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(’$bÛ¶ñ¶ ñWmZo n{jÛ¶ñ¶, nwînÛ¶ñ¶ B{V AÝ¶àH$ma¡: A{n àïw>§ e³¶Vo &)
3
1. n[aM¶: & (àW‘: KQ>H$:)
Ah§ N>mÌ: &

‘‘ Zm‘ amhþb: & Ëd§ N>mÌm &
‘‘ ‘mVm {dXþbm & Ëd§ amYm &
‘‘ {nVm gwaoe : &

C C
Ef: AWd©: & Efm a‘m &
C C
g: Xrnoe: & gm lo¶m &
• H¥${V:- Ed§ gd} N>mÌm: ñdn[aM¶§ H$W¶pÝV & VWm ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘ dXpÝV &
Jm¶V! ZÝXV! Vñ¶m: ^{JZr ‘Zmoa‘m &
hñVHw$Qw>å~‘² & ApñV ZZw gm AZm{‘H$m &&4&&
Á¶oð>m nwÌr XrK©V‘m & AÝVo ^d{V H${Zð>~mbm &

Zm‘ ‘Ü¶‘m Vñ¶m: &&3&& Vñ¶m: Zm‘ H${Z{ð>H$m &&5&&
hñVÛ¶oZ àU‘m{‘ &

{ZH$Q>o {Zdg{V ZZw ‘mVm & Amerdm©X§ {dÝXm{‘ &&6&&
Zm‘ VO©Zr Vñ¶m: &&2&&
Ef: ñZohmbw: VmV: &

Añ¶ Zm‘ Ibw A“xð>: &&1&&
4
२. क:, का, किम्‌?
2.1 Ef:/g:

C Ef: Agr‘: &
Ef: Mb{V &
C g: àgmX: &
g: Ymd{V &
H$: Mb{V? H$: Ymd{V?
Ef: Agr‘: Mb{V & g: àgmX: Ymd{V &
¶moJoe: Ymd{V & AOw©Z: JÀN>{V & ‘oK: df©{V & qgh: JO©{V &
• H¥${V :- N>mÌm: ‘ÄOyfmÛ¶ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ dm³¶m{Z dXpÝV &
NmÌ:, {Jare:, qgh:, nR{V, JÀ>N{V, AmJÀN>{V, {bI{V,
‘¶ya:, H$mH$:, JO:, ‘yfH$:, ImX{V, Cn{de{V, C{Îmð>{V, {n~{V,
ewZH$:, ewH$:, {ejH$: ní¶{V, Z¥Ë¶{V, Iob{V, Jm¶{V,
~mbH$:, Aíd:, ‘H©$Q>: Z‘{V, CËnV{V, dX{V
^mfmä¶mg:
{MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m dm³¶§ {bIV &
2.2 Efm/gm
C Efm Zr{b‘m & C gm ñdmVr &
Efm Jm¶{V & gm Z¥Ë¶{V &
H$m Jm¶{V? H$m Z¥Ë¶{V?
Efm Zr{b‘m Jm¶{V & gm ñdmVr Z¥Ë¶{V &
• H¥${V: - N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno/Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ {‘Ìñ¶ {df¶o dm³¶§ dX{V &

