MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Module

2021
 Mathematics in the Modern World

VISION
A provide of relevant and quality education to a
society where citizens are competent, skilled,
dignified and community- oriented.

MISSION
An academic institution providing technological,
professional, research and extension programs to
form principled men and women of competencies
and skills responsive to local and global
development needs.

QUALITY POLICY
Northwest Samar State University commits to
provide quality outcomes-based education,
research, extension and production through
continual improvement of all its programs, thereby
producing world class professionals.

CORE VALUES
Resilience. Integrity. Service. Excellence.

INSTITUTIONAL GRADUATE OUTCOMES

Creative and critical thinkers
Life-long learners
Effective communicators
Morally and socially upright individuals

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Table of Contents
Title Page No.
MODULE 1: NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
Module Description 1
Purpose of the Module 1
Module Guide 1
Module Outcomes 2
Module Requirements 2
Module Pre-Test 2
Key Terms 2
Let’s Get Started
Lesson 1.1: Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World 4
Let’s Do this 5
Activity no. 1
Lesson 1.2: The Fibonacci Sequence 10
Let’s Do this 12
Activity no. 2
Lesson 1.3: Mathematics for our World 16
Let’s Do this 17
Activity no. 3
MODULE 2: Mathematical Language and Symbols
Module Description
Purpose of the Module
Module Guide
Module Outcomes
Module Requirements
Module Pre-Test
Key Terms
Learning Plan
Let’s Get Started
Lesson 2.1: Variables
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 4
Lesson 2.2: The Language of Sets
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 5
Lesson 2.3: The Language of Relations and Functions
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 6
References
MODULE 3: Problem Solving and Reasoning
Module Description
Purpose of the Module
Module Guide
Module Outcomes
Module Requirements
Module Pre-Test
Key Terms
Learning Plan

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Let’s Get Started

Lesson 3.1: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 7
Lesson 3.2: Problem Solving with Patterns
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 8
Lesson 3.3: Problem Solving with Strategies
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 9
Lesson 3.4: Recreational Problems using Mathematics
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 10
References
MODULE 4: Data Management
Module Description
Purpose of the Module
Module Guide
Module Outcomes
Module Requirements
Module Pre-Test
Key Terms
Learning Plan
Let’s Get Started
Lesson 4.1: Measures of Central Tendency
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 11
Lesson 4.2: Measures of Dispersion
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 12
Lesson 4.3: Measures of Relative Position
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 13
Lesson 4.4: Normal Distributions
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 14
Lesson 4.5: Linear Regression and Correlation
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 15

References
MODULE 5: Consumer Mathematics
Module Description
Purpose of the Module
Module Guide
Module Outcomes
Module Requirements
Module Pre-Test
Key Terms
Learning Plan

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Let’s Get Started

Lesson 5.1: Simple Interest and Compound Interest
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 16
Lesson 5.2: Accumulation and Discounting
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 17
Lesson 5.3: Consumer Credits and Loans
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 18
References
MODULE 6: Linear Programming
Module Description
Purpose of the Module
Module Guide
Module Outcomes
Module Requirements
Module Pre-Test
Key Terms
Learning Plan
Let’s Get Started
Lesson 6.1: Linear Inequalities
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 19
Lesson 6.2: Optimization Using Linear Programming
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 20
References
MODULE 7: Apportionment and Voting
Module Description
Purpose of the Module
Module Guide
Module Outcomes
Module Requirements
Module Pre-Test
Key Terms
Learning Plan
Let’s Get Started
Lesson 7.1: Mathematics of Apportionment
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 21
Lesson 7.2: Mathematics of Voting
Let’s Do this
Activity no. 22

References

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Rationale

Mathematics in the Modern World provides students with access to key

mathematical ideas to build the mathematical knowledge and skills they can rely on in their
personal and professional lives. This subject also provides students with the foundation on
which further study and work in mathematics and many other fields are developed, as
lifelong learners. Mathematical theories have evolved over thousands of years and are
continually changing through communities and cultures. It builds on the prior learning of
students and focuses on gaining ever more advanced and refined understanding of
mathematics, fluency, reasoning, critical thought and problem solving. These capabilities
enable students to respond to familiar and unfamiliar situations by using mathematics to
make informed decisions and to effectively resolve problems.
In actual circumstances this module can help you understand the financial
implications and methods and also you will apply the ideas and principles to solved business
and management issues. This module included highlights of every subject. As a part of your
module, exercises or tasks were also given per lesson. This is one of your requirements, after
every quarter of this course that will be submitted as per instruction by your instructor.
In this new normal, all instructional materials were designed to include the definition
and concepts of this course with the requisite guides in the learning. You can also use any
associated links, books, websites and videos to understand the topics.
If you have any more questions or clarifications, please feel free to contact me at
jashira3kylee@gmail.com, +639358951836 and through my messenger account Tobe Ana
Gretchen.

