Research Part 2 Macase Manalo Ayano I V

Unified Schools of the Archdiocese of Lipa
OUR LADY OF PEACE ACADEMy 1

Ubi Cor Et Mens Conveniunt
Calingasan St., Luna (Poblacion), Tuy, Batangas
Email: olpa1@yahoo.com
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“THE EFFECTIVITY OF GOAT MANURE AS ORGANIC
FERTILIZER TO THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
TOMATOES AND OKRA PLANT SEEDLINGS "
CHAPTER I
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The municipality of Tuy in the province of Batangas is known for its
sugarcane plantations and goat farms. Agricultural lands are the main source
of income for the people of Tuy. Most of its land area are used in agriculture
mainly in sugarcane. Its residents are raising goats in their yards and some
are selling them. The manure of goat is usually seen over the grazing areas
and some people think that it is something disgusting. The researchers came
up with the utilization of goat’s manure to help eliminate some societal and
environmental issues that are burdening the life of the people such as high
price range of foods, malnutrition, plant and soil nutrient deficiency, plant
burns due to harmful fertilizers, unemployment, and low crop quality.
According to the Daily Price Monitoring of the Department of
Agriculture for Wednesday (January 13, 2021), pork belly fair hit a high of
P420 per kilo (pork kasim was at P200 whereas liempo was at P240 this
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time last year). Beef rump, meanwhile, is at a high of P450 per kilo, which
is about P100 more costly than last year. An entire chicken is at P180 per
kilo, whereas seafood is particularly expensive, with bangus coming to a
max cost of P240 per kilo, local galunggong at P280, and alumahan
(mackerel) at P390. But no place is the cost increment more glaring than in
vegetables. Memes have already been circulating around the humble sili
(chili) which presently taken a cost as much as P1,000 per kilo. Cabbage is at
P220 per kilo, Baguio pechay is at P180, and both red onion and garlic are at
P140 per kilo each. [ CITATION PAU21 \l 1033 ]
Nowadays, the Filipinos are suffering from the high pricing of market
fresh products like meat especially pork meat. This leads people to find
alternatives to meat such as vegetables but unfortunately, vegetables are
also expensive now due to the impacts of the global pandemic. The inflation
of prices of the most essential need of every person, the food, creates a
problem that requires no complicated solutions.
The study of Binita Timilsina entitled “Addressing Impact of COVID-19
Post Pandemic on Farming and Agricultural Deeds” (2020) stated that the
COVID-19 worldwide pandemic has gravely hit the matter of farmers whose
story has generally been in the shadows. The fundamental goal of this article
is to feature the association of worldwide pandemic with rural and food

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frameworks. For this, auxiliary information was gathered through online
entrances, everyday public papers, and distributed logical articles and
dissected. The outcome shows that from pandemic to lockdown, insect to
hefty precipitation, unsold harvests to spoiled yields, monetary emergency to
intense appetite, has carried agrarian exercises to stop, where individuals
esteem just the individuals who can create nourishment for them. The
opportunity has already come and gone for activity and need should be given
to the farmers who are putting their persistent effort to flourish the entire world
as that of police and health workers. The public authority needs to find fiery
ways to encourage farmers to utilize mechanized hardware facilities like
independent work vehicles, cultivating robots, mechanical gatherers, robots
and ICTs, complementary numbers; improving quality seeds, composts and
direct monetary subsidizing on weak ranchers to assemble horticultural area
versatility to the pandemic.[ CITATION Bin20 \l 1033 ]
Equally important, the global pandemic limits the activities of every
people, especially the vegetable farmers who are responsible of making food
for everyone. This results in a limited supply of vegetable products. The
global pandemic is not the only enemy to be conquered, given that the
continuous decline in water supply and worse effects of global warming and
climate change are very punitive to the lives of Filipino Farmers. It is

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important to have a small vegetable garden at home to provide food for your
family. This pandemic taught every people to conserve and save what they
have, so as an alternative of buying vegetables, residents should learn how to
grow their own food. The researchers believe that the usage of goat manure
as organic fertilizer will greatly help every Filipino family to grow their foods
organically and safely.
In fact, according to the study of Stuart Gillespie entitled “Agriculture,
Food Systems, and Nutrition: Meeting the Challenge” (2017), Malnutrition is a
worldwide test with immense social and financial expenses; essentially every
nation faces a public health challenge, regardless of whether from
undernutrition, overweight/heftiness, or potentially micronutrient
insufficiencies. Malnutrition is a multi-sectoral, multi‐level issue that outcomes
from the intricate transaction among family and individual decision‐making,
agri‐food, wellbeing, and natural frameworks that decide admittance to
administrations and assets, and related arrangement measures. This paper
audits the hypothesis and late subjective proof (especially from 2010 to 2016)
in the general wellbeing and sustenance writing, on the job that agribusiness
plays in improving nourishment, how food frameworks are changing quickly
because of globalization, exchange advancement, and urbanization, and the

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ramifications this has for sustenance all around the world. [ CITATION Stu17 \l
1033 ]
To cope with the problem above, elementary schools in Tuy, Batangas
are pioneers of vegetable gardening activities. Teachers are teaching
elementary pupils the basics of gardening, the proper usage of tools and
equipment, proper plant handling, and many more. This school-based project
helps them fight malnutrition by supplying fresh veggies for the feeding
program. The researchers believe that the development of this kind of
fertilizer is a great help to the school gardens as well as the home and
backyard gardens. This product will help in increasing vegetable crop
production that will be consumed by the locals.

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Significance of the Study
The usage of organic fertilizer improves the quality of crops and land
without harming them. Many studies have shown that organic fertilizer is an
effective alternative to chemically made fertilizer. It is very efficient for human
life since it does not contaminate the plants with harmful elements that may
affect the health of an individual who will consume the product from those
plants.
The researchers investigated and documented the effectivity of goat
manure as an organic fertilizer to the growth and development of tomato and
okra plant seedlings of the selected home-based garden in Tuy, Batangas.
This study will help the residents of Tuy, Batangas to grow their food in
their homes by providing them organic fertilizer. By this means, they will save
money that is intended for buying vegetables at the market. The researchers
believe that this study brings lots of benefits such as:
Benefits to the Environment:
 Boost both nutrient efficiency and organic matter content in the soil.
 Restore and maintain soil fertility to nurture plant growth.
 The usage of chemically made fertilizers will be reduced.

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 Healthy plants and soil will lessen the effects of soil erosion.
 Biodegradable stuff like manure will be converted into fertilizer.
Benefits to the Community:
 The odor and number of goat manure in goat farms and grazing areas
in the municipality will be minimized and controlled.
 The town will not get the supply of vegetables from other areas to sell
in the public market.
 The number of malnourished children will be decreased.
 This will help to promote the name of the municipality in terms of
agriculture.
Benefits to the Residents:
 Residents of Tuy, Batangas can generate income from planting
vegetables.
 They can save money.
 They do not need to go to the public market to buy vegetables.
 Organic manure is free and accessible in Tuy, Batangas so the
residents don’t need to buy expensive fertilizers.

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Importance to the Future Researchers:
This research paper will serve as their guide in conducting their studies and
experiments related to the field of the study. It will give supporting claims in
producing a strong and effective paper.

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Statement of the Problems
This study was conducted to determine the effectivity of goat manure
as organic fertilizer to the growth and development of tomato and okra plant
seedlings.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What makes the goat manure an effective fertilizer (the contents)?
2. What significant changes to the plant does the organic fertilizer bring?
3. Using goat manure as an organic fertilizer, what benefits and
advantages does it have?
4. What are the parts of plants that a fertilizer having effect on?
5. How does goat manure affect the growth and development of tomato
and okra plant seedlings?

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Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to examine and determine the effectivity of goat
manure as an organic fertilizer to the growth and development of tomato and
okra plant seedlings.
Specifically, this has the following objectives:
1. To determine the nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
and including pH level) of soil for basis.
2. To develop organic fertilizer from goat manure that can boost the
growth and development of tomato and okra plant seedlings.
3. To document and record the significant effects of goat manure to
different parts of the vegetable seedlings.
4. To calculate if there is significant difference between the relative and
absolute growth rates of Group A and Group B.
5. To enhance and improve the developed goat manure organic fertilizer.

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Research Hypothesis
This research study aimed to investigate and document the effectivity
of goat manure as an organic fertilizer to the growth and development of
tomato and okra plant seedlings. This section provided formulated
hypotheses which served as guides for the researchers in the conduction of
the study.
Ho: The homemade organic fertilizer has no significant effect to the growth
and development of tomato and okra seedlings.
Hi: The homemade organic fertilizer has significant effect to the growth and
development of tomato and okra seedlings.

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Scope and Limitations
The research study focused on producing goat manure organic
fertilizer that enhances the growth and development of vegetable seedlings.
The study aimed to determine the effectivity of goat manure as organic
fertilizers to the growth and development of vegetables plant seedlings. The
study only covered edits objective and did not cover other topics, the topics
that have not been mentioned are not included to the study. To avoid the
study to become broad, the researchers limited the vegetable seedlings into
two variants, the tomato and okra. The researchers limited the amount of
organic fertilizer to ½ cup. The testing of goat manure organic fertilizer will be
supervised by the researchers and randomly selected residents of Tuy,
Batangas to ensure the validity of the tests. The researchers limited the study
to selected home-based gardens in the municipality of Tuy, Batangas. The
respondents of the study and survey are limited to 25 participants which
reside near the researchers’ homes to follow the health and safety protocols
in respective areas. The observation of the test ran only for two weeks. The
testing was needed to determine the effectivity of goat manure organic
fertilizer to the growth and development of tomato and okra plant seedlings.
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Conceptual Framework
2 WEEKS OBSERVATION AFTER THE APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER
GOAT IMPROVED
TOMATO AND
MANURE PLANT GROWTH
OKRA PLANT
ORGANIC AND
SEEDLINGS
FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT
SELECTED HOME-BASED GARDENS IN TUY, BATANGAS
INCOME
INCREASED
AND FOOD
IN CROP
SUPPLY
YIELD
Figure
FIGURE1.01.0
Conceptual
ResearchFramework
Paradigm
The Figure 1.0
shows the study process and the expected result of the research study.
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Specifically, the different shapes and arrows above represent the main idea
of the study:
The house shape represents the setting and respondents of the study
who are came from selected home-based gardens in Tuy, Batangas.
The first box that is labeled as goat manure organic fertilizer is the
independent variable of the study. The second box that is labeled as tomato
and okra plant seedlings represents the variable that receive the treatment.
The addition/ plus sign indicates the application of treatment in which the goat
manure organic fertilizer is added to the seedlings. The third box that is
labeled as improved growth and development of plants represents the result
of the condition applied as indicated with an equal sign and it also represents
the dependent variable of the study. The researchers believe that the
application of goat manure could improve the growth of the seedlings.
The arrow above the boxes signifies the duration of the observation
after the treatment is applied which is two weeks. After the result of the
treatment, the researchers believe that due to improved growth in seedlings,
it will produce higher number of crops which is shown on the circle below the
last box. The last circle represents the benefits that people can get from
increase in crop yield.

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Definition of Terms
Organic fertilizers- According to the study of Taufiq Ahmad and Umair
Anwar entitled “EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND
YIELD OF CORIANDER” (2017), Organic Fertilizers enhance the soil fertility,
soil structure, water holding capacity, physical and chemical properties, soil
pH, microbial activity and also crop production in term of yield. [ CITATION
Tau17 \l 1033 ]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321051277_EFFECT_OF_ORGANI
C_FERTILIZERS_ON_GROWTH_AND_YIELD_OF_CORIANDER
Synthetic fertilizer- According to a section of the book Fertilizer Technology
I entitled ‘Synthetic Fertilizers; Role and Hazards” by Kazafy H Sabry (2015),
Synthetic fertilizers increase the nitrate levels of soil. These harmful nitrites
react with the hemoglobin in the blood stream to cause methaeglobinaemia,
which damages the vascular and respiratory systems, causing suffocation
and even death in extreme cases (when blood methaemoglobin level is 80
percent or more)[ CITATION Sab15 \l 1033 ]

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283500210_Synthetic_Fertilizers_R
ole_and_Hazards
Organic manure- According to the study of Botir Khaitov entitled “Impact of
Organic Manure on Growth, Nutrient Content and Yield of Chili Pepper under
Various Temperature Environments” (2019), Organic manure is a natural
source of nitrogen (N) formation process in the soil. Livestock manure returns
essential macro-elements including N (2.42%), P (1.51%), and K (0.41%), as
well as micronutrients such as magnesium, calcium, sulfur, and manganese
to the soil while maintaining its fertility. Several researchers have reported
that nutrients available for plant uptake increase rapidly in the experimental
soil after organic manure application, although bacterial populations were
different in various soils.[ CITATION Bot19 \l 1033 ]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6747139/
Goat manure- According to the book of Nikki Tilley entitled “The Bulb-o-
licious Garden” (2019), Goat manure fertilizer can help gardeners produce
healthier plants and crop yields. Goats not only produce neater pelletized
droppings, but their manure doesn’t typically attract insects or burn plants as
does manure from cows or horses. Goat manure is virtually odorless and is
beneficial for the soil.[ CITATION Nik19 \l 1033 ]

