MI

CROORGANI
SMS
I.Chooset hebestanswer .
1.Mi cr
oorganismsar emeasur edin______
_.
a)cm b)mm c)mi crond)met er.
2._______showsbot hl i
v i
ngandnonl i
v i
ngcharacter
isti
cs.
a)Protozoa b)Vi rus c)Bact eri
a d)Fungi
3.______isapr okaryoti
c mi cr oor
ganisms.
a)Virus b)Al gaec)Fungid)Bact er
ia
4.Basedonshape, t
hebact eriaareclassif
iedint
o_ _
_ _
___types.
a)two b)t hreec)f ourd)f ive
5.Commoncol dinhumani scausedby _____
_.
a)plasmodi um b)i
nfluenza
c)vibri
ochol era d)aphthov i
rus
II
.Fil
li
nt hebl anks.
1.____
___ispr eparedfrom amouldcalledpeni ci
l
li
um.
2.____
___ar etheinfect
iousprotei
nparticles.
3.Theinfectingv i
ruspart
icl
efoundout sidethehostcell
is
____
___.
4.Microorganism canbeseenwi t
hthehel pofa_ ___
___.
5.Bacteri
a,whi chhasaf lagel
lum atoneendi sclassi
fi
edas
____
___.

ANSWERS
1.Peni
cill
in
2.Pri
ons
3.vi
ri
on
4.microscope
5.monot r
ichous

II
I.Stat
et r
ueorf al
se.Iffal
se,correctthestat
ement .
1.Diseasecausingmi croor
ganismsar ecal
ledpathogens.
TRUE
2.Femal eanophelesmosqui toisacar ri
erofdenguevirus.
FALSE
3.Chickenpoxisacommuni cabledisease.TRUE
4.Citruscankeri
stransmitt
edbyinsects.TRUE
5.Yeastisusedinthel ar
gescal
epr oducti
onofal
cohol.TRUE
IV.Mat chthefol
lowing.
Nitr
ogenf i
xingbacteri
a - Vacci ne
Tuberculosis - Pri
on
Kuru - Lactobacil
lusaci
dophi
lus
Probioti
cs - Bacteri
a
Edwar dJenner - Rhizobium
ANSWER: 53421

V.Answerthefol
lowi
ngquest
ions.
Markthecorr
ectoneas:

a.I
fbothasser t
ionandreasonaret
rueandr
easoni
sthe
cor
rectexplanati
onofasserti
on.
b.I
fbothasser t
ionandreasonaret
rueandr
easoni
snotthe
cor
rectexplanati
onofasserti
on.
c.I
fassert
ionist r
uebutreasoni
sfalse.
d.I
fbothasser t
ionandreasonaref
alse.

1.Assertion:Malar i
aiscausedbyPr otoz
oa.
Reason: Thedi seaseistransmi t
tedbymosquito.
a.Ifbothasser t
ionandr easonar etr ueandr
easonist
he
correctexplanati
onofasser t
ion.
2.Assertion:Algaear eheterotr
ophic.
Reason: Theydonothav echl orophyll.
d.Ifbothasser ti
onandr easonar ef alse.

VI.Answerv erybri
efl
y.
1.Writ
et henameofanyni t
rogenfi
xingbact
eri
a.Rhizobi
um
2.Namet hebacter
iausedi
ntheproducti
onofvinegar.
Acetobacteraceti
3.Writ
et henamesofanyt hr
eeprotozoans.
Amoeba
Pl
asmodi
um
Par
ameci
um
4.Whodi
scov
eredpeni
cil
l
in?Al
exanderFl
emmi
ng

5.Whi
chdiseasescanbeprevent
edbyvacci
nation?
Smal
lpox,poli
o,measl
es,mumps,rubel
l
a,tubercul
osi
s

VII
.Answerbr
ief
ly.
1.Wri
tethef
ourtypesofbact
eri
a,basedont
hei
rshape.Pg.
181
Bacteri
aarecl
assifi
edaccordingtot
heshapeoft
hei
rcel
l
s.
Theyare:
Bacil
li
:Rodshapedbact er
ia.
Spir
il
la:Spi
ralshapedbacter
ia.
Cocci: Spher
icalorbal
lshapedbacter
ia.
Vibr
io:Commashapedbact eria.
2.Whatar
eant
ibi
oti
cs?Pg.
184
Ant
ibi
oti
cisasubstanceproducedbyl
i
vingor
gani
smswhi
chi
stoxi
c
f
or
ot
heror sms.Eg:Peni
gani cil
l
ium.
3.Whatar
epat
hogens?Pg.
187
Afewmicroorgani
smsareharmfult
oplant
s,ani
malsandhumans.
They
causedi
seasesandhencetheyarecal
l
edaspathogens.
4.Howdi seasecausi
ngmi cr
oorganismsenteri
ntohuman
beings?Pg. 187
Thediseasecausi
ngmi
crobesar
ecall hogens.
edpat Pathogensent
er
i
nt othe
bodyt hr
oughcutsandwoundsintheski
n,mout hornoseandcause
diseases.
Virusescausi
ng‘f
lu’ar
espreadt
hroughai
r.
Whenthepati
entsneezesdr
oplet
scontai
ningv i
rusesspr
eadi
nair
andi tget
senter
edtoanotherper
sonwhenhebr eathes.Eg.
Tuber cul
osi
s
5.Whymi
croor
gani
smsar
eessent
ial
foragr
icul
tur
e?Pg.
185
Natur alfert
ili
zer
Micr oorganismsar ecall
edasdecomposer sbecausetheyactupon
degr adablewast es.Duri
ngtheprocess,ni
tr
atesandotherinorgani
c
nutrientsarer eleasedintothesoil
,makingthesoi
lfer
ti
le.Thiscompost
i
scal l
edasnat uralfer
til
i
zer.
Nit
r ogenf i
xat i
on
Rhizobium bact eri
aliv
ingintherootnodul
esofleguminousplantsenr
ich
thesoilbyfi
xingtheatmospheri
cnitrogenasni t
rat
eswhi chare
essenti
alforthegrowthofpl
ants.Somef r
eelivi
ngbacteriai
nsoil
,l
ike
Cyanobacteri
a.
Bio-
cont r
olagents
Microbesareusedt oprot
ectthecropsf r
om pests.
Baculovir
uses( Vi
rus)att
ackinsectsandot herart
hropods.