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Code: GE 4

Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Description: This course deals with nature of mathematics, appreciation of its
practical, intellectual, and aesthetical dimensions, and application of
mathematical tools in daily life.

The course begins with an introduction to the nature of mathematics

as an exploration of patterns (in nature and the environment) and
application of inductive and deductive reasoning. By exploring these
topics, student are encouraged to go beyond the typical
understanding of mathematics as merely a set of formulas but as a
source for aesthetics in patterns of nature, for example, and a rich
language in itself governed by logic and reasoning.

The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics

provides a tool for understanding and dealing with various aspects of
present-day living, such as managing personal finances, making
social choices, appreciating geometric designs, understanding codes
used in data transmission and security, and dividing limited
resources fairly. These aspects will provide opportunities for actually
doing mathematics in a broad range of exercises that bring out the
various dimensions of mathematics as way of knowing, and test the
students’ understanding and capacity. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013)

Course Outcomes: After completing this course, the student can identify the patterns in
nature and regularities in the world; articulate the importance of
mathematics in one’s life; argue about the nature of mathematics,
what is, how it is expressed, represented, and used; express
appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor. Discuss the
language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics; explain the
nature of mathematics as a language; perform operations on
mathematical expression correctly; acknowledge that mathematics is
a useful language. Use different types of reasoning to justify
statements and arguments made about mathematics and
mathematical concepts; write clear and logical proofs; solve
problems involving patterns and recreational problems following
Polya’s four steps; organize one’s methods and approaches for
proving and solving problems. Use a variety of statistical tools to
process and manage numerical data; use methods of linear
regression and correlations to predict the value of a variable given
certain conditions; advocate the use of statistical data in making
important decisions. Use mathematical concepts and tools in other
areas such as in finance, voting, logic, business, networks and
systems; support the use of mathematics in various aspects and
endeavors in life.

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Mathematics in the Modern World

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 MODULE 1
MODULE TITLE
Nature of Mathematics

MODULE DESCRIPTION
The Nature of Mathematics is founded on both logic and imagination, and it is
practiced for a number of practical reasons as well as its intrinsic value. The essence of
mathematics for some people, and not just professional mathematicians, lies in its beauty and
intellectual challenge. To some, like many scientists, how it relates to their own research is
the prime value of mathematics. Since mathematics plays such a central role in modern
culture, the scientific literacy involves some clear understanding of the essence of
mathematics. To do this, students must view mathematics as part of their scientific pursuit,
grasp the essence of mathematical thought, and familiarize themselves with key mathematical
ideas and skills.

PURPOSE OF THE MODULE

This module allows the student to get a better understanding of those interesting
mathematical ideas. Developing analytical skills that can be used to analyze problems that
involve mathematics and evolve a new outlook on mathematics and how it's being used in the
world.

MODULE GUIDE
In this module, read the topics and understand. Answer what needs to be done. The
instructor shall provide pre-test and post-test. Submit your appropriate answers as per
instruction from the instructor. It should be handwritten in a clean short bond paper without
erasure. The figure below shows the format.
 Mathematics in the Modern World

MODULE OUTCOMES
After completing this course, the student shall be able to identify the patterns in nature
and regularities in the world; articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life; argue
about the nature of mathematics, what is, how it is expressed, represented, and used; express
appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor. The student can discuss the language,
symbols, and conventions of mathematics; explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
perform operations on mathematical expression correctly; acknowledge that mathematics is a
useful language.

MODULE REQUIREMENT
At the end of this module, the students shall submit a compilation of the solutions of
all the activities indicated in each lesson a week after the end of this module.

MODULE PRE-TEST
1. Determine the pattern and find the missing terms in the sequence 1, 7, 15, ___,
37, 51, ___, ___, 105, …...
2. Find the pattern and solve. 6 x 7 = 91, 7 x 8 = 120, 8 x 9 = 153, 9 x 10 = 190,
10 x 11 = 231, then, 13 x 9 = _____
3. Discuss briefly the use of mathematics in your chosen career.
4. Each letter represents a single digit only. Solve the cryptarithms, WRONG +
WRONG = RIGHT.
5. The distance that is traveled by an object given its initial velocity and
1 2
acceleration over a period of time is given by the equation d=v o t+ a t . Find
2
the distance traveled by an airplane before it takes off if it starts from rest and
accelerates down a runway at 5.50 m/s2 for 39.5 s.