¶Wm, Ef: gw^mf: Cn{de{V & g: g‘>oV: hg{V & Efm ZrVm {bI{V & gm gwdUm© Mb{V &
5
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶V &
h[aU:, Jm¶H$:, Z¥n:, g:, Ef:, H$:, MQ>H$m, {nnr{bH$m, ~m{bH$m, {dÚm{W©Zr,
A{‘V:, H$nmoV:, ‘mOm©a:, ewH$:, qgh: ‘{hbm, ‘{jH$m, JrVm, ZXr, gm, Efm, H$m,
lo¶m, {e{jH$m
dX{V, ní¶{V, nV{V, hg{V, ImX{V, {n~{V, dg{V, H$W¶{V, Z‘{V, dh{V, Jm¶{V
Mb{V, Cn{de{V, {jn{V, C{Îmð>{V, {Vð>{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, ^«‘{V, JO©{V
2. {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &
2.3 EVX²/VX²
EVV² ’$b‘² & VV² H$‘b‘² &
EVV² nV{V & C VV² {dH$g{V &
qH$ nV{V? qH$ {dH$g{V?
EVV² ’$b§ nV{V & VV² H$‘b§ {dH$g{V &
C
• H¥${V:- {H«$¶mnX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌm: dmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &
ì¶OZ‘² & AnË¶§ & Ob‘² & aob¶mZ‘² &
H«$sS>m- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & eãXñ¶ {b“§ kmËdm N>mÌm: {H«$¶m§ Hw$d©pÝV &
¶Wm- ¶{X nw§{b“eãX: V{h© N>mÌm: hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$d©pÝV,
¶{X ór{b“eãX: V{h© Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘²,
¶{X Znw§gH${b“eãX: V{h© "›' B{V Üd{Z: &
eãXm:- Aûd:, d¥Õm, nU©‘², d¥j:, Ef:, no{Q>H$m, JJZ‘², hñV:, gm, MfH$:, Hy$nr, VV²,
dZ‘², nmÌ‘², ZXr, Efm, ñWm{bH$m, ’$b‘², ¶mZ‘², nwéf:, EVV², CXa‘² &
6
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ¶mo½¶ñVåôfw eãXmZ² {bIV &
eãXm: g: gm VV²
MÝÐ:, bVm, nÌ‘², Xþ½Y‘², nmXajm, Aíd:,
{d‘mZ‘², em{Q>H$m, d¥Õ:, no{Q>H$m, J¥h‘²
2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm- ‘¥J: Ymd{V & H$: Ymd{V?
1. N>mÌ: {bI{V & 2.’$b§ nV{V & 3.~m{bH$m Jm¶{V & 4. ‘H©$Q>: ImX{V & 5. Efm ní¶{V &
3. Vm{bH$mV: eãXmZ² {MËdm H$Wm§ nya¶V &
(^d{V, ní¶{V, {jn{V, pIÞ:, H$mH$:, {n~{V, AmJÀN>{V, ^«‘{V)
EH$: AVrd V¥fmV©: & g: AÌ-VÌ & {H$ÝVw Ob§ ZmpñV &
g: dZo EH§$ KQ>§ & {H$ÝVw KQ>o Ob‘² Aën‘² & g: ^d{V &
g: KQ>ñ¶ g‘rno nmfmUIÊS>mZ² ní¶{V & g: EH¡$H§$ nmfmUIÊS§> KQ>o &
VoZ Ob‘² Cn[a & H$mH$: Ob§ gÝVwï>: M &
पठत-बाेधत
AÌ VÌ Hw$Ì
M E ?
ewZH$: AÌ & nd©V: VÌ & dm¶w: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ Hw$Ì?

~m{bH$m AÌ & d¥j: VÌ & dm¶w: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÌ ZmpñV,
H$ÝXþH$: Hw$Ì? ZXr Hw$Ì ? àH$me: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ VÌ ZmpñV &
H$ÝXþH$: AÌ & ZXr VÌ & àH$me: gd©Ì & ¶mZ‘² AÝ¶Ì &
~m{bH$m, H$ÝXþH$: ewZH$: M EH$Ì & J¥h§ d¥j: M EH$Ì &
dXV- AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, AÝ¶Ì, gd©Ì, EH$Ì &
7
3. Ho$ Hw$d©pÝV ?
3.1 EVo/Vo
EVo N>mÌm: & Vo Aídm: &
C EVo nR>pÝV & C Vo YmdpÝV &
Ho$ nR>pÝV? Ho$ YmdpÝV?
EVo N>mÌm: nR>pÝV & Vo Aídm: YmdpÝV &
N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & nwéfm: Cn{depÝV & eH$Q>m: JÀN>pÝV & ~mbH$m: ní¶pÝV &
l H¥${V: - {ejH$, d¡Ú, {MÌH$ma, Jm¶H$, g¡{ZH$, EV¡: eãX¡: gh N>mÌm: n[a{MV{H«$¶mnXm{Z
¶mMH$, d¥Õ, nwéf, ~mbH$, qgh, ajH$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ~hþdMZdmŠ¶m{Z dXpÝV &
3.2 EVm:/Vm:
C C
EVm: ~m{bH$m:& Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: &