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https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/manures/goat-manure-
fertilizer.htm
Plant Growth- According to a book entitled “Plant Growth and Development -
Basic Knowledge and Current Views” (2011), Plant growth could be defined
as the increasing of plant volume and/or mass with or without formation of
new structures such as organs, tissues, cells or cell organelles. Growth is
usually associated with development (cell and tissue specialization) and
reproduction (production of new individuals).[ CITATION VBr11 \l 1033 ]
https://www.mmnp-
journal.org/articles/mmnp/pdf/2011/02/mmnp201162p1.pdf
Plant Development- According to a portion of the book “Encyclopedia of
Applied Plant Sciences” entitled “Plant Physiology and Development” by
K. David (2017), Plant development relies on the coordination of specific cell
processes, basically cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation; the
balance between these three cell processes determines optimal plant
development. Plant development is a continuous process starting
with embryogenesis and the formation of the primary plant body (embryonic
root and embryonic shoot) and continuing post-germination with the regular
production of new organs (roots, leaves, branches, and flowers). New cells
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are produced throughout the life of a plant within specialized zones,
called meristems, containing self-renewing stem cells (SCs) which can
become committed to a spectrum of developmental fates. During plant
development, cells become specialized for a particular function, a process
called cell differentiation. A fascinating aspect of plants is that many
differentiated plant cells have the ability to dedifferentiate and regenerate into
whole plants under appropriate conditions, a phenomenon called totipotency.
The high degree of plasticity exhibited by plants ultimately allows them to
adapt their development to an everchanging environment. [ CITATION KDa17 \l
1033 ]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/plant-development
Nutrient Deficiency- According to the study of Wilhelmi (2011), Nutrient
deficiency reduces growth and induces physiological disorders in plants. The
most stressful nutrient deficiency can be observed in plants under nitrogen
starvation. Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant growth and yield.
[CITATION alR11 \l 1033 ]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/nutrient-deficiencies
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the literature and studies gathered by the
researchers in order to develop thorough understanding and deeper insight
into previous works which are relevant to the subject and as well as to reach
specific goals of the study. These references were gathered through books
and other sources, acquired through the internet, and past theses with the
same discipline.
 Contents of goat manure.
According to the article of The National Gardening Association entitled
Edible Landscaping - The Scoop on Poop by Charlie Nardozzi (2011), the
goat manure is drier than other animal manures, so it’s easier to use. It has a
low and not strong odor and is a better source of nitrogen (1) and potassium
(2) than cow and horse manure. It doesn't burn plant root and stems. [ CITATION
Nar11 \l 1033 ]
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In addition, the study of Donatus Felix Uwa entitled “Effects of Number
and Rate of Goat Manure Application on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of
Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)” (2014), goat manure contains
0.9% magnesium (3), 1.0% calcium (4), 1.9% potassium, 4.1% phosphorus
(5), and 4.9% total nitrogen. [ CITATION Uwa14 \l 1033 ]
Moreover, the study of K.O. Ansah entitled “Manure characteristics of
small ruminants fed agro-byproducts in the guinea savannah agro-ecological
zone of Ghana” (2019) stated that goat manure also contains 19.58-30.61%
of Carbon (6) and 0.75-19.80% ash (7).[ CITATION KOA19 \l 1033 ]
Not to mention, according to an article written by Rey E. Andres that is
published in agriculture (2014), “rice and tomato plants sprayed with liquid
fertilizer made from fresh goat manure can effectively reduce the damaged
caused by golden apple snails, tomato fruit worms, and other common pests
attacking high value commercial crops.” (Andres, 2014) Andres based his
report from the results of a study conducted by Dr. Aida D. Solsoloy, which
was presented during the regional symposium on research and development
highlights are San Fernando City in La Union. the woman scientist from
Batac, Ilocos Norte gave goat manure a fresh name: bio-organic fertilizer and
pesticide. Rice and tomatoes applied with the liquid fertilizer weren't only
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healthier; Dr. Solsoloy also found them to not be adversely suffering from the
damages caused by golden apple snails and fruit worms. “As a result, she
gained a considerable take advantage of the harvest of both crops because
no additional expenses were incurred on chemical fertilizers and pesticides,”
Andres wrote. “Another thing that amazed her was that the liquid fertilizer
didn't emit foul odor, thus, it didn't attract other harmful insects, microbes and
harmful fungi within the farm.” While doing her research, Dr. Solsoloy
discovered that goat manure contains 1.5 percent of nitrogen (N), 1.2 percent
of potassium (P), and 0.5 percent of phosphorus (K). “Goat manure contains
more NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) than the other animal manure
like those in cow, deer, horse, pig, and chicken,” the study showed. But that’s
not all. Dr. Solsoloy also acknowledged that goat manure contains a special
sort of bacteria (8) that appeared to be the most explanation for why the pests
were controlled. “She calls them cocktail of bacteria, which are main
organisms present in goat manure,” Andres reported. “In fact, they comprise
30 percent of the entire volume of fresh manure excreted by the
animal.”[ CITATION Tac14 \l 1033 ]
All things considered, Goat manure contains nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, ash, carbon, calcium, magnesium, and special sort of bacteria
which makes it an effective fertilizer.

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 The significant changes to the plant brought by organic fertilizer
(goat manure).
According to the study conducted by Ojeniyi, S.O. entitled “Effect of
goat manure on some soil properties and growth, yield and nutrient status of
tomato” (2011), Field experiments had been performed at Akure, Nigeria, in a
rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria to study the impact of goat manure
(droppings) on some soil physical and chemical homes and nutrient
reputation, increase and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentllln). 5 levels
of manure (zero, 10, 25, 40 and 50 t/ha) have been implemented on the soil
floor to 2 plants of tomato at each of two sites; particularly, Federal college of
Agriculture and Federal 1 diversity of technology. Soils were poor in organic
matter (OM), general N, exchangeable Ca and to be had P. Soil OM, general
N, available P and moisture content extended with the level of manure, whilst
soil bulk density reduced. Leaf Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium
and Magnesium increase (1) and fruit yield of tomato have been notably
extended via goat manure remedies (2). Leaf Potassium, Calcium and
Magnesium, plant height (3), number of branches (4), leaf area (5), root
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length (6), number of fruits and fruit diameter increased with the level of
manure (7). But, the 25 t/ha manure gave most advantageous values of
variety and weight of fruits. The suggest fruit yields recorded for 0, 10, 25. 40
and 50 t/ha goat manure have been 15.0, 19.7, 23.7, 24.3 and 22.3 t/ha,
respectively. It is concluded that goat manure is appropriate for enhancing
soil physical and chemical properties and growth and yield of tomato.
[ CITATION Oje11 \l 1033 ]
All in all, through the application of goat manure to the plant it
increases the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
content of leaf, fruit yield, plant height, number of branches, the area of leaf,
the length of the roots, and the diameter of the produced fruit. These
significant changes support the claim that goat manure has effects on the
growth and development of plants.

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 Benefits and Advantages of using goat manure as an organic
fertilizer.
According to the section of an article above entitled “Goat Manure
Advantages and Disadvantages” written by Jagdish Reddy (2021), for herbs,
vegetables, and other crops, goat manure is an excellent fertilizer. It is well-
known for increasing the soil's water holding ability (1), among other ways.
Before using goat manure as a soil supplement, it must be composted, just
like any other manure. It's best to compost it for 4 to 6 months before putting
it in the soil. The manure of goats is drier than cows. It has a mild or
moderate odor (2) and is easier to handle and spread (3). Also, it composts
faster. It has 22 pounds of nitrogen per ton (4), which is higher than horse
and cow manure on average. Another benefit of using goat manure as a
fertilizer is that the pelletized droppings allow for more airflow in compost
piles, which reduces composting time (5). One of the most effective ways to
enrich the soil is to use goat manure in garden areas. Its pelleted shape
allows it to be applied directly to flower and vegetable gardens (6) without the
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possibility of burning the plants. Furthermore, the pellets are simple to spread
and till into the soil. Another choice is to mix equal parts of goat manure,
sand, and straw into spring beds, adding more or less manure as the plants
grow over the season. [CITATION Placeholder1 \t \l 13321 ]
In addition, according to the study written by Indasah Indaba entitled
“The Different Level of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) on
Composting with Activator Media of Cow Dung and Goat Manure on
Composting” (2018), compost can be made from organic waste. Cow dung
and goat manure, which produces high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, can be used as decomposition activators media (7). [ CITATION
Ind18 \l 13321 ]
Generally, goat manure as a fertilizer is efficient to use, because it
composts faster than other animal manures. Putting goat manure in the soil
only requires a small amount of effort, because it can spread easily. In short,
goat manure is beneficial, because it has a lot of nutrients.

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 When to apply fertilizer the vegetable seedlings (tomato and
okra).
a.) Tomatoes- According to an article written by Cali Kim entitled “When
to Fertilize Tomato Plants” (2015), it is advisable to apply fertilizer to
tomato plants when:
(1) When Transplanting Tomato Seedlings
It is a good concept to add a handful of natural tomato fertilizer at the
bottom of the hole whilst transplanting tomato seedlings into the vegetable
garden. Simply sprinkle the handful into the hole and blend with soil and
compost. You could additionally have the soil/compost/natural fertilizer
already You could additionally have the soil/compost/natural fertilizer already
pre-mixed and use that to fill the hollow as you are planting. You could
additionally have the soil/compost/natural fertilizer already pre-mixed and use
that to fill the hollow as you are planting. The tomato plant well to comprise all
the elements well to provide the seedling a great begin. In case you sowed
the tomato seeds at once inside the vegetable lawn, wait until the plants are
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approximately eight inches tall, and sprinkle approximately 1/2 cup of
granular natural fertilizer around each plant, then water in properly. You can
also use liquid fertilizers like fish emulsion, seaweed extract, kelp extract, or
compost tea.
(2) Two to Three Weeks After Transplanting
After 2 to 3 weeks the tomato vegetations have to be mounted and
getting taller. At this factor sprinkle another handful of granular natural
fertilizer around each tomato plant and water it in well.
(3) When Tomato Plants Begin Setting Fruit
Your tomato plant life will start developing blossoms with the intention
to start putting fruit whilst situations are proper. The tomato plants may
additionally want a lift of vitamins once they begin setting fruit. Sprinkle a
handful of granular organic fertilizer round each plant and water in properly.
[ CITATION Cal15 \l 1033 ]
b.) Okra
According to an article written by Steve Albert entitled “OKRA
GROWING PROBLEMS: TROUBLESHOOTING” (2020), plant okra in full

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sun. Okra grows best in light, deeply worked soil rich in organic matter. Add
aged compost to the planting bed before sowing (4) or transplanting (5). Pre-
soak seeds before planting; start seed indoors to give them a head start.
[ CITATION Ste20 \l 1033 ]
Altogether, the article above clearly states that a fertilizer should be
apply prior to planting and/ or transplanting. The first application will serve as
basal fertilizer while the second application is for growth and development
especially for fruiting.
 The parts of plant that a fertilizer having effect on.
According to the study was written by Shah Jahan Leghari, Niaz
Ahmed Wahocho, Ghulam Mustafa Laghari, and Abdul Hafeez Laghari
entitled " Role of Nitrogen for Plant Growth and Development: A Review"
(2016), stated that nitrogen is an essential constituent of protein (build of
amino acids that catalyze chemical reactions and transfers electrons). The
chlorophyll (1) (which facilitates photosynthesis) is found in many massive
parts of the plant body. It gives plants a dark green color and encourages the
growth and development of their leaves, stems, and other vegetative
sections. (Leghari et al., 2016).

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Together with, to an article written by Ross H. McKenzie Ph.D. P. Ag.
entitled "Pros and Cons of Using Chem Fertilizers" (2015) that salt effect
happened when the fertilizer is closed to the germinating seed (2) that will
result in the damage or death of the seedling. The damage is induced when
the concentration of salts in the fertilizer is larger than the concentration of
salts in the plant cells. It causes water to disappear to the seedling cells and
into the soil. When the water disappears from plant cells, the tissue drains,
the seedling dies and becomes blackened. The label “fertilizer burn” comes
from the visual appearance of blackened seed and roots. The result is the
eventual death of the plant tissue and seedling. (McKenzie, 2015)
Additionally, as stated by the study of Donato De Giorgio and
Francesco Fornaro entitled " Nitrogen fertilization and Root Growth Dynamics
in Durum Wheat" (2012), using excessively high doses of nitrogen fertilizers
can affect the growth of the root (3). (De Giorgio and Franscesco, 2012)
As well, according to the article reported by Kim Smith entitled, "The
Perils of Over-Fertilizing Plants and Trees" (2013) mentioned that using many
soluble salts can cause leaves (4) to wilt and yellow, leaf margins and tips to
turn brown, defoliation, and slow or no growth. (Smith, 2013)

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Along with that, the study entitled "Effects of Organic and Inorganic
Fertilizers on Growth, Activity of Nitrate Reductase and Chlorophyll contents
of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)" (2019) stated that NPK (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potassium) nutrients help the growth and production of
plants. Besides, it stimulates the roots, helps to strengthen the stem (5), and
boosts the photosynthesis rates. (E D Purbajanti et al., 2019)
Likewise, the article was written by Jamie McIntosh entitled "How to
Choose the Right Flower Fertilizer Type" (2019) mentioned that to develop
more the bloom of the flower (6), pick a fertilizer that has a higher percentage
of phosphorus than the percentage of nitrogen and potassium. (McIntosh,
2019)
Moreover, Steve Renquist wrote an article entitled "Fertilizing fruit
trees" (2018), stated that healthy fruit trees are a heavy feeder. It removes
large quantities of mineral nutrients from the soil. Fruit (7) draw most on
macronutrients. It is important to change the macronutrients regularly to keep
the fruit trees healthy. (Requinst, 2018)
There are pros and cons effects of fertilizer to the plants. The pros are
the nutrients that fertilizer contained help the plants to develop the parts of
plants. It also supports the plant to flourish the root system as well as to
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strengthen the stem. However, the con is using too much fertilizer can kill the
plants. In conclusion, people need to have more pay attention to using
fertilizer to the plants so it will result in the good production of plants.
 Ways on how the goat manure affect the growth and development
of tomato and okra plant seedlings.
In the study conducted by Yvette T. Musagomba entitled "Effects of
Different Organic Fertilizer Levels on the Growth of Coffee Seedlings in the
Nursery" (2017), Goat manure has rich in nitrogen than to horse and cattle
manures. According to Ohio State University Extension that goat manure had
22 pounds of nitrogen per ton while cattle manure had 10 pounds of nitrogen
per ton (1). (Musagomba, 2017)
Additionally, the study was written by D. F. Uwah and V. E. Eyo
entitled "Effects of Number and Rate of Goat Manure Application on Soil

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Properties, Growth and Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut)"
(2014) revealed that goat manure improved the chemical properties of the soil
and enhanced the growth and yield of sweet maize (2). Sweet maize is the
scientific name for sweet corn. (Uwah and Eyo, 2014)
Along with that, the article reported by Nikki Tilley titled "Uses for Goat
Manure – Using Goat Manure for Fertilizer" (2019) analyzed that goat manure
makes an excellent soil conditioner for gardens (3). It improves the soil
texture when it uses water more efficiently (4) and allows more oxygen to
reach plants' roots (5). Goat manure, like all manures, offers a low-cost,
natural source of nitrogen and other nutrients (6). Using goat manure, people
will not worry about burning plants because it is suitable for direct application
to flower and vegetable gardens (7). (Tilley, 2019)
To sum up, Goat manure helps the soil to produce more nitrogen that
will helps the plants in their growth and development. Using too much goat
manure will not harm the plants. It is safe to use.

