Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DRESSMAKING
(PRODUCE SLEEPING GARMENT) NC II
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 3
How to use this module 4
Expected Outcome 5
Pre-Assessment 5-8
Lesson 1: Plan Garment Design
Definition of Technical Terms 9
• Lesson Information 1.1 Fabrics 10-18
• Self- Check 1.1 18
• Lesson Information 1.2 Types of Sleeping Garments 20-23
• Self-Check 1.2 24
• Lesson Information 1.3 Project Plan for Sleeping Garments 25-26
• Self-Check 1.3 27
• Lesson Information 1.4 Tools, Materials and Equipment needed in 27-28
sewing
• Self-Check 1.4 30
Lesson 2: Take Client’s Body Measurement
Definition of Technical Terms 31
Lesson Information 2.1 Measurement Needed in Sewing Sleeping 31-35
Garments
Self-Check 2.1 36
Lesson 3: Draft Basic/Block Pattern
Definition of Technical Terms 37
Lesson Information 3.1 Drafting Pattern for Pajama Pants 38
Self-Check 3.1 39
Activity Sheet 3.1 40
Lesson Information 3.2 Drafting Front and Back Pattern for Blouse 41-42
Self-Check 3.2 43
Activity Sheet 3.2 44
Lesson 4: Manipulate Pattern 45
1
Definition of Terms 45
Lesson Information 4.1 Pattern Symbols 46-48
Self-Check 4.1 46
Activity Sheet 4.1 50
Lesson Information 4.2 Manipulating Basic/Block Pattern 52
Self-Check 4.2 52
• Activity Sheet 4.2 53
• Lesson 5: Cut Final
• Definition of Term 54
• Lesson Information 5.1 Cutting Final Pattern 54-55
• Self-Check 5.1 56
• Activity Sheet 5.1 57
• Post Assessment 58-61
• Reference 62
2
INTRODUCTION
This Module, which consists of five (5) Learning Outcomes, such as Plan
Garment Design, Take Client’s Body Measurement, Draft Basic/Block Pattern,
Manipulate Patterns and Cut Final Pattern is designed to equip you, TVL
Learners, with essential Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude in Dressmaking (Produce
Sleeping Garments)
in accordance with the industry standards which lead you to National
Certificate Level II.
3
How Do You Use This Module?
This Module contains several lessons. To make the most out of this, you
need to do the following:
1. Take the Pre-Assessment, your score will determine your knowledge of the
lessons. If you get 100% of the items correctly, you may proceed to the next
Module; otherwise, go through the lessons and review those items which
you missed.
Use the References and Definition of Technical Terms as your guide. They
can be of great help during your learning journey.
3. After reading the Lesson Information, answer the Self-Check to find out how
much you have learned. If you do not get all the test items correctly, go back
to the Lesson Information. This will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Perform the required Learning Activities. They consist of one or more tasks
for you to accomplish. It is not only enough that you acquire content or
information, but you must also be able to apply what you have learned in
real life situations and evaluate your performance using the Scoring Rubrics.
5. Take the Post Assessment to evaluate your overall understanding about this
module.
4
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
Let us determine how much you already know about applying safety
practices. Take this test.
Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the items carefully. Choose the best
answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.
5
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of sleeping garment?
a. It is comfortable to the wearer.
b. It is easy to wash.
c. It is made of expensive materials.
d. It is thick and long.
5. Faith will draw a perpendicular line in drafting pattern, what tool will she needs
to use?
a. Hip curve
b. L - Square
c. Ruler
d. Tape Measure
6. When do we prepare the project plan?
a. At the end of execution
b. Before the execution
c. During the execution
d. Towards the completion
7. Which of the following characteristics of sleeping garment will you consider
first when designing?
a. Age of wearer
b. Design of sleeping garment
c. Price of the cloth
d. Tools and material
8. What tool is needed in construction of sleeping garment?
a. At the end of execution
b. Before the execution
c. During the execution
d. Towards the completion
9. In drafting pattern the back blouse pattern, the following measurement is
needed, EXCEPT?