KEY TERMS

Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs, in the most general sense of the
term.

Symmetry means you can draw an imaginary line over an object and the resulting parts are
mirror images

Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers that find a number by adding the two numbers
before it.

Golden Ratio can also be expressed as the ratio between two numbers, if the latter is also the
ratio between the sum and the larger of the two numbers.

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Let’s Hit These:

Module 1.0: Nature of Mathematics
Lesson 1.1: Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Lesson 1.2: The Fibonacci Sequence
Lesson 1.3: Mathematics for our World

Let’s Get Started

Module 1.0 Nature of Mathematics

Mathematics is the language with which God wrote the universe. – Galileo Galilei

The evolution of digital technology has given rise to a significant increase in the rate
we use and generate data. It could take hours before the internet for the library to get many
volumes of resources for a research paper. Today, a few minutes (or seconds depending on
your connection speed) using the browser on your mobile device will get you the same or
even more detail. It took hours for the photographs to be printed and shared a few decades
ago, while now it only takes a matter of seconds for your perfect selfie to be uploaded and
viewed on the other side of the world by your relatives and friends.
How often have you paused in this fast-paced world to appreciate the beauty of the
things that are around you? If you ever stopped and thought about the basic concepts
regulating the universe? How about the processes and mechanisms which make our lives
easier, if not more comfortable? Many people perform the same repetitive tasks every single
day and are often ignored the basic principles that make such activities possible.
They also continue to recognize and obey patterns as logical beings, whether
consciously or subconsciously, because it feels normal, almost as our brain is hardwired to
recognize them. Early humans recognized the repeated interval of day and night, the cycles of
the moon, the rise and fall of tides, and the seasonal changes. Awareness of these trends
ultimately enabled survival for humans. Similarly, many flora and fauna follow such patterns
as well, i.e. the arrangement of the leaves and stems in a vine, the form of a snowflake, the
petals of the flowers, or even the shell of a snail. What would you think? Did you notice any
patterns around you? What other examples could you think about?
In this lesson, we'll look at some of these patterns and regularities around the world,
and how mathematics comes into play both in nature and in human endeavors.

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

LESSON 1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs, in the most general sense
of the term. We see every single day, from the look and style of floor tiles, skyscraper
designs, and how we tie our shoelaces together. Patterns suggest a sense of order or
organization such that it may seem that such complex, imaginative, and impressive structures
can only be created by humans. Through this viewpoint, it is in the way nature is made that
some people see an "intelligent design".

Example no. 1
What is the next figure in the pattern below?

A B
Solution:
Based on the above figures, the lines tend to rotate in the
counterclockwise direction at 90-degree intervals, always parallel to one side
of the cube front face. Lastly, considering the number of lines inside the cube,
each successor figure has an increase in the number of lines by one. That
means four lines of the next figure should be inside. Therefore, the answer is
letter B.

SNOWFLAKES AND HONEYCOMBS

Symmetry means you can draw an imaginary line

over an object and the resulting parts are mirror images.
For most animals, including humans, this form of
symmetry, known as line or bilateral symmetry, is
extremely apparent. Check in a mirror, to see how
exactly fit the face's left and right hands.

Snowflakes are single ice crystals which often

exhibit a symmetry of six-fold.

Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man

showing the proportions and
symmetry of the human body

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7606491/What-inspired-worth-HARRY-MOUNT-cracks-code-da-Vincis-860m-man.html

It is symmetric in the case of a snowflake in respect of three intersecting lines. A

snowflake 's patterns repeat nearly exactly six times, each spaced at equal angles of 60°.
There could be many variations and complex shapes causing some people to believe "no two
are alike." Though, snowflakes aren't completely symmetrical because of the influence of
moisture and temperature on the ice crystal as it grows.

https://www.wallpaperflare.com/snowflakes-decor-wallpaper-19132

Another wonder of the architecture of nature is the shape and form of a honeycomb.
Humans have clearly wondered how bees, given their very small scale, are able to create
these structures, when humans would usually require the use of a ruler and compass to
perform the same feat. Such a structure is considered to allow the bee colony to use the
smallest amount of wax to maximize its honey production.

https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-7985941-close-up-view-bees-on-honeycomb

Check it out for yourself. Seek to fill as much area of a piece of paper with coins,
using multiple coins of the same size. When you place the coins in a square design, there's
always plenty of uncovered areas. Furthermore, after the hexagonal shape, with the second
row of coins snugly placed between the first row of coins, you will find that more space is
being filled.