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Synthesis
In conclusion, goat manure’s potential of being good fertilizer is very
high. The only problem it may cause is having weed seeds which can be
eliminated through pulling any weeds that will appear. Goat manure has only
simple disadvantages unlike other given manures that have many
consequences such as can dry and burn plants, can attract pests, can lower
the nutrient uptake of plants, can bring diseases, and many more that are
mentioned above. In conclusion, goat manure is one of the easiest and safest
fertilizer to use. Goat manure contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, ash,
carbon, calcium, magnesium, and special sort of bacteria which makes it an
effective fertilizer. Through the application of goat manure to the plant it

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increases the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
content of leaf, fruit yield, plant height, number of branches, the area of leaf,
the length of the roots, and the diameter of the produced fruit. These
significant changes support the claim that goat manure has effects on the
growth and development of plants. Plants needed fertilizers when need
support for nutrients. To sum up, there are too many varieties of plants in our
environment. In every different variety of plants, some plants needed fertilizer
to support the growing stage and some are not because those plants can
stand on their own. Goat manure as a fertilizer is efficient to use, because it
composts faster than other animal manures. Putting goat manure in the soil
only requires a small amount of effort, because it can spread easily. In short,
goat manure is beneficial, because it has a lot of nutrients. The fertilizer
should be applied before planting and before transplanting in all tomato and
okra plant seedlings. There are pros and cons effects of fertilizer to the
plants. The pros are the nutrients that fertilizer contained help the plants to
develop the parts of plants. It also supports the plant to flourish the root
system as well as to strengthen the stem. However, the con is using too
much fertilizer can kill the plants. In conclusion, people need to have more
pay attention to using fertilizer to the plants so it will result in the good
production of plants. Before using fertilizer or planting plants, the soil should
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examine first. It would be a big help to determine what nutrients the soil
contains. If people know the nutrients that soil had, it is easy to decide what
fertilizer should be used that will be effective for the plants. Goat manure
helps the soil to produce more nitrogen that will helps the plants in their
growth and development. Using too much goat manure will not harm the
plants. It is safe to use.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES
This chapter provides the research methodology utilized in order to
obtain the necessary data and observation significant to the study. This
converged on different variables used in data collection, analysis, and
evaluation, including also the statistical treatment used in the study.
Research Design
The researchers utilized the descriptive method of research.
Descriptive studies may include present facts as current condition concerning

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the nature of a group of persons, a number of objects, as much as class of
events and may involve the procedure of analysis, classification,
enumeration, and measurement of the given data (Castillo, 2017).
Furthermore, according to Best and Khans (2016) as cited in De
Torres et al., (2016), descriptive research describes and interprets what it is.
It is concerned with conditions of relationship that exist; practices that prevail,
beliefs, processes that are going on; effects that are being felt or trends that
are developing. Hence, the researchers believe that this type of research
design will give them accurate results.
The data related to this study were gathered through the use of
researcher made-survey questionnaire as the first data-gathering instruments
which were analyzed and interpreted to achieve the main objectives of this
study.
The study also employed a true experimental research design in which
posttest-only control group design is used. According to Bruce B. Frey (2018),
the posttest-only control group design is a research design in which there are
at least two groups, one of which does not receive a treatment or intervention,
and data are collected on the outcome measure after the treatment or
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intervention. The group that does not receive the treatment or intervention of
interest is the control group. [ CITATION Bru18 \l 1033 ]
Population/ Respondents of the Study
The participating respondents of the study are 25 individuals who have
their vegetable gardens at home in Tuy, Batangas. The researchers utilized
convenient sampling to arrive at the sample population.
Data Gathering Instrument
The study was conducted through investigation using scales
(measuring tools like ruler), observation, questionnaires, and documentation.
A researcher-made survey questionnaire is the other data gathering
instrument validated by the experts in the field before administration to
determine the factors brought by goat manure organic fertilizer to the growth
and development of plants.
The results gathered from the survey were then subjected to statistical
treatment with rating scale of 1 to 4 where 1 was the lowest and 4 was the
highest. The assessments were given with the following scales:
VERBAL
POINT SCALE RANGE
INTERPRETATION
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4 3.00-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.00-2.99 Agree
2 1.00-1.99 Disagree
1 0.99 Strongly Disagree
Methods and Procedures
The study was conducted using this procedure:
First, the researchers will test the NPK content of the soil to be used using
soil test kit.
The general process for this design is that:
(a) two or more groups are formed;

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There are two paired groups of planted vegetable plants (tomato and
okra) that will be divided into two classifications, the one that will receive a
treatment (fertilizer) and the one that will not receive any intervention.
(b) the treatment or intervention is administered;
The treatment (fertilizer) will be applied to the first groups of 10 pairs of
tomato plants namely A1-A10 and 7 pairs of okra plants namely A1-A7. The
remaining group are B1-B10 for tomato and B1-B7 for okra plants will be set
without any conditions. The amount of fertilizer to be applied in A group is ½
cup per plant seedling.
(c) data are collected after the treatment or intervention has been
administered,
The data from the results of physiological and physical property of plant
investigation and observation was collected through this checklist:
Table 1.0 Checklist
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST
WEEK 1
Parts of the Plant DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 DAY 6 DAY 7
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
1.) Leaf Length
2.) No. of Leaves
3.) Plant Height
4.) No. of
Branches
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Table 2.0 Checklist II
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST
WEEK 2
Parts of the Plant DAY 8 DAY 9 DAY 10 DAY 11 DAY 12 DAY 13 DAY 14
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
1.) Leaf Length
2.) No. of Leaves
3.) Plant Height
4.) No. of
Branches
and (d)
the data are compared between groups to determine whether the treatment
or intervention was effective.
The results from the assessment and data gathering procedure were
compared to determine the effectivity of goat manure as organic fertilizer
Statistical and Data Analysis Method

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The researchers used t-test and growth and development analysis to
calculate the treatment effect and to test the hypothesis of the study.
As the study conducted by Rakesh Pandey and Vijay Paul entitled
"Plant Growth Analysis" (2017) stated that the plant growth analysis is
required to understand variations in plant growth between species growing in
the same environment or between species growing in different
environments. [CITATION Rak17 \l 1033 ]
As answered by Santhoshkumar Av on the question in ResearchGate,
the question, "Plant Growth Measurement" (2011), he answered that relative
growth rate (RGR), Leaf area ratio (LAR), Leaf weight ratio (LWR), Lead area
length (LAD), Specific lead area (SLA), Specific leaf weight (SLW), Absolute
growth rate (AGR), Net assimilation ratio ( NAR), Crop growth rate (CGR),
and other indices may be used to calculate growth.[ CITATION San11 \l 1033 ]
The researchers used the following indices to calculate the growth and
development of sample plants as mentioned in the article written by
Souvicganguly (2019):
Growth Analysis
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Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects
on growth and development of crop plants.
Relative Growth Rate
Relative growth rate is a measure of the increase in size, mass or
number of crops over a period of time.
Formula: RGR = ( MfMi− Mi )100 %

Where Mf= final measurement, Mi= initial measurement
Absolute Growth Rate
The simplest index of plant growth; a rate of change in size, an
increment in size per unit time.
Mf − Mi
Formula: AGR=
No . of Days
Where Mf= final measurement, Mi= initial measurement
Development Analysis
The developmental rates can also be estimated in a similar way as the
growth rates.
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Leaf Production Rate
Leaf production rate can be estimated by counting the number of
leaves and branches on tagged plants at periodical intervals.
Lf − Li
Formula: LPR=
No . of Days
Where Lf= final leaf count, Li= initial leaf count [ CITATION Sou19 \l 1033 ]
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the analysis and interprets the data gathers in
order to draw out important information and significant points about the
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effectivity of organic fertilizer to the growth and development of tomato and
okra plant seedlings. For clarity and consistency in the discussion, the data
are presented in tabular and chart form.
Soil Testing Results

 pH level
The result of pH level test shows that the collected soil sample has a
pH level of 5.8 which is normal. The result is based on the resulting color of
the soil solution and was matched to the color swatches. The magenta color
indicates 5.8 pH level which is the normal pH level of soil.
According to an article written by Marjan Kluepfel, Bob Lippert,
and Joey Williamson entitled "Changing the pH of Your Soil" (2012) stated
that the value of soil pH is one of the environmental conditions that affects the
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quality of plant growth. The soil pH value directly affects nutrient availability. If
soil pH values above or below the ranges to the designated soil pH value of
plants, it may result in less healthy growth and nutrient deficiencies. [ CITATION
Klu12 \l 1033 ]
Moreover, according to a study written by Lynn Branden Berger,
James Shrefler, John Damicone, Eric Rebek entitled "Okra Production"
(2019) stated that the okra plant prefers soil with a pH level between 6.0 and
6.8. If the soil pH is below 5.8 can result in the okra plant with poorly
developed pods. [CITATION Lyn19 \l 1033 ]
On the other hand, an article was written by Maureen Malone entitled
"Amount of PH Needed to Grow Tomatoes" (2020) cited that Cornell
University noted that the ideal soil pH level for growing tomatoes is between
6.0 and 6.8. Tomatoes also want soil that is fertile and well-drained with
plenty of organic material.[ CITATION Mau20 \l 1033 ]
 Nitrogen Content of the Soil

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The result of Nitrogen content test shows that the collected soil sample
has low-medium nitrogen content. The result is based on the resulting color of
the soil solution and was matched with the color swatches. The brownish
green color indicates that the nitrogen content of the soil sample ranges from
low to medium.
According to an article written by Harley Smith titled "How to Correct a
Nitrogen Deficiency" (2013) stated that one of the most common nutrient
deficiencies in the soil and outdoor gardening is nitrogen deficiency. Nitrates
are highly water-soluble and readily leach from the soil. Overwatering or
heavy rains will easily wash nitrates out of the root region, resulting in a
nitrogen deficiency. Organic or inorganic fertilizers may be used to treat

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nitrogen deficiency, but nitrate or ammonium-based fertilizers work the
fastest. Any general-purpose grow solution will usually provide enough
nitrogen to make up for deficiencies. [ CITATION Har13 \l 1033 ]
 Phosphorus Content
The result of phosphorus content test shows that the collected soil
sample has medium-high nitrogen content. The result is based on the
resulting color of the soil solution and was matched with the color swatches.
The dark toned blue color indicates that the phosphorus content of the soil
sample ranges from medium to high.

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As mentioned in an article written by Tonya Barnett entitled "Lowering
Phosphorus Levels – Correcting High Phosphorus in Soil" (2019) stated that
excessive phosphorus in the soil will be damage the overall health of the
plants. High phosphorus can cause a shortage of zinc and iron in the soil.
These micronutrient shortages present themselves by yellowing and withering
of the garden plants. Moreover, the article also stated that there are no ways
to reduce the excessive phosphorus in soil. People should avoid using
fertilizers that contain too much phosphorus.[ CITATION Ton19 \l 1033 ]
 Potassium Content of the soil
The result of potassium content test shows that the collected soil
sample has sufficient amount of potassium. The result is based on the distinct
cloudy yellowish layer about the solution that indicates that the soil has
sufficient available potassium.