a. Back across width
b. Chest width
c. Shoulder width
d. Waist circumference
6
10. What part of the project plan depicts the chronological steps on how to
accomplish the job?
a. Date begun
b. Evaluation
c. Objectives
d. Procedure
11. What is the result of combining primary and secondary colors?
a. Complementary Colors
b. Intermediate colors
c. Neutral colors
d. Adjacent Colors
12. If you want to determine and prepare the logistics needed to finance the
project, which part of the project plan will you check?
a. Evaluation
b. Materials and tools needed
c. Objectives
d. Procedure
13. What material is needed in construction of sleeping garment?
a. Cloth
b. Needle
c. Ripper
d. Tracing Wheel
14. The sloper or basic pattern is the foundation of all the final pattern, which
one is characterized as a sloper?
a. Flexible for cutting
b. No allowance and symbols
c. Ready for cutting
d. with provision for alteration
15. What tool is used in making construction line?
a. L - Square
b. Ruler
c. Tape Measure
d. Yard stick
7
16. Which of the following is NOT an example of synthetic fabric?
a. Acrylic
b. Challis
c. Rubber
d. Spandex
17. What element of design creates visual dimension?
a. Center and emphasis
b. Depth and height
c. Length and width
d. Size and bulkiness
18. Which of the following is an example of silk fabric?
a. Brocade
b. Canvas
c. Challis
d. Georgette
19. What tool is used to make dotted link markings in most fabrics
a. Chalk pencil
b. Liquid marking pen
c. Tracing paper
d. Tracing wheel
20. Which of the following is classified as measuring tool?
a. Chalk pencil
b. Fasteners
c. Pencils
d. Sewing gauze
8
Lesson 1: Plan Garment Design
Design- a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings
of a building, garment, or other object before it is built or made.
Equipment.
Fabric-is cloth made of fibers.
Fibers-are hair-like strands that are wound to make yarn or thread used to
make fabric.
Knit fabric- has loops of fiber that allow the fabric to stretch.
Nightwear-is clothing designed to be worn while sleeping.
Plaid-When horizontal lines cross vertical lines to form rectangles or square
Project plan-This serves as a guide in making any kind of project.
Sewing Machine-a textile machine used to stitch fabric, cards and other
material with thread.
Tools-Handheld devices that aids in accomplishing a task.
Woven fabric-does not stretch except on the bias.
9
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 1.1.
FABRICS
Fabric is cloth made of fibers. Fibers are hair-like strands that are wound to
make yarn or thread used to make fabric. Fabric is the cloth or material used in
making our clothes, curtains, tablecloths, sheets and many other items.
Types of Fabrics
Woven fabric does not stretch except on the bias. Woven fabric is made up of
fibers which run straight at ninety degree angles to each other.
Knit fabric has loops of fiber that allow the fabric to stretch. The amount and the
direction of stretches are all variables. A knit may stretch in one direction or it
may stretch in both directions. This is an important consideration when
choosing fabric for a specific pattern. For example, a bathing suit pattern will
require equal two way stretch. If you choose a fabric that only stretches in one
direction, the suit is not going to fit properly and you cannot even put it on.
A. Cotton Good for items that The world's most Special for
need to be washed popular fabric. It is durable press
cool to wear and easy
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often like sheets to wash and sew. It is Maybe machine
and pillows, school versatile, durable and laundered
clothes, and work comfortable.
clothes. Inexpensive but Avoid risk of
shrinks and wrinkles mildew
easily.
Kinds of Cotton Fabrics
11
6. Cotton shirting Pajamas and Lightweight 100-
boxers. percent cotton that
makes fantastic
menswear shirts
12
B. Linen Women’s and Very strong, cool to Iron at high
children’s dresses wear, and usually temperature.
and blouses. more expensive than Avoid pressing
Summer dress cotton. Easily in sharp
Table linens and wrinkled unless a creases.
other household special finish is Avoid risk of
fabrics applied. mildew
Known as the oldest
fiber and used by the
Egyptians thousands
of years ago. It
comes from the stem
of a very pretty plant
called flax.