EVm: dXpÝV & Vm: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &
H$m: dXpÝV? H$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV?
EVm: ~m{bH$m: dXpÝV & Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: Z¥Ë¶pÝV &

MQ>H$m: Hy$OpÝV & ‘{hbm: Z‘pÝV & {nnr{bH$m: JÀN>pÝV & Vm: IobpÝV &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-‘m{nH$m-‘m{nH$m: & no{Q>H$m, N>mÌm, d¡Úm,
{Zdo{XH$m, nwpñVH$m, A“xbr, boIZr, Hy$nr, ÐmoUr&
8
3.3 EVm{Z/Vm{Z

C C
EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z & Vm{Z nÌm{U &

EVm{Z {dH$gpÝV & Vm{Z nVpÝV &
H$m{Z {dH$gpÝV? H$m{Z nVpÝV?
EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z {dH$gpÝV & Vm{Z nÌm{U nVpÝV &
{d‘mZm{Z JÀN>pÝV & ¶mZm{Z {Vð>pÝV & dmhZm{Z Ymd>pÝV&

l H¥${V:- {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶§ {bIV &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & 4. ~m{bH$m: Z¥Ë¶pÝV & (Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z)
1. EVo (qgh) JO©pÝV & 5. (ZXr) dhpÝV &
2. (Ho$/H$m:/H$m{Z) ¶mZm{Z YmdpÝV? 6. d¡Úm: & (ní¶{V/ní¶pÝV)
3. ‘{hbm: & (dX{V/dXpÝV)
2) n[aÀN>oX§ nya¶V&
({n~pÝV, ^dpÝV, Vo, {‘bpÝV, ní¶pÝV)
J«rî‘mdH$meo gd}eñ¶ J¥ho H$mo@{n ZmpñV & AV: gd}e: CnoÝÐ: A{^foH$: M
gd} EH$Ì & g“UHo$ {MÌnQ>§ ní¶pÝV & {H${#mV² g‘¶mZÝVa§
Vo {nnm{gVm: & AV: erVH$nm{Q>H$m¶m§ {H$‘² ApñV B{V
Vo & VÌ "nmZH${Z‘m©Um¶' gdª gm{hË¶‘² ApñV & AV: Vo nmZH§$
Hw$d©pÝV AmZÝXoZ M &
9
4. Ûm¡, Ûo, Ûo &
4.1 EVm¡/Vm¡

C C
EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ &

EVm¡ ImXV: & Vm¡ IobV: &
H$m¡ ImXV:? H$m¡ IobV:?
EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ ImXV: & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ IobV: &
4.2 EVo/Vo
C C
EVo Jm{¶Ho$ & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ &

EVo Jm¶V: & Vo nR>V: &
Ho$ Jm¶V:? Ho$ nR>V:?
EVo Jm{¶Ho$ Jm¶V: & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ nR>V: &
4.3 EVo/Vo
C C

EVo dmhZo & Vo nwîno&
EVo JÀN>V: & Vo {dH$gV: &
Ho$ JÀN>V:? Ho$ {dH$gV:?
EVo dmhZo JÀN>V: & Vo nwîno {dH$gV: &
10
^mfmä¶mg:
1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
N>mÌ: nR>{V & N>mÌm¡ nR>V: &
ì¶mK«: JO©{V &
‘mOm©am¡ {n~V: &
JO: JÀN>{V &
nwéfm¡ ní¶V: &
2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 3. {MÌm{U Am{bIV &

J¥h‘² Vo 1. H$‘bo {dH$gV: & 4. ‘¶yam¡ Z¥Ë¶V: &
VV² nÌo 2. Zm¡Ho$ VaV: & 5. ‘oKm¡ df©V: &
nÌ‘² nwñVHo$ 3. qghm¡ JO©V: & 6. ’$bo nVV: &
nwñVH$‘² J¥ho
4. {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV &