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According to an article conducted by Daniel E. Kaiser and Carl J.
Rosen entitled "Potassium for Crop Production" (2018) stated that the soil
total potassium (K) content often exceeds 20,000 ppm (parts per million).
Though the total K content in soils is abundant, only a limited amount is
available for plant growth at any given time. It is because nearly all of the K in
soil minerals is in the structural portion and is not available for plant growth.
Due to wide variations in soil parent materials and the impact weathering has
on these materials, the amount of K supplied by soils varies. As a result, the
amount of K needed in a fertilizer program varies by region in the United
States. [CITATION Kai18 \l 1033 ]

DisagreeStrongly
Strongly Agree
MeanWeighted
Interpretation
Disagree
Verbal
Agree
Rank
Indicators
Strongly
1. Nitrogen 13 10 2 0 3.44 1.5
Agree
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Strongly
2. Potassium 11 14 0 0 3.44 1.5
Agree
Strongly
3. Magnesium 6 18 1 0 3.20 5
Agree
Strongly
4. Calcium 7 17 1 0 3.24 4
Agree
5. Phosphoru Strongly
12 12 1 0 3.44 1.5
s Agree
Strongly
6. Carbon 6 17 2 0 3.16 6
Agree
Strongly
7. Ash 6 15 4 0 3.08 7
Agree
Average Weighted Mean = 3.286 Strongly Agree
Table 3.0 Content of goat manure that makes it an effective fertilizer
Ash got the lowest weighted mean of 3.08 and the verbal interpretation
is Strongly Agree. It has side effects on plants. According to a blog written by
the UC Master Gardener Program of Contra Costa County entitled "Wood
Ashes Not Recommend for Gardens" (2015) stated that an excess of ashes
can result in an excess of alkalinity and salinity. Adding wood ashes, which
typically contain 25% calcium carbonate and are thus very alkaline with a pH
of 10 to 12, raises soil alkalinity, creating an unfavorable environment for
plant development. [CITATION KOA19 \l 1033 ]
After the ash, carbon is the second to the lowest that got a weighted
mean of 3.16, and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. To support that,
according to an article written by Amy Grant entitled "Do Plants Use Carbon:
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Learn About the Role of Carbon in Plants" (2021) cited that carbon in plants is
used to produce healthy specimens, while others are turned into carbon
dioxide and released into the atmosphere. However, some of the carbon is
trapped in the soil. This accumulated carbon aids in the reduction of
atmospheric carbon by binding to minerals or remaining in organic forms that
will slowly degrade over time. Aside from that, adding organic matter to the
soil around growing plants, such as manure or decomposing plant parts (rich
in carbon – or the browns in compost), essentially fertilizes them, feeding and
nourishing the plants and making them vigorous and lush. Carbon and plant
growth are thus inextricably linked. [ CITATION Amy21 \l 1033 ]
The third to the last ranking of the indicators is magnesium. It got a
weighted mean of 3.20 and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree.
According to an article written by Daniel E. Kaiser and Carl J. Rosen titled
"Magnesium for crop production" (2016) stated that in plant tissue,
magnesium (Mg) serves as the fundamental center of the chlorophyll
molecule. As a result, if Mg levels are low, chlorophyll levels are low, resulting
in poor and stunted plant growth. Magnesium also aids in the activation of
complex enzyme systems. Enzymes are complex substances that help plants
create, alter, or degrade compounds as part of their normal metabolism.
[ CITATION Dan16 \l 1033 ]

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The second to the highest ranking is calcium. This indicator has a
weighted mean of 3.24, and its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. As
mentioned in an article authored by Robert Norton entitled "Focus on calcium:
Its role in crop production" (2013) that enough calcium plays a part in the
preservation of soil physical resources as well as the reclamation of sodic
soils. Calcium contributes to soil fertility by assisting in the maintenance of a
flocculated clay and, as a result, strong aeration. Ca is required for plants to
grow strong cell walls and membranes.[ CITATION Rob13 \l 1033 ]
The result from the table above shows that the first three had the
highest weighted mean of 3.44 and the verbal interpretation is Strongly
Agree. The result is supported by the article written by Charlotte Germane
entitled "Why Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Are So Important for
Your Plants" (2020) stated that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is the big
three nutrients. Each content has a specific task. Nitrogen helps to grow new
stems and leaves. It is also essential to chlorophyll which makes the leaves
green and helps plants to photosynthesize. On the other hand, phosphorus
assists the plants to develop the flowers, fruits, and root system. Lastly,
potassium helps roots to be healthy and also aids flowers and fruits. It helps
plants endure stress, such as drought. [CITATION Cha11 \l 1033 ]

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In general, the average weighted mean of all the indicators is 3.286
and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree.
VERBAL
AGREESTRONGLY
DISAGREESTRONGLY
MEANWEIGHTED
DISAGREE
AGREE
RANK
INDICATORS
INTERPRETAIO
N
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1. Leaf nutrient STRONGLY

19 5 1 0 3.72 2.5
increase. AGREE
2. Increase in fruit STRONGLY
12 12 1 0 3.44 6
yield. AGREE
3. Plant height STRONGLY
14 10 1 0 3.52 4
increase. AGREE
4. Increase in
STRONGLY
number of 11 13 0 0 3.40 7
AGREE
branches.
5. Increase in leaf STRONGLY
13 12 0 0 3.82 1
area/growth. AGREE
6. Increase in root STRONGLY
18 7 0 0 3.72 2.5
length. AGREE
7. Increase in fruit
STRONGLY
diameter and 12 13 0 0 3.48 5
AGREE
number.
Table 4.0 Significant changes that organic fertilizer brings to the plants
The lowest weighted mean that got was 3.40 and the verbal
interpretation is Strongly Agree. The result is supported by the study
conclusion of the "Effect of different sources of organic manure on the growth
and yield of sweet pepper" (2016) written by Adhikari P, Khanal A, and
Subedi R. It stated that goat manure and other manures has slightly affect on
the production of number of branches than vermicompost. [ CITATION Adh16 \l
1033 ]
Moreover, the second to the last ranking got a weighted mean of 3.44
and its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. To support that, according to a

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study conducted by S. O. Dahunsi, S. Oranusi, V. E. Efeovbokhan, A. T.
Adesulu-Dahunsi, and J. O. Ogunwole entitled "Effect of different organic
fertilizers application on growth and environmental risk of nitrate under a
vegetable field" (2021) stated that, through their test, the researchers of the
study proved that organic fertilizers significantly increased vegetable yield by
7.6–45.2% based on their test. [CITATION Dah \l 1033 ]
Along with that, according to the study written by Rakesh
Joshi, Jaswinder Singh, and Adarsh Pal Vig entitled "Vermicompost as an
effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield, and
quality of plants" (2014) claimed that vermicompost is excellent organic
manure for increasing plant growth and yield. It can boost crop production
and protect crops from harmful pests while not polluting the environment. It
also aids in the production of more fruit. The indicator has a weighted mean
of 3.48 and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. [ CITATION Jos142 \l 1033 ]
Through, the study of "Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on
growth, the activity of nitrate reductase and chlorophyll contents of peanuts
(Arachis hypogaea L.)" (2014) was written by E.D. Purbajanti, W Slamet, E
Fuskhah, and Rosyida. It cited that nutrient availability through organic and
inorganic fertilizers is needed to promote plant growth and development.
Plant growth can be calculated using a variety of indicators, including plant

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height, leaf count, etc.[ CITATION Adk16 \l 1033 ] It has a weighted mean of 3.52
The second in the rank was got a weighted mean of 3.72 and the
verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. To support the result above, according
to the study entitled "The Principal Role of Organic Fertilizer on Soil
Properties and Agricultural Productivity -A Review" (2019) written by Sisay
Assefa and Sisay Tadesse. It stated that organic fertilizers have the benefit of
stimulating healthy root growth and increase the nutrients of leaves. Organic
fertilizer comes from a variety of sources, including minerals, animal waste,
sewage sludge, and plants. [CITATION Ass19 \l 1033 ]
Through, the study conducted by Yuda C. Hariadia, Arry Y.
Nurhayatia, P.Hariyania entitled "Biophysical Monitoring on the Effect on
Different Composition of Goat and Cow Manure on the Growth Response of
Maize to Support Sustainability" (2016) supported that the result of the study
showed that the increasing developing of leaf area caused due to supply of
nitrogen from the goat manure. Nitrogen gave a green color to the leaves and
benefited in enhancing all the development of the plant during all the stages.
The indicator got the highest weighted mean of 3.82 and its verbal
interpretation is Strongly Agree. [ CITATION Har161 \l 1033 ]

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All in all, the average weighted mean of all indicators was 3.586 and
the verbal interpretation for that is Strongly Agree.
VERBAL
AGREESTRONGLY
DISAGREESTRONGLY
MEANWEIGHTED
DISAGREE
AGREE
RANK
INDICATORS
INTERPRETAI
ON
1. It is well-known for
STRONGLY
increasing the soil's 16 9 0 0 3.64 1
AGREE
water holding ability.
2. It has mild or STRONGLY
10 11 4 0 3.24 7
moderate odor. AGREE
3. It is easier to handle STRONGLY
15 10 0 0 3.60 2
and spread. AGREE
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4. It has 22 pounds of STRONGLY

10 14 1 0 3.36 6
nitrogen per ton. AGREE
5. The pelletized
droppings allow for
more airflow in STRONGLY
13 11 1 0 3.48 4.5
compost piles, which AGREE
reduces composting
time.
6. Its pelleted shape
allows it to be
STRONGLY
applied directly to 14 10 0 0 3.52 3
AGREE
flower and vegetable
gardens.
7. It produces high
levels of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and
STRONGLY
potassium, can be 13 11 1 0 3.48 4.5
AGREE
used as
decomposition
activators media.
Table 5.0 Advantages and benefits of goat manure as an organic fertilizer
First, the lowest weighted mean got 3.24 and its verbal interpretation is
Strongly Agree. This indicator supported by an article was written by Douglas
Hamilton entitled "Odor Control" (2016) mentioned that farm odors often
caused by manure. Bacteria feed on manure, and when they eat it, they emit
odors. Preventing bacteria from growing in manure can help to mitigate
odors. Bacterial growth can be slowed by using disinfectants, applying lime to
increase the pH of the manure, and holding the manure dry. Manure
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containing significant amounts of nitrogen and sulfur emits especially strong
odors. [ CITATION Dou16 \l 1033 ]
Second, this indicator is ranked second to the lowest and got 3.36
weighted mean, and its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator
is supported by an article entitled “Is Goat Manure Good for Fertilizer?”
written by SF Gate Contributor discussed that goat manure is drier than cow
or horse manure, and it is similar to sheep manure. It has a less pungent odor
and is easier to handle and spread. It also decomposes faster. According to
the National Gardening Association, goat manure is richer in nitrogen and
potassium than horse and cow dung, and it has 22 pounds of nitrogen per ton
on average. [ CITATION SFG21 \l 13321 ]
Third, this indicator is ranked third to lowest and got 3.45 weighted
mean, and its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator is
supported by an article of Nikki Tilley entitled “Uses for Goat Manure – Using
Goat Manure for Fertilizer” stated that another benefit of using goat manure
as a fertilizer is that the pelletized droppings make for more ventilation in
compost piles, which speeds up the composting process. Without the use of
harmful chemicals, composted manure can add nutrients to the soil, promote
healthier plant growth, and increase crop yields. [CITATION Placeholder3 \l 13321 ]
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Also, this indicator is ranked third to the lowest and got 3.45 weighted
mean, and its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator supported
by an article of Aruna Olasekan Adekiya with his co-researchers entitled
“Different organic manure sources and NPK fertilizer on soil chemical
properties, growth, yield and quality of okra” stated that when compared to
control, organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased soil organic matter
(OM), N, P, K, Ca, and Mg (NPK fertilizer did not significantly increase OM,
Ca, or Mg), growth, yield, minerals, protein, ash, carbohydrate, and mucilage
content of okra fruit. When compared to NPK fertilizer, organic manures
increased okra yield. [ CITATION Aru20 \l 13321 ]
Then, these two indicators ranked second and third to the highest
which got 3.52 and 3.60 weighted mean, and its verbal interpretation is
Strongly Agree. These indicators were supported by the article mentioned
above entitled “Uses for Goat Manure – Using Goat Manure for Fertilizer” by
Nikki Tilley stated that one of the most effective ways to enrich the soil is to
use goat manure in garden areas. Its pelleted form allows it to be applied
directly to flower and vegetable gardens without the risk of burning the plants.
Furthermore, the pellets are simple to spread and till into the soil. Another
option is to mix equal parts of goat manure, sand, and straw into spring beds,
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adding more or less manure as the plants grow throughout the season.
[ CITATION Nik14 \l 1033 ]
Lastly, the highest weighted mean got 3.64 and the verbal
interpretation is Strongly Agree. This supported by the conclusion of the study
conducted by Faisal Mahmood, Imran Khan, Umair Ashraf, Tanvir Shahzad,
Sabir Hussain, Muhammed Shahid, Muhammad Abid, and Sami Ullah entitled
"Effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impact
on soil Physico-chemical properties" (2017) stated that the application of
organic manure (from various sources) improved soil porosity, moisture
content, and water holding ability while reducing soil compaction and bulk
density.[ CITATION Mah17 \l 1033 ]
To sum it up all, the average weighted mean of all indicators got 3.474

DISAGREESTRONGLY
AGREESTRONGLY
WEIGHTED MEAN
INTERPRETAION
DISAGREE
VERBAL
AGREE
RANK
INDICATORS
STRONGLY
1. Chlorophyll 4 18 3 0 3.04 7
AGREE
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2. Germinating STRONGLY
9 14 2 0 3.28 6
Seeds AGREE
STRONGLY
3. Root 13 12 0 0 3.52 2
AGREE
STRONGLY
4. Leaves 15 10 0 0 3.60 1
AGREE
STRONGLY
5. Stem 12 13 0 0 3.48 3.5
AGREE
STRONGLY
6. Flower 9 15 1 0 3.32 5
AGREE
STRONGLY
7. Fruit 11 14 0 0 3.48 3.5
AGREE
Table 6.0 Parts of plants that fertilizer affecting
The table indicates the result supported by the study conducted by
Muhammad Razaq, Peng Zhang, Hai-long Shen, and Salahuddin entitled
"Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the growth and root morphology
of Acer mono" (2017) stated that although nitrogen (N) is the most important
elemental factor in chlorophyll biosynthesis, N application can have a
negative impact. Excess N, for example, has been shown to shorten the life
span of leaves and increase their vulnerability to disease. Based on the table,
the lowest mean that gather was 3.04 for the indicator chlorophyll and its
verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. [CITATION Nic12 \l 1033 ]