Animal Fibers
13
2. Brocade Luxurious fabrics Textured silk with
made into clothing some stiffness
or wall hangings
14
8. Raw silk woven into textiles. Rough-looking silk
with a dull finish
made from short silk
filaments discarded
as waste but easy to
sew and has a
distinctive look
9. Washed silk A great travel The washing process
fabric makes this silk
creamy and soft.
15
Kinds of Wool Fabric
16
6. Melton Used for coats A very fine,
expensive,
closely-woven wool
made from Merino
sheep’s coats.
7. Merino widely used in the A very fine,
textile industries expensive,
closely-woven wool
made from Merino
sheep’s coats.
17
for constructing steam iron at
strong outerwear warm setting.
for damp climates.
c. Nylon Women's It was first developed Remove oily
stockings as a substitute for stains before
were the first imported silk. With washing.
commercial use of exceptional strength, Washes easily;
nylon. Also used excellent elasticity; wash with care
for clothing, retains shape. to maintain
upholstery and Woven fabrics feel whiteness.
carpet, rope, uncomfortable in Press at low
tents and fishing contact with skin. temperatures.
line. Dry clean only.
18
f. Acrylic Tailored Resists wrinkling Remove oily
outerwear; High bulking power stains before
knitted wear, pile Wool-like texture washing.
fabrics, blankets Very resistant to Washable or
and effects of sunlight dry cleanable
carpets Medium iron
temperature.
Self-Check 1.1
Directions: Identify the word(s) that best describes the following statements.
Write your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. It is a cloth made of fibers.
2. It is a hair-like strand that is wound to make yarn used to make fabrics.
3. It is collected from silk worm.
4. It is made from the sleets of sheep.
5. It works well as a 1940’s dressing gown and blouses.
19
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 1.2 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 1.2.
SLEEPING GARMENTS
Nightwear, also called sleepwear, nightclothes, or nightdress, is clothing
designed to be worn while sleeping. The style of nightwear worn may vary with
the seasons, with warmer styles being worn in colder conditions and vice versa.
20
8. They should bear a hang tag alerting buyer that the garments are not flame
resistant and should be worn snug fitting because loose-fitting garments are
more likely to catch fire.
21
Negligee or négligée Usually made of sheer or semi-translucent
fabrics and trimmed with lace or other fine
material, and bows
22
They keep the neck warm as wrapped around
but not so tight to become a choking hazard.
Pajamas They may be made from cotton, silk, satin or
synthetic materials made of soft fabric, such as
flannel; Loose fitting two-piece garments for
women, men and children. Traditional pajamas
consist of jacket-and trousers. The jacket
element usually has a placket front and its
sleeves have no cuffs. For a number of reasons
(increased freedom of movement, aesthetic
appeal, etc.), many men opt to sleep or lounge
bare chested in just the pajama trousers.
Dressing gown Made of chiffon, silk or cotton fabrics
A long outer garment for women usually sheer.
They are usually sold with a matching
nightgown, negligee or panties
23
How much have you learned?
Self-Check 1.2
True or false
Directions: read the statements carefully. Write T if the statement is correct and
F if it is Wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.
24
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 1.3 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 1.3.
Construction of sleeping garment is just like cooking a recipe for a party that
requires careful planning. In every task or project you have, it should be
accompanied with a project plan. This serves as a guide in making any kind of
project. It contains the materials and tools to be used, design and procedure in
making the project and the criteria for evaluating the finish output coupled with
rubrics designed by the teacher and students.
25
c. Description refers to the features and characteristics of the
materials and supply needed.
d. Unit Cost is the selling price per quantity and unit of the materials
e. Total Cost is the total amount needed per quantity of supply and
material needed.
9. Design Specifications – the photographic representation of the project
in two to five views: front, back, right, left and top views.
10. Procedure – the chronological steps or operations involved to
accomplish the project. This is divided into two stages:
a. Preparation stage – depicts the preparation to be done before
the actual execution or performance of the operations.
b. Performance stage – the actual procedures involve in the actual
making of the project where all tools, supplies, materials and
equipment intended to make the project are ready.