Jm¶V! ZÝXV! H¥$îUmZ² ‘oKmZ² ní¶ AmH$meo Z¥Ë¶§ Hw$d©pÝV ‘¶yamñVo
ga ga Am¶mpÝV dfm©Ymam: YS>m‘² YwSw>‘² YS>m‘² YwSw‘² JO©pÝV Vo & qghm JO©pÝV ZZw ‘oKZmX: &
AÌ àgÞm: gd} Ordm: & OboZ pŠbÞ§ OmV‘“§ gËda§ dhpÝV gmJa§ ZÚ:
d¥j¡: àmá§ ZdOrdZ‘² Ymo Ymo Ymo df©pÝV ‘oKm: gVV‘² &&3&& àmUm {h àm{UZm§ dfm©H$mb: &&4&&
Z¥Ë¶pÝV ‘moXoZ ~mbm: gVV‘² &&1&&
- S>m°. lrh[a: JmoH$U©H$a:
Yn² Yn² nVpÝV ObànmVm:
S´±>d S´±>d Hw$d©pÝV Hy$n‘ÊSy>H$m: &
Q>n² Q>n² Jm¶pÝV nU}fw {~ÝXd:
n¹$dQ>ImXZo ‘¾m OZm: &&2&&
11
5. Ah§, Ëd‘² &
5.1 Ah‘²
Ah§ ~mbH$: Apñ‘ & Ah§ ~m{bH$m Apñ‘ &
Ah§ à^mVo ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ àmVame§ ImXm{‘ &
Ah§ ‘Ü¶m•o embm§ JÀN>m{‘ & Ah§ à^mVo embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &
Ah§ gm¶‘mbo Iobm{‘ & Ah§ ‘Ü¶m•o ñdmÜ¶m¶§ H$amo{‘ &
Ah§ amÌm¡ {ZÐm§ H$amo{‘ & Ah§ gm¶‘mbo JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ &

l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñd{XZM¶mª n#mfS²dmŠ¶ofw dX{V &
5.2 Ëd‘² {e{jH$m - Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g?

N>mÌ: - Ah§ Zm{eH$ZJao dgm{‘ &
{e{jH$m - Ëd§ H$Xm Iob{g?
N>mÌ: - Ah§ gm¶‘mbo gnmXgádmXZo Iobm{‘ &
{e{jH$m - V{h© H$Xm AÜ¶¶Z§ H$amo{f?
N>mÌ: - amÌm¡ XedmXZn¶©ÝV‘² AÜ¶¶Z§ H$amo{‘ &
{e{jH$m - Ëd§ gå¶H²$ Jm¶{g & {MÌ‘{n gwÝXa‘² Am{bI{g & AÜ¶¶Z‘² A{n
H$amo{f & gË¶‘od Ëd‘² AmXe©: ~mbH$: &
l H¥${V:- EH$: N>mÌ: AÝ¶§ N>mÌ§ àíZ§ n¥ÀN>{V & AÝ¶: N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V & "Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g? Ëd§ qH$
H$amo{f?' Ed§ N>mÌm: nañna§ àíZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & CÎma§ dXpÝV M &
^mfmä¶mg:
Ah‘²/Ëd‘² B{V eãX§ ¶moO¶V &
1. Iobm{‘ & 2. Ymd{g & 3. nR>{g &
4. ní¶m{‘ & 5. Hy$X©{g & 6. hgm{‘ &
5.3 Amdm‘², d¶‘²

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ {bIm‘: &

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ Ymdm‘: &

lH¥${V:-EH$: N>mÌ: dmŠ¶§ dX{V (Ah§ JÀN>m{‘ &), AZÝVa§§ ~mbH$Û¶‘² "Amdm§' eãXoZ (Amdm§ JÀN>md:&),
AÝ¶o ~mbH$m: "d¶§' eãXoZ (d¶§ JÀN>m‘: &) B{V ~hþdMZ§ dXpÝV & VW¡d AÝ¶o N>mÌm: &
12
5.4
¶wdm§, ¶y¶‘²