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Also, the second to the lowest indicator got 3.28 weighted mean, and
its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator supported by an
article of Dr. W.M. (Mike) Stewart entitled “Placing Fertilizer with Seed”
mentioned that fertilizer is commonly placed in a furrow with the seed during
planting in small grain and, to a lesser extent, row crop production. Placement
of fertilizer with the seed can be a beneficial management practice, but
overapplication and mismanagement can result in seedling damage, as well
as eventual stand and yield loss. The amount of fertilizer that can be safely
applied with seed depends on the type of crop, fertilizer source, row spacing,
and soil environment. [ CITATION WMS12 \l 13321 ]
Next, the third to the lowest indicator got 3.32 weighted mean, and its
verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. It is supported by an article entitled
“How to Choose the Right Flower Fertilizer Type” written by Jamie McIntosh
stated that choosing fertilizers with a higher percentage of phosphorus
compared to nitrogen and potassium to encourage blooming. Healthy flowers
begin with strong root systems, and giving your flowers a potassium boost
can help them get off to a good start. [ CITATION Jam20 \l 13321 ]
Then, the third to the highest indicator got 3.48 weighted mean, and its
verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator is supported by the
study entitled “The effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the
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growth and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera
Lin.) in a nursery system” written by Si Ho Han with his co-researchers
conclude that the fertilization treatment had a significant impact on soil
nutrients, it had little impact on the plant's leaves and stems or the nutrient
concentrations in the roots. [ CITATION SiH16 \l 13321 ]
Similarly, this indicator also got 3.48 weighted mean and ranks third to
the highest, and its verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator is
supported by the study of Shenglan Ye with her co-researchers entitled
“Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and
fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi” discussed that organic
fertilizer can increase the sweetness, hardness, and vitamin content of the
fruit, among other things. It discovered that organic fertilizer can improve the
growth, yield, and quality of the Huangguan pear's upper part. [ CITATION
She20 \l 13321 ]
In addition, the second to the highest got 3.52 weighted mean, and its
verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. This indicator is supported by the
study entitled “Benefits of organic manure combined with biochar
amendments to cotton root growth and yield under continuous cropping
systems in Xinjiang, China” written by Zhiyong Zhang with his co-researchers
discussed that organic fertilizer application improved soil enzyme activity,

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microbial population structure, root respiration rate, total root length, root
surface area, and root volume significantly. This could be due to the
application of manure to soils, which provides additional nutrients that aid
plant growth and cotton in the bud stage requires a larger root system to
absorb nutrients and maintain growth, as well as to maintain the cotton plant's
supporting functions, given the poor physical structure of the soil and the
frequent occurrence of sandstorms. [ CITATION Zhi20 \l 13321 ]
Moreover, the highest weighted mean got 3.60 and the verbal
interpretation for that is Strongly Agree. To support that, based the study
conducted by E.D. Purbajanti, W Slamet, E Fuskhah, and Rosyida entitled
"Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Activity of Nitrate
Reductase and Chlorophyll contents of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)"
(2019) stated that fertilizer helps to nourish the stem. It also mentioned that
organic fertilizer nutrients promote rapid root production, which may have
boosted leaf growth near the end of plant life. [CITATION Adk16 \l 1033 ]
All in all, all the indicators sum up and got the average weighted mean
of 3.389 and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree.

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Growth and Development Analysis
Stating the Hypothesis of the Study

Let µ₁= the population mean of Group A
Let µ₂= the population mean of Group B
Ho: µ₁=µ₂, µ₁-µ₂=0
Hi: µ₁>µ₂
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The general null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference
between the population means of Group A and Group B.
The general alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant difference
between the population means of two Groups
Tomato and Okra Plant Physiological Data

 Leaf Length (Tomato)
Initial Final Relative Growth Absolute Growth Rate
Cup Lf −Li
Length Length Rate (cm/day)
A1 1.5 2.7 1.2 80.00% 0.09
A2 2 2.7 0.7 35.00% 0.05
A3 1.5 2.8 1.3 86.67% 0.09
A4 1.5 2.5 1 66.67% 0.07
A5 1.2 2.3 1.1 91.67% 0.08
A6 1.5 2.5 1 66.67% 0.07
A7 2 2.8 0.8 40.00% 0.06
A8 1.5 2.7 1.2 80.00% 0.09
A9 1.5 2.6 1.1 73.33% 0.08
A10 1.5 2.5 1 66.67% 0.07
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AVE 1.57 2.61 1.04 68.67% 0.07
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf length of Group A-
Tomato (treated) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
researchers computed the average relative growth rate of Group A which is
68.67%. The average added length in centimeters after the intervention is
1.04 cm. The average absolute growth rate is 0.07 cm/ day.
Table 7.0 The Average Relative Growth of Group A (Tomato)
n x ẋ x-ẋ (x-ẋ) ² s² s
1 80.00% 68.67% 11.33% 1.28% 3.44% 18.56%
2 35.00% 68.67% -33.67% 11.33%
3 86.67% 68.67% 18.00% 3.24%
4 66.67% 68.67% -2.00% 0.04%
5 91.67% 68.67% 23.00% 5.29%
6 66.67% 68.67% -2.00% 0.04%
7 40.00% 68.67% -28.67% 8.22%
8 80.00% 68.67% 11.33% 1.28%
9 73.33% 68.67% 4.67% 0.22%
10 66.67% 68.67% -2.00% 0.04%
N=10 686.67% 30.99%
Table 8.0 The Variance and Standard Deviation of Group A (Tomato)
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The table shows the computed sample mean, sample variance, and
sample standard deviation. These data are needed for the hypothesis testing.
Initial Final Relative Growth Absolute growth

Cup Lf −Li
Length Length Rate Rate (cm/day)
B1 1.5 2.3 0.8 53.33% 0.06
B2 1.5 2.1 0.6 40.00% 0.04
B3 1.5 0 -1.5 -100.00% -0.11
B4 1.3 2.2 0.9 69.23% 0.06
B5 1.5 2.6 1.1 73.33% 0.08
B6 1.5 2.2 0.7 46.67% 0.05
B7 2 2.7 0.7 35.00% 0.05
B8 2 2.8 0.8 40.00% 0.06
B9 2 2.9 0.9 45.00% 0.06
B10 1.5 2.4 0.9 60.00% 0.06
AVE 1.63 2.22 0.59 36.26% 0.04
Table 9.0 The Average Relative Growth of Group B (Tomato)
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The table shows the computed average relative growth rate of the
samples from Group B- Tomato (control) which is 36.26%. The average
added length in centimeters after two weeks of observation is 0.59 cm. The
average absolute growth rate of the samples from Group B is 0.04 cm/day.
1 53.33% 36.26% 17.08% 2.92% 24.55% 49.55%
2 40.00% 36.26% 3.74% 0.14%
3 -100.00% 36.26% -136.26% 185.66%
4 69.23% 36.26% 32.97% 10.87%
5 73.33% 36.26% 37.08% 13.75%
6 46.67% 36.26% 10.41% 1.08%
7 35.00% 36.26% -1.26% 0.02%
8 40.00% 36.26% 3.74% 0.14%
9 45.00% 36.26% 8.74% 0.76%
10 60.00% 36.26% 23.74% 5.64%
N=10 362.56% 220.98%
Table 10 The Variance and Standard Deviation of Group B (Tomato)
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Average Added Average Relative Growth Average Absolute Growth

Group
Length Rate Rate
A 1.04 cm 68.67% 0.07 cm/day
B 0.59 cm 36.26% 0.04 cm/day
Table 11 The Comparison of Averages of Groups A and B
The table shows that the average added length, average relative
growth, and average absolute rate of the samples from Group A are greater
than those of samples from Group B. Since solely means or averages could
not tell if there is significant difference between the growth rates of the
samples from the two groups, the researchers used one-tailed t-test
assuming that the variances of two groups are equal as stated at the null
hypothesis of the study to test it.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Group A Group B
0.6866666 0.36256
Mean 7 4
0.24552
Variance 0.0344321 9
Observations 10 10
0.1399806
Pooled Variance 4
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 18
t Stat 1.9370172
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1
0.0342998
P(T<=t) one-tail 4
1.7340636
t Critical one-tail 1
0.0685996
P(T<=t) two-tail 8
2.1009220
t Critical two-tail 4
Table 12 t-Testing
The relative growth rate of samples from Group A (M= 68.67%, SD=
18.56%, n=10) was hypothesized to be greater than the relative growth rate
of samples from Group B (M= 36.25%, SD= 45.55%, n=10). Since, p-value =
0.034 < 0.05, the data is statistically significant at the α= 0.05 level and the
null hypothesis is rejected in favor of alternative hypothesis. In conclusion,
there was a significant difference between the relative growth rates (leaf
length) of Group A and Group B, t Stat=1.94 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p= 0.034
< 0.05.
 Leaf Length (Okra)

Initial Final Relative Growth Absolute Growth
Cup Lf −Li
A1 3.8 4.8 1 26.32% 0.07
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A2 2.8 4.3 1.5 53.57% 0.11

A3 2.8 5.8 3 107.14% 0.21
A4 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
A5 2.9 4.6 1.7 58.62% 0.12
A6 2.9 4.8 1.9 65.52% 0.14
A7 3.8 6.3 2.5 65.79% 0.18
AVE 1.94 60.99% 0.14
Table 13 The Average Relative Growth Rate of Group A (Okra)
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf length of Group A-
okra (treated) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
1 26.32% 60.99% -34.68% 12.03% 0.85% 9.20%
2 53.57% 60.99% -7.42% 0.55%
3 107.14% 60.99% 46.15% 21.30%
4 50.00% 60.99% -10.99% 1.21%
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5 58.62% 60.99% -2.37% 0.06%

6 65.52% 60.99% 4.52% 0.20%
7 65.79% 60.99% 4.80% 0.23%
N=7 60.99% 5.08%
Table 14 The Variance and Standard Deviation of Group B (Okra)

Cup Lf −Li
B1 1.7 2.2 0.5 29.41% 0.04
B2 3 4.2 1.2 40.00% 0.09
B3 2 2.5 0.5 25.00% 0.04
B4 5.5 6.2 0.7 12.73% 0.05
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B5 3 3.2 0.2 6.67% 0.01

B6 1.7 3 1.3 76.47% 0.09
B7 1.5 2.7 1.2 80.00% 0.09
AVE 0.8 38.61% 0.06
Table 15 The Average Relative Growth Rate of Group B (Okra)
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf length of Group B-
okra (control) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
researchers computed the average relative growth rate of Group B which is
1 29.41% 38.61% -9.20% 0.85% 1.22% 11.03%
2 40.00% 38.61% 1.39% 0.02%
3 25.00% 38.61% -13.61% 1.85%
4 12.73% 38.61% -25.88% 6.70%
5 6.67% 38.61% -31.94% 10.20%
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6 76.47% 38.61% 37.86% 14.33%

7 80.00% 38.61% 41.39% 17.13%
N=7 38.61% 7.30%
Average Added Average Relative Average Absolute

Group
Length Growth Rate Growth Rate
A 1.94 60.99% 0.14
B 0.8 38.61% 0.06
Table 17 The Comparison of Averages of Groups A and B (Okra)
The table shows that the average added length, average relative
growth, and average absolute rate of the samples from Group A are greater
not tell if there is significant difference between the growth rates of the

Group A Group B
Mean 0.6099392 0.38610
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6 9
0.0508192
Variance 4 0.07298
Observations 8 8
0.0618997
Pooled Variance 6
df 14
1.7993030
t Stat 5
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.0467775
1.7613101
0.0935550
P(T<=t) two-tail 1
2.1447866
Table 18 The t-Testing
9.20%, n=7) was hypothesized to be greater than the relative growth rate of
samples from Group B (M= 38.61%, SD= 11.03%, n=7). Since, p-value =
there was a significant difference between the relative growth rates (leaf
< 0.05.
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 Plant Height (Tomato)

Cup H f −H i
Height Height Rate Rate (cm/day)
A1 6 8.9 2.9 48.33% 0.21
A2 4.7 7.2 2.5 53.19% 0.18
A3 4.5 8 3.5 77.78% 0.25
A4 6 9.8 3.8 63.33% 0.27
A5 4.2 7.5 3.3 78.57% 0.24
A6 5.9 9.2 3.3 55.93% 0.24
A7 4.9 8.2 3.3 67.35% 0.24
A8 3.4 8.2 4.8 141.18% 0.34
A9 4.9 8.4 3.5 71.43% 0.25
A10 4.8 8.2 3.4 70.83% 0.24
AVE 4.93 8.36 3.43 72.79% 0.25
Table 19 The Average Relative Growth Rate of Group A (Tomato)
The table shows the gathered initial and final plant height of Group A-
Tomato (treated) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
72.79%. The average added height in centimeters after the intervention is
3.43 cm. The average absolute growth rate is 0.0.25 cm/ day.
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1 48.33% 72.79% -24.46% 5.98% 6.81% 26.09%
2 53.19% 72.79% -19.60% 3.84%
3 77.78% 72.79% 4.99% 0.25%
4 63.33% 72.79% -9.46% 0.89%
5 78.57% 72.79% 5.78% 0.33%
6 55.93% 72.79% -16.86% 2.84%
7 67.35% 72.79% -5.45% 0.30%
8 141.18% 72.79% 68.38% 46.76%
9 71.43% 72.79% -1.36% 0.02%
10 70.83% 72.79% -1.96% 0.04%
N= 10 727.92% 61.26%
Table 20 The Variance and Standard Deviation of Group A (Tomato)
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108