11. Evaluation – the process of assessing the finished project with its given
criteria prepared during planning and evaluating.
Self-Check 1.3
Identification
Direction: Identify the following
1. It is the process of evaluating the finished project.
2. Reflects the number of projects.
3. It states the purpose why a project should be done.
4. It is the chronological steps involved to accomplish the project.
5. It is the list of tools and equipment in the accomplishment of the project.
26
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 1.4 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 1.4.
27
B. Materials
Fasteners
C. Equipment
28
MARKING TOOLS USED IN PATTERN DRAFTING
Marking tools are used to transfer the pattern symbols onto the fabric. It is
essential to transfer these symbols for correct fitting and sewing. Below are
some tools used to transfer the pattern markings onto the fabric.
29
How much have you learned?
Self-Check 1.4
Identification
Direction: Identify the following.
1. It is used to draw perpendicular line.
2. A material used in drafting pattern.
3. A flexible tape used to take body measurement.
4. It is used to connect curve points.
5. It is used to connect curve lines such as necklines and armholes.
30
Lesson 2: Take Client’s Body Measurement
• Perform surface preparation procedure following job requirements.
Read Lesson Information 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 2.1.
31
BODY MEASUREMENTS NEEDED IN SEWING SLEEPING
GARMENT
32
Waist Circumference Measure around
the smallest
portion of the torso.
Sleeve Length Measure from the tip of the shoulder to the desired length of
the sleeve
33
Arm Circumference This measurement is taken around the arm where the
sleeve length falls.
34
Crotch/seat/rise This measurement is
taken in two ways. For male customer
insert a ruler on the rise and measure
from the waistline to the upper edge of the
ruler.
35
How much have you learned?
Self-Check 2.1
36
Lesson 3: Draft Basic/Block Pattern
37
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 3.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Activity Sheet 3.1.
38
Self Check 3.1
39
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
Item 15 10 5
Tools Tools were Lack of one Lack of two or
complete, tool, some are more tools,
appropriate, appropriate and some are
and correctly correctly used. appropriate
used. and not
correctly used.
Procedure Correct Correct Failed to follow
methods and Methods And the correct
procedures procedures method and
correctly Incorrectly procedures
followed. followed.
Pattern All pattern Some pattern All pattern
details Were details were details are not
correctly inaccurately drafted
measured and drafted. correctly and
accurately accurately.
drafted.
Speed Finished the Finished the Finished the
pattern ahead of pattern on time. pattern beyond
time. the
allotted time.
60 points perfect score
40
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 3.2 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 3.2.
41
*Connect to point F. Mark X as the midpoint of the line
C1-H – ¼ bust measurement plus ½ inch
*using French curve, connect X to H.
DI – ¼ waist measurement plus 1 inch
AJ – Desired length
JK – ¼ hip measurement
Dart
CL and DM – ½ bust point width
MN – 5 inches downward
MO and MP - ½ inch. Connect points as illustrated in the figure.
SLEEVES
A – Starting Point
AB – 4 inches Standard Measurement
AC – Sleeve Length
AD – ½ Armhole measurement which is taken from the
pattern.
CE – ½ Lower arm girth.
*Connect to point D. Divide AD into four and mark as F, G and H
GI – ½ inch standard measurement
HJ – ¼ inch standard measurement
*Connect A-I-F-J-H using a French curve.
42
How much have you learned?
Self-Check 3.2
43
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
Item 15 10 5
Tools Tools were Lack of one Lack of two or
complete, tool, some are more tools,
appropriate, appropriate and some are
and correctly correctly used. appropriate
used. and not
correctly used.
Procedure Correct Correct Failed to follow
methods and Methods And the correct
procedures procedures method and
correctly Incorrectly procedures
followed. followed.
Pattern All pattern Some pattern All pattern
details Were details were details are not
correctly inaccurately drafted
measured and drafted. correctly and
accurately accurately.
drafted.