त्वं पश्यसि । युवां पश्यथ: । यूयं पश्यथ ।

^mfmä¶mg:
1. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwwV {bIV M &
1. Ah‘² & (Cn{dem{‘/Cn{dem‘:) 6. dX{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
2. H«$sS>m‘: & (Ah§/d¶§) 7. {jnW & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
3. d¶§ & (^«‘m{‘/^«‘m‘:) 8. Z¥Ë¶{g & (Ëd§/¶y¶§)
4. d¶§ & (Z‘m{‘/Z‘m‘:) 9. {bIW: & (Ëd§/¶wdm§)
5. hgm{‘ & (Ah§/d¶§) 10. ¶y¶§ & (nR>{g/nR>W)
{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U {bIV &

Jm¶V ! ZÝXV !
1. g: & (JX²) MQ>H$! MQ>H$!
2. Vm¡ & (JO©²) MQ>H$, MQ>H$, ao MQ>H$
3. Vo & (dX²)
{Md±² {Md±², Hy$O{g Ëd§ {dhJ !
4. gm & (Oën²)
ZrS>o {Zdg{g gwIoZ S>¶go
5. Vo & (On²)
6. Vm: & (O¶²) ImX{g ’$bm{Z ‘Ywam{U &
7. Ëd§ & (Hy$O²) {dha{g {d‘bo {dnwbo JJZo
8. ¶wdm§ & (Z‘²) ZmpñV OZ: Ibw dma{¶Vm &&
9. ¶y¶§ & (ImX²) ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:
10. Ah§ & (H«$sS²) EH$mH$s Ibw pIÞmo@h‘² &
11. Amdm§ & (hg²) E{h g‘rn§ {Md±² {Md±² {‘Ì
12. d¶§ & (dg²) XXm{‘ Vwä¶§ ~hþYmÝ¶‘² &&
13. ¶wdH$m¡ & (Vn²)
MUH§$ ñdrHw$é {n~ ao Zra§
14. nwéfm: & (Ymd²)
Ëd§ nwZa{n aQ> {Md±² {Md±² {Md±² &
15. ~m{bH$m: & (^«‘²)
16. ‘{hbo & (¶O²) Vmof¶ ‘m§ Hw$é ‘Ywambmn§
17. g¡{ZH$m: & (aj²) nmR>¶ ‘m‘{n Vd ^mfm‘² &&
18. H¥$fH$: & (dn²) -S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwé &
13
6. gL²>»¶m: &
1. EH$‘² 11. EH$mXe 21. EH$qde{V: 31. EH$qÌeV² 41. EH$MËdm[aëV²
2. Ûo 12. ÛmXe 22. Ûmqde{V: 32. ÛmqÌeV² 42. {ÛMËdm[aëV²
3. Ìr{U 13. Ì¶moXe 23. Ì¶moqde{V: 33. Ì¶qóeV² 43. {ÌMËdm[aëV²
4. MËdm[a 14. MVwX©e 24. MVw{dªe{V: 34. MVwqóeV² 44. MVwíMËdm[aëV²
5. n#m 15. n#mXe 25. n#mqde{V: 35. n#mqÌeV² 45. n#mMËdm[aëV²
6. fQ² 16. fmoS>e 26. fS²{d§e{V: 36. fQ²{Ì§eV² 46. fQ²MËdm[aëV²
7. gá 17. gáXe 27. gáqde{V: 37. gáqÌeV² 47. gáMËdm[aëV²
8. Aï> 18. Aï>mXe 28. Aï>mqde{V: 38. Aï>mqÌeV² 48. Aï>MËdm[aëV²
9. Zd 19. ZdXe 29. Zdqde{V: 39. ZdqÌeV² 49. ZdMËdm[aëV²
10. Xe 20. qde{V: 30. qÌeV² 40. MËdm[aëV² 50. n#mmeV²
^mfmä¶mg:
l aQ>Zmä¶mg: 1-50 gabH«$‘oU &
H«$sS>m- 1) 50 V: 1 {dnarVH«$‘oU gL²>»¶maQ>Z‘² & 2) EH$ídmgoZ ¶mdX{YH§$ gL²>»¶maQ>Z‘² &