Cup H f −H i
Height Height Rate Rate (cm/day)
B1 6 8.3 2.3 38.33% 0.16
B2 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
B3 4.5 0 -4.5 -100.00% -0.32
B4 6.2 8.6 2.4 38.71% 0.17
B5 4.5 7.7 3.2 71.11% 0.23
B6 6 8.5 2.5 41.67% 0.18
B7 5 8 3 60.00% 0.21
B8 3.6 7 3.4 94.44% 0.24
B9 5 7.9 2.9 58.00% 0.21
B10 5 7.6 2.6 52.00% 0.19
AVE 4.98 6.96 1.98 40.43% 0.14
Table 21 The Average Relative Growth Rate of Group B (Tomato)
The table shows the gathered initial and final plant height of Group B-
Tomato (control) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
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1 38.33% 40.43% -2.09% 0.04% 27.23% 52.18%
2 50.00% 40.43% 9.57% 0.92%
3 -100.00% 40.43% -140.43% 197.20%
4 38.71% 40.43% -1.72% 0.03%
5 71.11% 40.43% 30.68% 9.42%
6 41.67% 40.43% 1.24% 0.02%
7 60.00% 40.43% 19.57% 3.83%
8 94.44% 40.43% 54.02% 29.18%
9 58.00% 40.43% 17.57% 3.09%
10 52.00% 40.43% 11.57% 1.34%
N= 10 404.27% 245.06%
Average Added Average Relative Growth Average Absolute Growth

Group
Height Rate Rate
A 3.43 72.79% 0.25
B 1.98 40.43% 0.14
Table 23 The Comparison of Averages of Groups A and B (Tomato)
The table shows that the average added height, average relative
growth, and average absolute growth rate of the samples from Group A are
greater than those of samples from Group B. Since solely means or averages
could not tell if there is significant difference between the growth rates of the

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108

Group A Group B
0.40426
Mean 0.72792488 5
0.27228
Observations 10 10
Pooled Variance 0.17017592
df 18
t Stat 1.75438339
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.04818651
t Critical one-tail 1.73406361
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.09637303
t Critical two-tail 2.10092204
26.09%, n=10) was hypothesized to be greater than the relative growth rate
of samples from Group B (M= 40.43%, SD= 52.18%, n=10). Since, p-value =
there was a significant difference between the relative growth rates (plant
height) of Group A and Group B, t Stat=1.75 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p= 0.048
< 0.05.
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
 Plant Height (Okra)

Cup L14-L1
A1 9.8 11.8 2 20.41% 0.14
A2 8.6 11 2.4 27.91% 0.17
A3 7.2 11.5 4.3 59.72% 0.31
A4 9.2 11.5 2.3 25.00% 0.16
A5 8.7 11.5 2.8 32.18% 0.20
A6 7.4 11 3.6 48.65% 0.26
A7 9.5 11 1.5 15.79% 0.11
AVE 2.70 32.81% 0.19
Table 25 The Average Relative Growth Rate of Group A (Okra)
The table shows the gathered initial and final plant height of Group A-
Okra (treated) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
2.70% cm. The average absolute growth rate is 0.19 cm/ day.
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
1 20.41% 32.81% -12.40% 1.54% 0.36% 5.98%
2 27.91% 32.81% -4.90% 0.24%
3 59.72% 32.81% 26.91% 7.24%
4 25.00% 32.81% -7.81% 0.61%
5 32.18% 32.81% -0.62% 0.00%
6 48.65% 32.81% 15.84% 2.51%
7 15.79% 32.81% -17.02% 2.90%
N=7 32.81% 2.15%
Table 26 The Variance and Standard Deviation of Group A (Okra)
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108

Cup L14-L1
B1 4 5.5 1.5 37.50% 0.11
B2 9.3 10.5 1.2 12.90% 0.09
B3 4 4.5 0.5 12.50% 0.04
B4 12 14 2 16.67% 0.14
B5 9.8 12 2.2 22.45% 0.16
B6 7 8.5 1.5 21.43% 0.11
B7 7.5 8.5 1 13.33% 0.07
AVE 19.54%
Table 27 The Average Relative Growth Rate of Group B (Okra)
The table shows the gathered initial and final plant height of Group B-
Okra (control) and their respective relative and absolute growth rates. The
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
1 37.50% 19.54% 17.96% 3.23% 0.11% 3.36%
2 12.90% 19.54% -6.64% 0.44%
3 12.50% 19.54% -7.04% 0.50%
4 16.67% 19.54% -2.87% 0.08%
5 22.45% 19.54% 2.91% 0.08%
6 21.43% 19.54% 1.89% 0.04%
7 13.33% 19.54% -6.21% 0.39%
N=7 19.54% 0.68%
Average Added Average Relative Growth Average Absolute

Group
Height Rate Growth Rate
A 2.70 32.81% 0.19
B 1.41 19.54% 0.10
The table shows that the average added height, average relative
growth, and average absolute growth rate of the samples from Group A are
greater than those of samples from Group B. Since solely means or averages
could not tell if there is significant difference between the growth rates of the

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108

Group A Group B
0.3280848 0.19540
Mean 5 1
0.00678
Observations 8 8
Pooled Variance 0.014136
df 14
2.2319499
t Stat 8
0.0212368
P(T<=t) one-tail 5
1.7613101
0.0424737
P(T<=t) two-tail 1
2.1447866
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
5.98%, n=7) was hypothesized to be greater than the relative growth rate of
samples from Group B (M= 19.54%, SD= 3.36%, n=7). Since, p-value =
there was a significant difference between the relative growth rates (plant
height) of Group A and Group B, t Stat= 2.23 > t value/ critical= 1.76, p=
0.021 < 0.05.
 No. of Leaves (Tomato)

Initial Final Relative Growth Leaf Production
Cup L14-L1
Count Count Rate Rate (leaf/day)
A1 3 11 8 266.67% 0.57
A2 2 11 9 450.00% 0.64
A3 3 12 9 300.00% 0.64
A4 3 12 9 300.00% 0.64
A5 3 12 9 300.00% 0.64
A6 4 10 6 150.00% 0.43
A7 3 9 6 200.00% 0.43
A8 3 11 8 266.67% 0.57
A9 3 11 8 266.67% 0.57
A10 3 10 7 233.33% 0.50
AVE 3 10.9 7.9 273.33% 0.56
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Table 31 The Average Leaf Production Rate of Group A (Tomato)
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf count of Group A-
Tomato (treated) and their respective relative and leaf production rates. The
273.33%. The average added leaves after the intervention is 7.9 leaves. The
average leaf production rate is 0.19 leaf / day.
0.56428 5.10204E- 0.007312 0.08551
1 0.57 6 0.01 05 9 6
0.56428 0.00617346
2 0.64 6 0.08 9
0.56428 0.00617346
3 0.64 6 0.08 9
0.56428 0.00617346
4 0.64 6 0.08 9
0.56428 0.00617346
5 0.64 6 0.08 9
0.56428 0.01841836
6 0.43 6 -0.14 7
0.56428 0.01841836
7 0.43 6 -0.14 7
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0.56428 5.10204E-
8 0.57 6 0.01 05
0.56428 5.10204E-
9 0.57 6 0.01 05
0.56428 0.00413265
10 0.50 6 -0.06 3
0.06581632
N=10 5.64 7

Cup L14-L1
B1 3 7 4 133.33% 0.29
B2 2 8 6 300.00% 0.43
B3 3 0 -3 -100.00% -0.21
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B4 3 10 7 233.33% 0.50
B5 2 9 7 350.00% 0.50
B6 3 9 6 200.00% 0.43
B7 3 11 8 266.67% 0.57
B8 2 8 6 300.00% 0.43
B9 3 10 7 233.33% 0.50
B10 2 9 7 350.00% 0.50
AVE 2.6 8.1 5.5 226.67% 0.39
Table 33 The Average Leaf Production Rate of Group B (Tomato)
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf count of Group B-
Tomato (control) and their respective relative and leaf production rates. The
1 0.29 0.39 -0.11 0.01 0.05 0.23
2 0.43 0.39 0.04 0.00
3 -0.21 0.39 -0.61 0.37
4 0.50 0.39 0.11 0.01
5 0.50 0.39 0.11 0.01
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6 0.43 0.39 0.04 0.00

7 0.57 0.39 0.18 0.03
8 0.43 0.39 0.04 0.00
9 0.50 0.39 0.11 0.01
10 0.50 0.39 0.11 0.01
N=10 3.93 0.46
Average Relative Growth Average Leaf Production

Group Average Added Leaf
Rate Rate
A 7.90 273.33% 0.56
B 5.50 226.67% 0.39
The table shows that the average added leaf, average relative growth,
and average leaf production rate of the samples from Group A are greater
not tell if there is significant difference between the development rates of the

Group A Group B
0.5642857 0.39285
Mean 1 7
0.0073129 0.05130
Variance 3 4
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Observations 10 10
0.0293083
Pooled Variance 9
df 18
2.2390934
t Stat 9
0.0190091
P(T<=t) one-tail 6
1.7340636
0.0380183
P(T<=t) two-tail 2
2.1009220
The leaf production rate of samples from Group A (M= 0.56, SD= 0.86,
n=10) was hypothesized to be greater than the leaf production rate of
samples from Group B (M= 0.39, SD= 0.23, n=10). Since, p-value = 0.019 <
0.05, the data is statistically significant at the α= 0.05 level and the null
hypothesis is rejected in favor of alternative hypothesis. In conclusion, there
was a significant difference between the leaf production rates (no. of leaves)
of Group A and Group B, t Stat= 2.24 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p= 0.019 <
0.05.
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 No. of Leaves (Okra)

Cup L14-L1
A1 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
A2 4 8 4 100.00% 0.29
A3 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
A4 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
A5 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
A6 4 8 4 100.00% 0.29
A7 4 7 3 75.00% 0.21
AVE 2.71 67.86% 0.19
Table 37 The Average Leaf Production Rate of Group A (Okra)
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf count of Group A-
Okra (treated) and their respective relative and leaf production rates. The
average leaf production rate is 0.19 leaf/ day.

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0.00065944 0.025679
1 0.14 0.19 -0.05 0.00 7 7
2 0.29 0.19 0.09 0.01
3 0.14 0.19 -0.05 0.00
4 0.14 0.19 -0.05 0.00
5 0.14 0.19 -0.05 0.00
6 0.29 0.19 0.09 0.01
7 0.21 0.19 0.02 0.00
N=7 0.19 0.00
Table 38 The Variance and Standard Deviation of Group A (Okra)
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Final Relative Growth Leaf Production

Cup
Initial Count Count L14-L1 Rate Rate (leaf/day)
B1 2 4 2 100.00% 0.14
B2 4 7 3 75.00% 0.21
B3 4 4 0 0.00% 0.00
B4 4 6 2 50.00% 0.14
B5 4 7 3 75.00% 0.21
B6 4 5 1 25.00% 0.07
B7 4 5 1 25.00% 0.07
AVE 1.71 50.00% 0.12
Table 39 The Average Leaf Production Rate of Group B (Okra)
The table shows the gathered initial and final leaf count of Group B-
Okra (treated) and their respective relative and leaf production rates. The

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0.00090240
1 0.14 0.12 0.02 0.00 2 0.03004
2 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.01
3 0.00 0.12 -0.12 0.01
4 0.14 0.12 0.02 0.00
5 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.01
6 0.07 0.12 -0.05 0.00
7 0.07 0.12 -0.05 0.00
N=7 0.12 0.01
Average Relative Growth Average Leaf Production

Group Average Added Leaf
Rate Rate
A 2.71 67.86% 0.19
B 1.71 50.00% 0.12
and average leaf production rate of the samples from Group A are greater

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Group A Group B
0.1938775 0.12244
Mean 5 9
0.0039566 0.00541
Variance 8 4
Observations 8 8
0.0046855
Pooled Variance 5
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 14
2.0869967
t Stat 8
0.0278274
P(T<=t) one-tail 2
1.7613101
0.0556548
P(T<=t) two-tail 5
2.1447866
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The leaf production rate of samples from Group A (M= 0.19, SD=
0.026, n=7) was hypothesized to be greater than the leaf production rate of
samples from Group B (M= 0.12, SD= 0.030, n=7). Since, p-value = 0.028 <
0.05, the data is statistically significant at the α= 0.05 level and the null
was a significant difference between the leaf production rates (no. of leaves)
of Group A and Group B, t Stat= 2.09 > t value/ critical= 1.76, p= 0.028 <
0.05.
 No. of Branches (Tomato)

Initial Final Relative Growth Branch Production
Cup B14-B1
Count Count Rate Rate (branch/day)
A1 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A2 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
A3 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A4 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A5 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A6 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
A7 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A8 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A9 0 4 4 - 0.285714286
A10 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
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AVE 0 3.7 3.7 - 0.264285714