Speed Finished the Finished the Finished the
pattern ahead of pattern on time. pattern beyond
time. the
allotted time.
60 points perfect score
45
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 4.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Activity Sheet 4.1.
Pattern Symbols
Sewing will be easier if you know how to read patterns. Pay attention to
every symbol. Immediately transfer the symbols to the fabric after cutting. This
way you won't forget this step. It's not fun to look for these symbols after
removing the pattern.
Pattern Symbols or Construction Markings
These guides help the sewer put together and sew the pieces of garment
easily. Several markings are evident in some patterns but others have only few,
depending on the design and style of their project.
Straight Grain or Direction The selvage is the finished edge of fabric. It usually
has a different color or texture. Sometimes it also has little holes.
46
Pleat
This little symbol marks the beginning and ending of a pleat. The
arrow indicates which way to fold. In this example, you would pleat from left to
right. It is usually indicated by an alternating solid and broken line.
Fold
Fold the fabric and place the pattern's edge on the fold. When you
cut do it around the pattern only, never cut the folded edge.
Dots
They are used to mark important parts of the patterns such as dart
points or pocket placement (see the image above). Their meaning varies
depending on the pattern.
Slash
Lengthen or shorten here. This is the part of the pattern where you
can safely adjust the length. Avoid doing this before or after because the
pattern's shape could change.
Cutting Lines
47
Buttonholes
Buttons
Stitching Lines
Not all pattern pieces include stitching lines. If they are included
then there is a broken line, indicating the areas that will be stitched together.
These are a guide so you can see where the line of stitching intersects and
where you will not be stitching. It is not recommended that you mark every
stitching line on to your garment. This would result to excess handling of your
fabric.
Fold Line
This line indicates that the edge of the pattern piece must be
placed on a fold of fabric. The edge of the pattern piece is usually indicated as
a broken line, to remind you not to cut on that edge. If you cut this edge, there
is no seam allowance and trying to join these will change the way the pattern
fits, as well as how other pieces will join to this piece.
Centerfold
This indicates that the edge of the pattern must be placed on the
folded part of the fabric. This is when cutting two sides of the garment parts as
left and right or back and front parts.
48
How much have you learned?
• Self-Check
49
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
Criteria Points
All pattern symbols were properly drawn and labeled correctly 10
Almost all of the pattern symbols were properly drawn and labeled 8
correctly
Some of the items were properly drawn and labeled correctly 6
Most of the item were properly drawn and labeled correctly 4
50
What Do You Need to Know?
Read Lesson Information 4.2 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Activity Sheet 4.2.
51
How much have you learned?
• Self-Check
True or False: Read the statements carefully. Write True if the statement is
correct and False if not.
____1. You can already pin and trace the pattern without determining the
parts, needs, subdivisions and extensions calls by the design.
52
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
53
Lesson 5: Cut Final Pattern
Read Lesson Information 5.1 very well then find out how much you
can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-Check
5.1.
54
Techniques in Cutting Final Pattern
Before cutting out , sort out all the pattern pieces that are required
for the item you are making. Check them to see if any have special cutting
instructions. If there are no more alterations to be mad, just trim patterns to
your size.
1. Identify which size to be used for different areas of your body. Use a
colored pen and trace the cutting lines.
2. Use a sharp pair of scissors in cutting the pattern. If you slip and make
a cut where you shouldn’t have, simply shape it back into place. The
important thing is that the shape is retained and that you can still read
the markings. Cut carefully along the cutting lines.
3. Check for the seam allowances. Notice the grain lines. The word
“directional” means moving with the grain. In cutting garment pieces from
fabric, look at the pattern piece. You will notice that by cutting from wide
to the narrow part of a piece, you cut with less pull on the grain of the
fabric. This is called directional cutting.
4. Use long, even strokes about 1 inch from the end of the blades of the
shears. If you close the blades with each stroke, the result cut edge will
be choppy and uneven.
5. As you come to the notches (diamond-shaped marks) on the cutting line,
cut them around away from the pattern.