3) › H«$sS>m- N>mÌm: 1-50 gL²>»¶m: EH¡$H$e: dXpÝV & VÝ‘Ü¶o 5 gL²>»¶m¶m:
JwUH$ñWmZo › B{V dXpÝV & (¶Wm - 1, 2, 3, 4, ›, 6, 7, 8, 9, ›, 11, 12....)
1. Aja¡: A‘¡$: dm gL²>»¶m: {bIV &
5 & 23 & gáqÌeV² &
2 & 45 & fmoS>e &

2. ¶mo½¶‘² CÎma‘² Aja¡: {bIV & Jm¶V! ZÝXV!

1) g§dËgañ¶ H${V ‘mgm: ?
EH$§ Ûo Ìr{U Bh nwînm{U &
2) JrVm¶m: H${V AÜ¶m¶m: ?
MËdm[a n#m ^¶§ {d‘w#m &
3) H${V nmÊS>dm: ?
fS² gá Aï> Anga Xþï> &
4) ^moOZo H${V agm: ?
Zd Xe, Cn{de & dX, {bI, nR>, hg &&
5) BÝÐMmnñ¶ H${V dUm©:?
- Amoamo{~ÝXmo-Aml‘-gmÝÐ‘w{ÐH$mV:
AÜ¶¶Zm¶ Cn¶w³Vm: AmÝVaOmbg‘oVm: &

The Practical Sanskrit - English Dictionary by V. S. Apte
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictonaries/apte
14
ldUmä¶mg:
dmMZ‘² ldU‘² AZwdmMZ‘² Ad~moYZ‘²
l H¥${V: - {ejH$: H$Wm§ nR>{V & N>mÌm: AZwnR>pÝV & {ejH$: An[a{MVeãXmZm‘² AWª dX{V &
eR>§ à{V emR>ç‘² &
~H$ñ¶ e¥Jmbñ¶ M {‘ÌVm ApñV & EH$Xm e¥Jmb: ~H§$ ^moOZmWª ñdJ¥h‘² Amˆ¶{V & e¥Jmb:
ñWm{bH$m¶m§ nm¶g§ n[adof¶{V & ~H$ñ¶ M#mw: XrKm© ApñV & ñWm{bH$m¶m§ n[ado{fV§ nm¶g§ ~H$:
Im{XVw§ Z eŠZmo{V & e¥Jmb: Vñ¶
Cnhmg§ H$amo{V & nwZ: H$Xm{MV²
~H$: e¥Jmb§ ^moOZmWª ñdJ¥h‘²
Amˆ¶{V & VXm g: JbpÝVH$m¶m§
nm¶g§ n[adof¶{V & JbpÝVH$m¶m§
n[ado{fV§ nm¶g§ e¥Jmb: Im{XVw§ Z
eŠZmo{V & ~H$: Vñ¶ Cnhmg§
H$amo{V & e¥Jmb: AdJÀN>{V-
""‘‘ nyd©H¥$Vñ¶ EVV² ’$b‘²''
B{V & g: {‘Ìñ¶ j‘m§ àmW©¶Vo &
V¶mo: ‘¡Ìr ÑT>m ^d{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌm: e¥ÊdpÝV, AdJÀN>pÝV, ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m nwZ: dXpÝV &
gË¶{à¶: H$m{ð>H$: &
EH$: H$m{ð>H$: H$mð>ÀN>oXZmWª dZ§
JÀN>{V & AZdYmZmV² Vñ¶ hñVmV² Hw$R>ma:
Obo nV{V & g: {MÝVmHw$b: ^d{V & VXm
VÌ Xod: AmJÀN>{V & Xod: Obo ‘‚m{V &
gwdU©Hw$R>ma§ J¥hrËdm ~{h: AmJÀN>{V & g:
dX{V, ""A{n Ef: Vd Hw$R>ma:?'' H$m{ð>H$:
dX{V- ""Z Ef: ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' VXZÝVa§
Xod: am¡ß¶Hw$R>ma§ Xe©¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: VX{n
Z ñdrH$amo{V & AÝVo Xod: bmohHw$R>ma‘²
AmZ¶{V & H$m{ð>H$: dX{V, ""Am‘², Ef:
Ed ‘‘ Hw$R>ma: &'' àgÞ: Xod: Vñ‘¡ gdm©Z²
Hw$R>mamZ² ¶ÀN>{V & Ahmo H$m{ð>H$ñ¶
{Z:ñn¥hVm gË¶{à¶Vm M !
15
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1
{H«$¶mnXm{Z-1
bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) nañ‘¡nX‘²
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
१ २ ३
àW‘nwéf:
g: Vm¡ Vo
४ ५ ६
‘Ü¶‘nwéf:
Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²