Table 43 The Average Branch Production Rate of Group A (Tomato)
The table shows the gathered initial and final branch count of Group A-
Tomato (treated) and their branch production rates. The researchers
computed the average added branches after the intervention is 3.7 branch.
The average branch production rate is 0.26 branch / day.
0.2857142 0.26428 0.00045918 0.03450
1 9 6 0.02 4 0.001190476 3
0.2142857 0.26428
2 1 6 -0.05 0.0025
0.2857142 0.26428 0.00045918
3 9 6 0.02 4
0.2857142 0.26428 0.00045918
4 9 6 0.02 4
0.2857142 0.26428 0.00045918
5 9 6 0.02 4
0.2142857 0.26428
6 1 6 -0.05 0.0025
0.2857142 0.26428 0.00045918
7 9 6 0.02 4
8 0.2857142 0.26428 0.02 0.00045918
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9 6 4
0.2857142 0.26428 0.00045918
9 9 6 0.02 4
0.2142857 0.26428
10 1 6 -0.05 0.0025
2.6428571 0.01071428
N=10 4 6
Final Relative Growth Branch Production

Cup Initial Count B14-B1
Count Rate Rate (branch/day)
B1 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
B2 0 2 2 - 0.142857143
B3 0 0 0 - 0
B4 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
B5 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
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B6 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
B7 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
B8 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
B9 0 3 3 - 0.214285714
B10 0 2 2 - 0.142857143
AVE 0 2.5 2.5 - 0.178571429
Table 45 The Average Branch Production Rate of Group B (Tomato)
The table shows the gathered initial and final branch count of Group B-
Tomato (control) and their branch production rates. The researchers
computed the average added branches after the intervention is 2.5 branches.
The average branch production rate is 0.18 branch / day.
0.2142857
1 1 0.18 0.04 0.00127551 0.004818594 0.07
0.1428571
2 4 0.18 -0.04 0.00127551
0.03188775
3 0 0.18 -0.18 5
4 0.2142857 0.18 0.04 0.00127551
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1
0.2142857
5 1 0.18 0.04 0.00127551
0.2142857
6 1 0.18 0.04 0.00127551
0.2142857
7 1 0.18 0.04 0.00127551
0.2142857
8 1 0.18 0.04 0.00127551
0.2142857
9 1 0.18 0.04 0.00127551
0.1428571
10 4 0.18 -0.04 0.00127551
1.7857142 0.04336734
N=10 9 7
Average Added Average Relative Growth Average Branch

Group
Branch Rate Production Rate
A 3.7 - 0.264285714
B 2.5 - 0.178571429
and average branch production rate of the samples from Group A are greater

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Group A Group B
0.26428571 0.17857142
Mean 4 9
0.00119047 0.00481859
Variance 6 4
Observations 10 10
0.00300453
Pooled Variance 5
df 18
3.49662910
t Stat 4
0.00128796
P(T<=t) one-tail 7
1.73406360
0.00257593
P(T<=t) two-tail 5
t Critical two-tail 2.10092204
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
The branch production rate of samples from Group A (M= 0.26, SD=
0.035, n=10) was hypothesized to be greater than the branch production rate
of samples from Group B (M= 0.18, SD= 0.07, n=10). Since, p-value = 0.028
< 0.05, the data is statistically significant at the α= 0.05 level and the null
was a significant difference between the branch production rates (no. of
branches) of Group A and Group B, t Stat= 3.50 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p=
0.001 < 0.05.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and
recommendations of the study.
Summary of Findings
The research study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of
goat manure as an organic fertilizer. The study focuses on determining the
effectiveness of goat manure on the growth and development of tomato and
okra plant seedlings.

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1. Content of goat manure that makes it an effective fertilizer
As stated by (Germane, 2020) that the three big nutrients: nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium had each job for the growth and development of
plants. Those three had the highest weighted mean of 3.44, and the verbal
interpretation is Strongly Agree. However, according to (County, 2015) that
adding wooden ashes raises soil alkalinity that creates an unfavorable
environment for plant development. It got the lowest weighted mean of 3.08,
In general, the average weighted mean of all the indicators is 3.286, and
the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree.
2. Significant changes that organic fertilizer brings to the plants.
According to (Hariada, 2016) the increasing development of leaf area is
caused due to the supply of nitrogen from the goat manure. This indicator got
the highest weighted mean of 3.82, and its verbal interpretation is Strongly
Agree. Likewise, as mentioned (Adhikari, 2016) goat manure and other
manures have a slight effect on the production of a number of branches than
vermicompost. It got the lowest weighted mean that got was 3.40, and the
verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree.

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All in all, the average weighted mean of all indicators was 3.586 and the
verbal interpretation for that is Strongly Agree.
3. Advantages and benefits of goat manure as an organic fertilizer.
As cited in (Mahmood, 2017), the application of organic manure (from
various sources) improved soil porosity, moisture content, and water holding
ability while reducing soil compaction and bulk density. The highest weighted
mean got 3.64, and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree. On the other
hand, as mentioned in (Hamilton, 2016), farm odors are often caused by
manure It got the lowest weighted mean of 3.24 and its verbal interpretation is
Strongly Agree.
To sum it up all, the average weighted mean of all indicators got 3.474
4. Parts of plants that fertilizer affecting.
Based on the study conducted (Purbatajin, 2019), fertilizer nutrients
promote rapid root production, which may have boosted leaf growth near the
end of plant life. The highest weighted mean got 3.60 with the verbal
interpretation of Strongly Agree. In addition, as cited in (Razag, 2017), the
nitrogen (N) is the most important elemental factor in chlorophyll biosynthesis.

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The lowest weighted mean got 3.04 with the verbal interpretation of Strongly
Agree.
All in all, all the indicators sum up and got the average weighted mean of
3.389 and the verbal interpretation is Strongly Agree.
5. How does goat manure affect the growth and development of
tomato and okra plant seedlings?
There was a significant difference between the relative growth rates (leaf
< 0.05. (Tomato) There was a significant difference between the relative
growth rates (leaf length) of Group A and Group B, t Stat=1.79 > t value/
critical= 1.76, p= 0.046 < 0.05.(Okra) There was a significant difference
between the relative growth rates (plant height) of Group A and Group B, t
Stat=1.75 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p= 0.048 < 0.05. (Tomato) There was a
significant difference between the relative growth rates (plant height) of Group
A and Group B, t Stat= 2.23 > t value/ critical= 1.76, p= 0.021 < 0.05. (Okra)
There was a significant difference between the leaf production rates (no. of
leaves) of Group A and Group B, t Stat= 2.24 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p=
0.019 < 0.05. (Tomato) There was a significant difference between the leaf
production rates (no. of leaves) of Group A and Group B, t Stat= 2.09 > t
value/ critical= 1.76, p= 0.028 < 0.05. (Okra) there was a significant difference
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
between the branch production rates (no. of branches) of Group A and Group
B, t Stat= 3.50 > t value/ critical= 1.73, p= 0.001 < 0.05. (Tomato).
Conclusions
 The Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium content of goat manure
affect the effectiveness of it as fertilizer.
 The goat manure organic fertilizer greatly increases the leaf area of the
plant.
 The goat manure organic fertilizer can help reduce soil erosion.
 The effects of goat manure organic fertilizer can be seen in the leaf
portion.
 The goat manure organic fertilizer is effective in increasing plant
height, leaf length, no. of leaves, and number of branches.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn from the collected data, the
researchers recommend the following:
1. The home-based vegetable garden owners should test the require
NPK content of their plants before the application of fertilizer.

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2. Future researchers should consider the health of plant leaves to
identify the overall well-being of the plant.
3. The researchers recommend the application of goat manure organic
fertilizer to the trees and plants in flood-prone areas.
4. Future researchers should ensure the safety and health of plant leaves
by putting screen protection to the plant.
5. Home-based vegetable garden owners should consider the proposal of
the final product to help them increase the growth and development
rates of their tomato and okra plants.
6. The future researchers may also identify if there is significant different
to the growth and development of other varieties of plant aside from
the samples used in the study.
7. Future researchers can also use different parameters in calculating the
growth and development of the plant.
8. Future researchers may also test if the proportion and volume of goat
manure affects the growth and development rate of plants.
9. Home-based vegetable garden owners should consider the
recommendations made (proposal) in order to enhance the growth and
development of their tomato and okra plant seedlings.

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Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
ADDENDUM
During making the research study, the researchers faced a lot of
conflicts and challenges. But we, the researchers support and help each
other, as a result, we fulfill and accomplish our research study.
Poor internet connection
The researchers had a conflict to find a good internet connection.
Lack of communication between each other
The researchers had struggled to communicate with each other. Due
to their different schedule of time doing academic works and household
chores. They are not able to balance their time between school and
responsibilities in their house.
Lack of sources
The researchers encountered some challenges in finding related
literature that will support their study. Some articles and studies that they
found are outdated.

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Distraction
Sometimes, the researchers cannot focus on doing their research
study due to distractions, like surfing on social media and playing online
games.
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APPENDICES
Appendix A (Bibliography)
Bibliography
Albert, S. (2020). OKRA GROWING PROBLEMS: TROUBLESHOOTING.
Ansah, K. (2019). Manure characteristics of small ruminants fed agrobyproducts in the

guinea savannah agro-ecological zone of.
Barnett, T. (2019). Lowering Phosphorus Levels – Correcting High Phosphorus in Soil.
Berger, S. a. (2019). Okra Production.
Binita Timilsina, N. A. (2020). Addressing Impact of COVID-19 Post Pandemic on Farming and
Agricultural Deeds. nepal.
Botir Khaitov, 1. H. (2019). Impact of Organic Manure on Growth, Nutrient Content and Yield
of Chilli Pepper under Various Temperature Environments.
Botts, B. (2015). Fertilize less: Many plant can do without.
CAÑA, P. J. (2021). Why Are Meat and Vegetables So Expensive These Days?
Clark W. Gellings,Kelly E. Parmenter . (2016). ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN FERTILIZER

PRODUCTION AND USE .
David, K. (2017). Plant Physiology and Development. In B. G. Brian Thomas, Encyclopedia of

Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition).
De Giorgio, D., & Francesco, F. (2012). Nitrogen fertilization and Root Growth Dynamics in
Durum Wheat.
Ellis, M. E. (2020). Pepper Fertilizer: How And When To Fertilize Peppers.
Frey, B. B. (2018).
Gorry, S. (2016). How to Fertilizing Basics.
Indasah, I. (2018). The Different Level of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) on
Composting with Activator Media of Cow Dung and Goat Manure on Composting.
Vol 2 No 2 (2018): The 2nd Joint International Conferences .
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Kaiser, D., & Rosen, C. (2018). Potassium for Crop Production.
Kim, C. (2015). When to Fertilize Tomato Plants.
Kluepfel, L. W. (2012). Changing the pH of Your Soil.
LaLiberte, K. (2021). Fertilizer Basics.
Leghari, S., Wahocho, N., Laghari, G., & Laghari, A. (2016). Role of Nitrogen for Plant Growth
and Development: A Review.
Malone, M. (2020). Amount of PH Needed to Grow Tomatoes.
Masabni, J. (2014). Fertilizing a Garden.
McIntosh, J. (2019). How to Choose the Right Flower Fertilizer Type.
McKenzie, R. (2015). Pros and Cons of Using Chem Fertilizers.
Morozova, V. B. (2011). Plant Growth and Development - Basic Knowledge and Current
Views.
Musagomba, Y. (2017). Effects of Different Organic Fertilizer Levels on the Growth of Coffee
Seedlings in the Nursery.
Nardozzi, C. (2011). The Scoop on Poop. Edible Landscaping.
Ojeniyi, S. (2011). Effect of goat manure on some soil properties and growth, yield and
nutrient status of tomato .
Park, B. B. (2011). Minimizing nutrient leaching and improving nutrient use efficiency of
Liriodendron tulipifera and Larinx leptolepis in a container nursery system.
Pokorny, K. (2018). Know your plants need before fertilizing.
Purbajanti, E. D., Slamet, W., Fuskhah, E., & Rosyida. (2019). Effects of organic and inorganic
fertilizers on growth, activity of nitrate reductase and chlorophyll contents of
peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.).
Reddy, J. (2021). Goat Manure Advantages And Disadvantages.
Reddy, J. (2021). Goat Manure Advantages And Disadvantages.
Renguist, S. (2018). Fertilizing fruit trees.
Rubio-Wilhelmi. (2011).
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Sabry, K. H. (2015). Synthetic Fertilizers; Role and Hazards. In S. Sinha, Fertilizer Technology I
Synthesis.
Smith, H. (2013). How to Correct a Nitrogen Deficiency.
Smith, K. (2013). The Perils of Over-Fertilizing Plants and Trees.
Stuart Gillespie, M. v. (2017). Agriculture, Food Systems, and Nutrition: Meeting the
Challenge.
Tacio, H. D. (2014). Goat manure an ‘effective fertilizer’. Retrieved from Sunstar Philippines.
Taufiq Ahmad, U. A. (2017). EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF

CORIANDER.
Tilley, N. (2019). The Bulb-o-licious Garden.
Tilley, N. (2019). Uses for Goat Manure – Using Goat Manure for Fertilizer.
Uwa, D. F. (2014). Effects of Number and Rate of Goat Manure Application on Soil
Properties, Growth and Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut).
Uwah, & Eyo. (2014). Effects of Number and Rate of Goat Manure Application on Soil
Properties, Growth and Yield of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut).
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Appendix B (Letters)
Letter for Respondents
Dear Sir/ Madam,
Greetings of Peace!
As part of the requirements of the 3I’s subject, the undersigned students are
currently undertaking a study entitled “The Effectivity of Goat Manure as
Organic Fertilizer to the Growth and Development of Tomato and Okra
Plant Seedlings”.
To carry out the study, primary data from the selected residents of Tuy,
Batangas is necessary. In line with this, we are humbly asking your
permission to help us in observing the growth and development of given pair
of plants. It will be a big help to us if you will participate in this observation.
Rest assured that the gathered data will be used only and solely for the
purpose of this research and not otherwise.
Thank you! God Bless!
Very truly yours,