6. Trim multi-size pattern pieces. Single-size pattern pieces do not need to
be cut to shape; just cut around them roughly if there is excess tissue.
55
How much have you learned?
• Self-Check
_____1. Final pattern is cut at the allowance provided for seams and design.
_____2. After cutting out, sort out all the pattern pieces that are required for
the item you are making.
_____3. Use a sharp pair of scissors in cutting the pattern.
_____4. Use short, uneven strokes about 1 inch from the end of the blades of
the shears.
_____5. Single-size pattern pieces do not need to be cut to shape; just cut
around them roughly if there is excess tissue.
56
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
57
Post-Assessment
1.1
How much have you learned?
Directions: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best answer
and write the letter only in your answer sheet.
1. What is the tool used to take body measurement accurately?
a. Hip curve
b. L - Square
c. Ruler
d. Tape Measure
2. Which principle of design can be achieved by creating a center of interest?
a. Balance
b. Emphasis
c. Proportion
d. Rhythm
3. Which of he following pattern does not contain any symbol and
allowance?
a. Basic pattern
b. Commercial pattern
c. Construction pattern
d. Final pattern
4. Which of the following is a characteristics of sleeping garment?
a. It is comfortable to the wearer.
b. It is easy to wash.
c. It is made of expensive materials.
d. It is thick and long.
5. Faith will draw a perpendicular line in drafting pattern, what tool will she
needs to use?
a. Hip curve
b. L - Square
c. Ruler
d. Tape Measure
58
6. When do we prepare the project plan?
a. At the end of execution
b. Before the execution
c. During the execution
d. Towards the completion
7. Which of the following characteristics of sleeping garment will you
consider first when designing?
a. Age of wearer
b. Design of sleeping garment
c. Price of the cloth
d. Tools and material
8. What tool is needed in construction of sleeping garment?
a. At the end of execution
b. Before the execution
c. During the execution
d. Towards the completion
9. In drafting pattern the back blouse pattern, the following measurement is
needed, EXCEPT?
a. Back across width
b. Chest width
c. Shoulder width
d. Waist circumference
10. What part of the project plan depicts the chronological steps on how to
accomplish the job?
a. Date begun
b. Evaluation
c. Objectives
d. Procedure
11. What is the result of combining primary and secondary colors?
a. Complementary Colors
b. Intermediate colors
c. Neutral colors
d. Adjacent Colors
59
12. If you want to determine and prepare the logistics needed to finance the
project, which part of the project plan will you check?
a. Evaluation
b. Materials and tools needed
c. Objectives
d. Procedure
13. What material is needed in construction of sleeping garment?
a. Cloth
b. Needle
c. Ripper
d. Tracing Wheel
14. The sloper or basic pattern is the foundation of all the final pattern, which
one is characterized as a sloper?
a. Flexible for cutting
b. No allowance and symbols
c. Ready for cutting
d. with provision for alteration
15. What tool is used in making construction line?
a. L - Square
b. Ruler
c. Tape Measure
d. Yard stick
a. Acrylic
b. Challis
c. Rubber
d. Spandex
60
18. Which of the following is an example of silk fabric?
a. Brocade
b. Canvas
c. Challis
d. Georgette
19. What tool is used to make dotted link markings in most fabrics
a. Chalk pencil
b. Liquid marking pen
c. Tracing paper
d. Tracing wheel
20. Which of the following is classified as measuring tool?
a. Chalk pencil
b. Fasteners
c. Pencils
d. Sewing gauze
61
References
• First Edition 2014, Home Economics: DRESSMAKING (Produce
Sleeping Garments) Learner’s material, Department of Education
• June 2008, Competency -Based Learning Material Third Year
GARMENT NCII, Department Of Education,
GENERALIZATION:
This module gives an opportunity to the students to develop their skills in DRAFT
AND CUT PATTERN FOR SLEEPING GARMENTS according to standard
operating procedures, techniques and knowledge of Producing Sleeping
Garments.
NOTE:
All Pictures and graphic illustrations taken from the internet are properties of the
original owners and are used only as supplemental materials for educational
purposes.
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