७ ८ ९
CÎm‘nwéf:
Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘²

१ २ ३
àW‘nwéf: ImX{V ImXV: ImXpÝV
४ ५ ६
‘Ü¶‘nwéf: ImX{g ImXW: ImXW
७ ८ ९
CÎm‘nwéf: ImXm{‘ ImXmd: ImXm‘:
पञ्चदश वाक्यानि । (परस्मैपदम्‌) कण्ठस्थीकरणार्थम्‌।
1 g: ~mbH$: ImX{V & 2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ImXV: & 3 Vo ~mbH$m: ImXpÝV &
1 gm H$Ý¶m ImX{V & 2 Vo H$Ý¶o ImXV: & 3 Vm: H$Ý¶m: ImXpÝV &
1 VX² AnË¶§ ImX{V & 2 Vo AnË¶o ImXV: & 3 Vm{Z AnË¶m{Z ImXpÝV &
4. Ëd§ ImX{g & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXW: & 6. ¶y¶§ ImXW &
7. Ah§ ImXm{‘ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd: & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘: &
EVofw dmŠ¶ofw "ImX{V' B{V ñWmZo nR>{V, Ymd{V, hg{V, Iob{V, JÀN>{V, AmJÀN>{V, Cn{de{V,
C{Îmð>{V EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &
16
{H«$¶mnXñ¶ ‘yb§ = YmVw: & bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)
YmVyZm§ Xe {d^mJm: = JUm: & nañ‘¡nXàË¶¶m:
JUgyMH$‘² {M•‘² = JU{dH$aU‘² & E.d. {Ûd. ~. d.
१ २ ३
YmVyZm§ àH$maÛ¶‘² à. nw. {V V: ApÝV
४ ५ ६
‘.nw. {g W: W
nañ‘¡n{XZ: & AmË‘Zon{XZ: &
७ ८ ९
H$mbmZwgma§ nXmZwgma§ M àË¶¶m: ^dpÝV & C.nw. {‘ d: ‘:
{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + àË¶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²

(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)
JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²

àW‘: A nR>{V
MVwW©: ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V
fð>: A {bI{V
Xe‘: A¶ nyO¶{V
nR>{V = nR²> + A + {V
‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² àË¶¶:

nR² (1 n. n.) = nR² + A = nR> + {V = nR>{V
Z¥V² (4 n. n.) = Z¥V² + ¶ = Z¥Ë¶ +{V = Z¥Ë¶{V
{bI² (6 n. n) = {bI² +A = {bI + {V= {bI{V

nyO² (10 n. n) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + {V = nyO¶{V
AmXoe: (EH$ñ¶ ñWmZo Anañ¶ AmJ‘Z§ Zm‘ AmXoe: &)