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CirclePacking.html

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

Converting this concept into three dimensions, we can deduce that in making use of
the available space, hexagonal shapes are best suited. These packing problems, which are, in
the simplest sense, those involving finding the best way to fill a given space, such as a cubic
or spherical container. Instinctively, the bees have found the best solution, visible in their
hexagonal hives. Not only are these geometric patterns simple and elegant but they are also
optimally efficient.

TIGERS’ STRIPES AND HYENAS’ SPOTS

Patterns are also seen in animals' physical features. We all know what a tiger looks
like, with its distinctive reddish-orange fur and dark stripes. Hyenas, another of Africa's
predators, are also coated in spot patterns. It is assumed that mathematical equations control
all apparently unorganized or random designs. Chemical reactions and diffusion processes in
cells decide these growth patterns, as well as affect other variables, according to a hypothesis
by Alan Turing, the man known for cracking the Enigma code during World War II. More
recent research looked at why certain species develop vertical stripes while others have
horizontal stripes. The new model follows the principle that, given a larger space such as an
animal's fur, the local patterns created by the various chemical processes would replicate.

Tiger Hyena
https://www.hdnicewallpapers.com/Wallpaper- https://africafreak.com/spotted-hyena-facts
Download/Tiger/Animal-Tiger-HD-Wallpaper

THE SNAIL’S SHELL

https://physics.aps.org/story/v17/st8

Spiral patterns are the most common of which may be seen in whirlpools, snails’

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

shells or other related mollusks. With their shells, called protoconch, snails are born and these
start out as very fragile and colorless. These initial shells gradually harden, as the snails eat a
diet rich in calcium. As the snails grow, their shells often expand in the same proportion to
allow them to continue living inside. This process leads to a refined spiral structure which is
even more noticeable when the shell is sliced.

A Logarithmic Spiral
https://www.cefns.nau.edu/capstone/projects/ME/2000/cams/2nd_des.htm

FLOWER PETALS

Its vivid colors and fragrant odors of the flowers make them as gifts or decorations
very appealing. If you look closely at the flowers you will find that each species has a
different number of petals. For example, take the lily and iris with the two having only 3
petals in their flowers. The most popular one is said to be flowers with five petals. Those
include the buttercup, the hibiscus and the columbine. Clematis and delphinium are among
those flowers with eight petals while ragwort and marigold have thirteen. These numbers are
all Fibonacci numbers which we will explore in the next lesson in a little more detail.

Buttercup flower with five petals

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/may/14/secrets-shiny-yellow-buttercup-plantwatch

WORLD POPULATION

According to Worldometer's most recent projections of the United Nations, the

current world population as of July 2020 is 7.8 billion. The word "World Population" refers
to the world's human population (the total number of people currently living). We may use
mathematics to model population growth. Remember that the exponential growth formula is

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 Mathematics in the Modern World

A=P ert , where A is the size of the population after it grows, P is the initial number of
people, r is the rate of growth, and t is the time. Remember further that e is Euler’s constant
with an approximate value of 2.718. Applying values to this formula would result in the
population size after time t with a rate of growth r.

Example no. 2
The exponential growth model A=60 e0.03 t describes the population of Calbayog City
in thousands, t years after 1993.
a. What was the population (A) of the city in 1993?
b. What will be the population (A) in 2020?

Solution:
a. We consider 1993 as t = 0
A=60 e0.03 t
0.03 (0)
A=60 e
A=60 e0
A=60(1)
A=60
Therefore, in 1993, the city population was 60,000.

b. To find the value of t, we subtract 2020 and 1993, t = 2020 – 1993 = 27

A=60 e0.03 t
A=60 e0.03 (27)
A=60 e0.81
A=60(2.2479)
A=134.874
Therefore, in 2020, the city population would be about
134,874.

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References

Mathematics in the Modern World – Philippine Edition – CENGAGE

Mathematics in the Modern World by Hengania, et.al 2019

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

https://www.mathsisfun.com/

https://www.funtrivia.com/

https://www.math.fsu.edu/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/

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