VII
I.Answerindet ail
.
1.Writeashortnot eonbact
eri
aandi
ts
str
ucture.Pg.
182,183

Bact
eriaar
esingle-
cell
edprokaryot
es.Bact er
iaaregr
oupedunderthe
ki
ngdom Monera.Thest udyofbacteri
aiscalledbact
eri
ology
.Bact
eri
a
ar
eoft wotypesbasedonr espi
rati
on.Theyar e:
•Aerobi
cbacteri
a(requi
resoxygen).
•Anaerobi
cbacteri
a(doesnotrequireoxygen).

Abact erium hasanout ercover

ingknownast hecel l
wall.Nuclear
mat er
ial i
sr epr esentedbyanucl eoidwithoutnuclearmembr ane.
Anex trachr omosomal DNAcal l
edplasmidispr esentinthecy toplasm.
Proteinsy nthesi siscarri
edoutby70Sr i
bosomes.Ot hercellorganelles
(mitochondr i
a, golgibody,endoplasmicreti
culum etc.,
)areabsent .
Flagell
aai dsi nl ocomot i
on.
Bacteriaar ecl assifi
edaccor di
ngt otheshapeoft heircel
ls.Theyar e:
Baci l
li
: Rodshapedbact er
ia.
Eg.Baci l
lusant hraci
s

Spir
il
la:
Spir
alshapedbact
eri
a.
Eg.Heli
cobact
erpylor
i

Cocci:Spheri
calorball
shapedbacteria.
Theycansticktoget
herinpai
rs(di
plococcus)orform achai
n
(str
eptococcus)oroccuri
nbunches( staphy
lococcus)
.

Vi
bri
o-Commashapedbact
eri
a.
Eg.Vi
bri
ochol
era.

Bacter
iaarealsoclassif
iedaccordi
ngtothenumberandar
rangementof
fl
agell
a.Theyareasf oll
ows.
Monot r
ichous:Singl
eflagel
laatoneend.
Eg.Vi
briocholera
 Lophotri
chous:
Tuftoff
lagel
l
aatoneend.
Eg.Pseudomonas.

Amphitr
ichous:Tuf
toffl
agel
l
aatbot
hends.
Eg.Rhodospir
il
lum r
ubr
um.

Per
it
ri
chous:
Flagel
l
aal
l ound.Eg.E.
ar col
i
.

Atr
ichous:Withoutanyfl
agel
la.
Eg.Corynebacter
ium di
pther
ae

2.Howmicroorganismsareusef
uli
nthef
iel
dof
medi
cine?pg.184,185
Ant
ibi
oti
cs
Thewor d‘anti
’means‘ against’
.Antibioti
cisasubstancepr oducedby
l
iving
organismswhi chi stoxicforotheror gani
sms.SirAlexanderFleming
wast hef i
rstpersont odiscovertheant i
biot
icpeni
cill
inintheyear1928.
Theant ibi
oticpenici
lli
nwasobt ai
nedf rom thef
ungi Penici
ll
ium
chrysogenum.I tisusedt ot r
eatdiseasessuchast etanusanddi phther
ia.
Theant ibi
otic,
streptomy cinisobtai
nedf rom St
reptomy cesbacteri
ato
curev ar
iousbact eri
alinfecti
ons.
Eg.Pl ague.
Vacci
nes
Vaccinesareprepar
edf rom deadorweakenedmicrobes.Whenthe
vaccinei
sinject
edtot hebodyofapat i
ent,
thebodyproducesanti
bodi
es
tofi
ghtagainstthegerms.Theseant i
bodi
esremaininsi
dethebodyand
protectf
rom fut
ure..Eg:MMRv acci
neforMeasl
es,

3.Wr
it
eashortnot
eoncommonhumandi
seasescausedby
mi
croor
gani
sms.
pg.
188
4.Howcanweimprovethebenef
ici
albact
eri
alcounti
nhuman
bei
ngs?(
Wri
tet
hisanswer)

5.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eonpr
obi
oti
cs.
pg.
187
Pr
obi
oti
cs:

Probiot
icsareliv
ef oodsupplementsusedinyoghurtandother
fermentedmi l
k
products.Eg.Lactobacil
l
usacidophil
usandBifi
dobacter
ium bi
fi
dum.
Thesebact er
iaimpr ov
et hemicr
obialspect
rum i
nthegutandthus
contr
ibutet
othefoll
owingeffects.
•Decreasetheri
skofcoloncancer
•Decreasechol
ester
olabsorpti
on
•Preventdi
arr
healdi
seasesbyi ncr
easi
ngi
mmuni
ty.

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