DENZYL MARK C. MANALO
Researcher
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
JOHNNE MIKHAIL C. AYANO

Researcher
SHEENA MAE A. MACASE

Researcher
Appendix C (Questionnaires)
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Appendix D (Curriculum Vitae)

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Denzyl Mark Consigo Manalo

348 Sitio Pahinante, Luntal, Tuy, Batangas
denzylmanalo@gmail.com
denzylmark@yahoo.com
09534055613
KEY SKILLS
 Proven ability to stand in front of groups to present; good
communication skills.
 Excellent in planning and have organizational skills; ability to put
together or multi-tasking.
 Excellent art skills.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School Our Lady of Peace Academy
Calingasan Street, Tuy, Batangas
2019 -present
Secondary Education Our Lady of Peace Academy

Calingasan Street, Tuy, Batangas
2015-2019
Primary Education Gregorio Paradero Elementary

School
Rizal Street, Tuy, Batangas
2007 - 2015
PERSONAL PARTICULARS
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Date of Birth December 23, 2002

Place of Birth Nasugbu, Batangas
Age 18 years old
Gender Male
Height 5’5”
Weight 48 Kgs.
Civil Status Single
Religion Roman Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Father’s name Elmer U. Manalo
Occupation Construction Worker
Mother’s name Anabelle C. Manalo
Occupation House wife
AFFILIATIONS
 Our Lady of Peace Academy Choir/ Himig OLPAnians
Member
SY, 2018 -2019
 Our Lady of Peace Academy Choir/Himig OLPAnians
Vice-President
SY, 2019 – Present
 Samahan ng Lahing Pilipino
P.I.O
SY, 2016-2017
 English Club
Auditor
SY, 2017-2018
 Mathematics Club
Auditor
SY, 2018-2019
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
 Araling Panlipunan Club

Vice-President
SY, 2019-2020
 Youth for Environment Organization

President
SY, 2020-2021
 Student Council Organization
Vice-President
SY, 2020-2021
 Parisukat Art Group
Member
2019 - Present
SEMINARS ATTENDED
 Campus Journalism Workshop
2013, 2014, 2015
 Academy for Regional Press-Conference Qualifiers
2015
ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

Senior High School With High Honors
St. Joseph Award
Leadership Award
St. Vincent Ferrer Award
Our Lady of Peace Award
Junior High School With Highest Honors

St. Joseph Award
Perfect Attendance Award
OLPA Choir Award
Club Accomplishment/ Achievement
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Best in Mathematics
Best in Science
Best in T.L.E
Best in Araling Panlipunan
Best in Filipino
Best in English
Supportive Athlete
Leadership Award
Elementary Valedictorian
(Grade 6) Leadership Award
Best in ECA
Most Outstanding Journalist
Boy Scout of the Year
Supportive Athlete of the Year
8 Academic Excellence Awards
Sheena Mae A. Macase

239 De Castro Subdivision
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Putol, Tuy, Batangas

sheenaarzobalmacase@gmail.com
0935 395 1102
KEY SKILLS
 Always on time
 Ability to work under pressure
 Time and project management
Calingasan St. Tuy, Batangas
2019 -present

2015-2019
Primary Education Jose Zabarte Elementary School

Putol, Tuy, Batangas
2008-2015
Date of Birth April 22, 2003
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Place of Birth
Age Nasugbu, Batangas
Gender 17 years old
Height Female
Weight 4’11’’
Civil Status 60 kg.
Religion Single
Citizenship Roman Catholic
Father’s name Filipino
Occupation Benjamin S. Macase
Mother’s name N/A
Occupation Lerma A. Macase
Sewing
AFFILIATIONS
 Our Lady of Peace Academy Campus Ministry
Grade 11 Representative
S.Y. 2019 – 2020
SEMINARS ATTENDED
 N/A

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Senior High School With Honors

Junior High School With High Honors

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Johnne Mikhail C. Ayano

Luna Street, Tuy, Batangas
ayano.johnnemikhail22@gmail.com
09298231123
KEY SKILLS
 Strong communication skills.
 Computer literate
 Time and project management.
2019 -present

2015-2019
Primary Education Our Lady of Peace Academy

2011 - 2015
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Date of Birth September 22, 2003
Place of Birth Cavite City
Age 17 years old
Gender Male
Height 5’5”
Weight 56 kg.
Civil Status Single
Religion Roman Catholic
Citizenship Filipino
Father’s name Jerrywen C. Ayano
Occupation Former OFW
Mother’s name Jing Jing C. Ayano
Occupation House wife
AFFILIATIONS
 Our Lady of Peace Academy Altar Servers
President
S.Y. 2019 – 2020
 Archdiocesan Pontifical Servers

Member
2018 – Present
 Knights of the Altar

Member
2015 – Present
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
SEMINARS ATTENDED
 N/A

Senior High School With High Honors
St. Joseph Award
Junior High School With High Honors

Altar Server of the Year
St. Joseph Award
Excellence in Science
Loyalty Award
Excellence in Altar Services
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Appendix E (Documentation)
THE PLANTING OF SEEDS- germination stage of TOMATO and Okra

Seedlings
The researchers planted

tomato and okra seeds
that they collected from
tomato fruits and dried
okra. The researchers
cover the cup to
accelerate the germination
of the seeds. The
seedlings will be
transferred after 2 weeks.
March 16, 2021- Tuesday

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
PREPARATION OF MATERIALS NEEDED IN THE OBSERVATION
The researchers
prepared materials
needed for the
observation including the
cup where the seedlings
will be planted, the soil,
the goat manure, and the
tomato/okra seedlings.
The soil is collected first
to be tested using soil
test kit to determine its
capabilities to grow
plants. The researchers
sun-dried the goat
manure to eliminate and
lessen odor and other
microorganism present in
the manure. The
researchers also buy
large cups for the
observation. The
researchers prepared the
tomato and okra plant
seedlings to be
transplanted after the soil
testing.
March 31, 2021- Wednesday

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
THE TESTING OF SOIL PH LEVEL, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND

POTASSIUM CONTENT
The researchers tested the

contents of soil using soil
test kit from the Municipal
Department of Agriculture.
The results of the tests are:
Normal pH level of soil
(5.8), Medium Nitrogen
content, Medium
Phosphorus content, and
sufficient available
Potassium.
March 30, 2021- Tuesday

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSPLANTED TOMATO AND OKRA PLANTS
The researchers
started to
disturbed the
tomato and okra
plants to the
residents of Tuy,
Batangas.
March 31, 2021- Wednesday

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
MEASURING THE TOMATO AND OKRA PLANTS
The researchers went to

the houses of the
respondents for two weeks
to get the measurement of
the leaf length, plant
height, no. of leaves and
no. of branches.
April 05, 2021- Tuesday

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
DAY 1- DAY 14 OBSERVATION (TOMATO)

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
March 31, 2021- April 13, 2021

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
DAY 1- DAY 14 OBSERVATION (OKRA)

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
March 31, 2021- April 13, 2021

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
Appendix F (Project Proposal)
Goat Manure Organic Fertilizer
ABOUT THE PRODUCT:
Goat manure organic fertilizer is a good fertilizer for plants. It contains
the three big nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, and other
nutrients. Those nutrients help to produce new stems and leaves and develop
flowers, fruits and root system.
HOW TO USE:
When to apply: After transplanting the plant seedlings
How to apply: Mix with the soil when you are going to transplant
How much to apply: Add only ½ cup per seedlings
Apply to: Tomato and Okra plant seedlings
As stated in an article written by Cali Kim entitled “When to Fertilize
Tomato Plants” (2015), people could additionally have the
soil/compost/natural fertilizer already pre-mixed and use that to fill the hollow
as you are planting. The tomato plant will comprise all the elements to
provide the seedling a great beginning. In case you sowed the tomato seeds
at once inside the vegetable lawn, wait until the plants are approximately
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
eight inches tall, and sprinkle approximately 1/2 cup of granular natural
fertilizer around each plant, then water in properly.
TARGET MARKET:
 Farmers of Tuy, Batangas
 Residents of Tuy, Batangas
BENEFITS:
 Restore and maintain soil fertility to nurture plant growth.
 Healthy plants and soil will lessen the effects of soil erosion.
RESOURCES AND FINANCIAL:
Goat Manure- Php 30-35.00 per kilo
TIMELINE:
RESEARCH: 2-3 months
PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT: 1 week
FDA PROPOSAL: Possible

Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
TESTING: 2 weeks
SET TO GO TO MARKET IN: 1-2 months
INITIAL PRICE: PHP 30-35.00 per kilo
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
We chose this topic to promote home-based gardening in Tuy,
Batangas with the help of goat manure organic fertilizer. We all knew that
goats are everywhere in our municipality. Their manures usually dumped and
scattered on the ground until it has been absorbed by the soil. The
researchers find a way to make the manure beneficial to the residents by
converting it into organic fertilizer.
Moreover, according to the Daily Price Monitoring of Department of
Agriculture last January 13, 2021, pork belly price hit a high of Php 420.00
per kilo while beef is at a high of Php 450.00 per kilo, which is about Php
100.00 more costly than last year. The price of local galunggong is at Php
180.00 while the chili presently taken a cost as much as Php 1,000.00 per
kilo.
Contact Nos.: (043)417-7332 / +63977-806-0108
To cope with that, we believe that through home-based gardening, we
can grow our own food at our yards so we are not going to buy expensive
fresh vegetables in the market. As the price of meat continues to rise, the
only left cheap option is the veggies that we can plant at our homes. Having
the goat manure as fertilizer will also help our local farmers with their crop
productions especially this time of pandemic. Increasing crop yield while
promoting the goat manure as product of the municipality is one of the goals
of this study.
ADVANTAGES:
 It has less odor than other manures.
 It is cheaper than other fertilizers.

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Unified Schools of the Archdiocese of Lipa

OUR LADY OF PEACE ACADEMy 1

“THE EFFECTIVITY OF GOAT MANURE AS ORGANIC

FERTILIZER TO THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF

TOMATOES AND OKRA PLANT SEEDLINGS "

RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The municipality of Tuy in the province of Batangas is known for its

burns due to harmful fertilizers, unemployment, and low crop quality.

According to the Daily Price Monitoring of the Department of

Agriculture for Wednesday (January 13, 2021), pork belly fair hit a high of

time last year). Beef rump, meanwhile, is at a high of P450 per kilo, which

is about P100 more costly than last year. An entire chicken is at P180 per

kilo, whereas seafood is particularly expensive, with bangus coming to a

max cost of P240 per kilo, local galunggong at P280, and alumahan

(mackerel) at P390. But no place is the cost increment more glaring than in

vegetables. Memes have already been circulating around the humble sili

(chili) which presently taken a cost as much as P1,000 per kilo. Cabbage is at

P140 per kilo each. [ CITATION PAU21 \l 1033 ]

alternatives to meat such as vegetables but unfortunately, vegetables are

problem that requires no complicated solutions.

The study of Binita Timilsina entitled “Addressing Impact of COVID-19

is to feature the association of worldwide pandemic with rural and food

frameworks. For this, auxiliary information was gathered through online

entrances, everyday public papers, and distributed logical articles and

dissected. The outcome shows that from pandemic to lockdown, insect to

hefty precipitation, unsold harvests to spoiled yields, monetary emergency to

intense appetite, has carried agrarian exercises to stop, where individuals

ways to encourage farmers to utilize mechanized hardware facilities like

independent work vehicles, cultivating robots, mechanical gatherers, robots

and ICTs, complementary numbers; improving quality seeds, composts and

direct monetary subsidizing on weak ranchers to assemble horticultural area

versatility to the pandemic.[ CITATION Bin20 \l 1033 ]

Equally important, the global pandemic limits the activities of every

for everyone. This results in a limited supply of vegetable products. The

climate change are very punitive to the lives of Filipino Farmers. It is

have, so as an alternative of buying vegetables, residents should learn how to

organically and safely.

In fact, according to the study of Stuart Gillespie entitled “Agriculture,

Food Systems, and Nutrition: Meeting the Challenge” (2017), Malnutrition is a

nation faces a public health challenge, regardless of whether from

undernutrition, overweight/heftiness, or potentially micronutrient

insufficiencies. Malnutrition is a multi-sectoral, multi‐level issue that outcomes

from the intricate transaction among family and individual decision‐making,

agri‐food, wellbeing, and natural frameworks that decide admittance to

administrations and assets, and related arrangement measures. This paper

plays in improving nourishment, how food frameworks are changing quickly

because of globalization, exchange advancement, and urbanization, and the

To cope with the problem above, elementary schools in Tuy, Batangas

are pioneers of vegetable gardening activities. Teachers are teaching

program. The researchers believe that the development of this kind of

backyard gardens. This product will help in increasing vegetable crop

production that will be consumed by the locals.

Significance of the Study

effective alternative to chemically made fertilizer. It is very efficient for human

The researchers investigated and documented the effectivity of goat

manure as an organic fertilizer to the growth and development of tomato and

okra plant seedlings of the selected home-based garden in Tuy, Batangas.

believe that this study brings lots of benefits such as:

Benefits to the Environment:

 Restore and maintain soil fertility to nurture plant growth.

 The usage of chemically made fertilizers will be reduced.

 Biodegradable stuff like manure will be converted into fertilizer.

Benefits to the Community:

in the municipality will be minimized and controlled.