shape

o Sternum, ribs – flat bones

o Found in extremities, marrow – long bone
o Carpal, wrist bones, tarsal - Short bones
o Vertebral bones – Irregular bones
o Sesamoid bone – part of the short bone
- Hanging bone
- Supported by the surrounding structures of ligaments and tendons
o Ex: Patella (kneecap)

Hyoid bone – neck region

Thoracic – flat bones

Pelvic – mostly irregular bones
 Surface Markings of Bones

Linear elevation
Line – Superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
Ridge – the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges of the humerus
Crest – the iliac crest of the hip bone
Rounded elevation
Tubercule – pubic tubercle
Protuberance – external occipital protuberance
Tuberosity – greater and lesser tuberosities of the humerus
Malleolus – medial malleolus of the tibia, lateral malleolus of the fibula
Tochanter – greater and lesser trochanters of the femur

2nd – pic

Small flat area for articulation

Facet – facet on head of rib for articulation with vertebral body
Depressions
Notch – greater sciatic notch of hip bone
Groove or sulcus – bicipital groove of humerus
Fossa – olecranon fossa of humerus, acetabular fossa of hip bone
Openings
Fissure – Superior orbital fissure
Foramen – Infraorbital foramen of the maxilla
Canal – Carotid canal of temporal bone
Meatus – external acoustic meatus of temporal bone
Surface marking:
Temporal line – attachment of muscles
Muscle attached: Temporalis muscle
Mastoid process
Muscle attached: sternocleidomastoid
Head / condyle
Surface marking: Temporomandibular joint

Facets – articulations / joints

 JOINTS
- Site where two or more bones come together, whether or not movement occurs between them
 Classified based on components / according to the tissues that lie between the bones:
a. Fibrous joints (Synarthrosis) – made up of fibers
i. Point of connection sealed by fibers -> collagen – major type of fiber in the body
b. Cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthrosis )– main component: cartilages in the form of: hyaline, fibrocartilage
c. Synovial joints (Diarthrosis) – fibers, cartilage, fluids (combination of all)
 Classified based on type of movements:
a. Immovable joints – fibrous joints
b. Semi-movable joints – most of the cartilaginous joints; some are immovable
c. Freely movable joints – synovial joints

A. Fibrous Joints - immovable

- Articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue
- Very little movement is possible
Example:
a. Sutures of the vault of the skull
b. Inferior tibiofibular joints
Sutures – made up of fibrous tissues (stitches like)

B. Cartilaginous Joints – semi-movable

Two types:
a. Primary – one in which the bones are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage
o Hyaline – more calcified matrix compared to fibrocartilage
b. Secondary – one in which the bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the
bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
o Fibrocartilage – more fibers

Movement of the ribcage that allows us to breathe is possible because of cartilaginous joint
o Costal cartilage – attached to sternum
 Epiphyseal plate / Growth plate – made up of hyaline cartilage
- Thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses, and is where the growth of long bones
takes place.

C. Synovial Joint
- Definition from recorded lec

Provides lubrication to the joint: Bursa, synovial fluid

Types of synovial joint:

a. Hinge joint – ex: elbow joint
b. Pivot joint – dens of axis rotating against atlas
- Head of radius rotating against ulna
ex:
c. Saddle joint – carpometacarpal joint of thumb
d. Condyloid joint – atlantoccipital joint
e. Ball-and-socket joint – ex: shoulder joint, hip joint
f. Gliding joint – articular processes between vertebrae
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
-Controls and integrate the activities of the different parts of the
body
Two divisions:
a. Central nervous system (CNS) – enclosed by the skull
b. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Supply unit:
a. Nerves – supply control unit / stimulations in the region
b. Blood vessels – supply and big role of supply of oxygen
c. Lymph vessels – lymph fluids / passage of lymph fluids that will be screen

Motor neurons – attached to skeletal muscle

- Nerve fibers

Cranial nerves – nerves coming out of the brain

- 12 pairs
Vagus nerve – only cranial nerve that go out the cranial cavity
- Provide nerve supply to the thoracic and nerve supply to
abdomino-pelvic region
 Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal Nerves – 31 pairs
1. Cervical Nerves – neck region (C1 to C8)
8 pairs of cervical nerves
2. Thoracic Nerves – upper back (T1 to T12)
12 pairs
3. Lumbar Nerves – (L1 to L5)
5 pairs
Supply abdomen
4. Sacral nerves – pelvic region (S1 – S5)
5 pairs
5. Coccygeal nerve (Co1)

Plexus – aggregation of nerve fiber

Testing of nerves:
Dermatomes - area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

2. Reflex test
- ex: patellar tendon reflex
 BLOOD VESSELS
Pathway
1. Arteries – red color / carries blood from the heart
- Aorta – largest arterty ; arterioles – smallest artery
2. Veins – blue color / carries blood back toward the heart
- Vena cava – largest vein , venules – smallest vein
3. Capillaries – smallest blood vessel
- Site of exchange of gases

2 types of blood:
1. Oxygenated blood
2. Deoxygenated blood – without oxygen

Hemoglobin – “heme”- iron / carries oxygen

Arteries – thicker wall

- Allow passage of oxygenated blood (greater pressure)
Arterial Anastomosis – interconnection among arteries

Veins
Venae Cominantes – pair of veins (in between the pair is an artery)
VAN – Vein, Artery, Nerve
 LYMPHATIC VESSEL
Two major components: (screening committee)
a. Lymphatic organs – lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen
b. Lymphatic vessles
Screen the lymph:
a. Waste
b. Infectious agents

 Lymph – clear, colorless tissue fluid that is collected from tissues throughout the body
- Consists of liquid portion and a cellular portion which is mainly lymphocytes
- Collected in a vast network of vessels, eventually returned to the venous system
- We will use the green color

Lymph passes through the lymph vessels, lymph nodules will screen, return to tissues of the body using the blood
vessels
Lymphocytes – type of white blood cell that screens the fluid
WBC – soldiers of the body / immune cells
Swelling of the lymph nodes indicates infectious agents

Identify the:

a. Arterial supply
b. Nerve supply
c. Venous drainage – major vein
d. Lymph drainage – lymph vessel