AmXoea{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - Z‘²-Z‘{V, H«w$Y²-H«w$Ü¶{V, {bI²-{bI{V, nyO²-nyO¶{V
AmXoeg{hV: YmVwg‘yh: - J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n. n.) = JÀN>² + A = JÀN> + {V = JÀN>{V
ñWm {Vð>² - (1 n. n.) = {Vð>{V, nm {n~² -(1 n.n.) = {n~{V
àÀN² n¥ÀN² - (6 n. n.) = n¥ÀN>{V, Xm ¶ÀN²> - (1 n. n.) = ¶ÀN>{V
17
bQ²>ê$nm{U
nR²> 1 n. n. Z¥V² 4 n. n.
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. [Ûd. ~. d.
à. nw. nR>{V nR>V: nR>pÝV à. nw. Z¥Ë¶{V Z¥Ë¶V: Z¥Ë¶pÝV
‘. nw. nR>{g nR>W: nR>W ‘. nw. Z¥Ë¶{g Z¥Ë¶W: Z¥Ë¶W
C.nw. nR>m{‘ nR>md: nR>m‘: C. nw. Z¥Ë¶m{‘ Z¥Ë¶md: Z¥Ë¶m‘:
{bI² 6 n. n. nyO² 10 n. n.
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
à. nw. {bI{V {bIV: {bIpÝV à. nw. nyO¶{V nyO¶V: nyO¶pÝV
‘. nw. {bI{g {bIW: {bIW ‘. nw. nyO¶{g nyO¶W: nyO¶W
C.nw. {bIm{‘ {bImd: {bIm‘: C. nw. nyO¶m{‘ nyO¶md: nyO¶m‘:
H«$rS>m -
1. {H«$¶mnXgL²>J«h:- àË¶oH§$ N>mÌ: EH¡$H§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & EHo$Z Cº§$ {H«$¶mnX‘² AÝ¶oZ Z d³Vì¶‘² &
2. Amew-A{^Z¶:- EH$: N>mÌ: A{^Z¶oZ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & AÝ¶o N>mÌm: {H«$¶mnX‘² A{ÔmZpÝV dXpÝV M &
3. {H«$¶mnXe¥’bm - EH$: N>mÌ: EH§$ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: N>mÌ: nydmo©³V{H«$¶mnXoZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§
dX{V & V¥Vr¶: N>mÌ: AZwH«$‘oU nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX-Û¶oZ gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ àË¶oH§$ N>mÌ:
nydm}³V-{H«$¶mnX¡: gh ZyVZ§ {H«$¶mnX§ dX{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXmZm§ e¥’bm ^doV² &
4. A{dbå~§ Xe{H«$¶mnXm{Z dXV &
5. {ZaÝVa§ n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z dXV &
dJ©narjmàmê$n‘² & JwUm: - 20

Aä¶mgH«$‘:- ñdn[aM¶:, {b“kmZ‘², nwéfkmZ‘², dMZkmZ‘², bQ²>ê$nm{U &
àmê$n‘² - 1) {MÌmUm§ Zm‘m{Z {bIV & ({MÌnXH$mofV:) 4
2) dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘m{Z {bIV & 4
3) ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (H$V¥©nX§-{H«$¶mnX‘²) 4
4) gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Aja¡:/A‘¡$:) 1
5) eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & ({b“mZwgma‘²) (Ho$db§ fQ²>) 3
6) ‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & ({H$‘{n EH$‘²) 2
7) {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V & (bQ²>ê$nm{U) 2
18
dJ©narjm
1. {MÌmUm§ Zm‘m{Z {bIV & 4
१ २ ३ ४

2. dMZ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {MÌZm‘m{Z {bIV & 4
१
२ ३ ४

3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 4
A ~ CÎmam{U
1) ‘{hbm: Jm¶{V -----
2) nwéf: ní¶{g -----
3) EVm¡ Z¥Ë¶pÝV -----
4) Ëd‘² dXV: -----
4. gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: {bIV & 1
1) 27 & 2) 43 &
5. eãXmZ² n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ fQ²>) 3
eãXm: g: gm VX²
MÝÐ:, ‘mbm, JO:, J¥h‘², nÌ‘², ‘m{nH$m,
nmXajm, {d‘mZ‘²
6. ‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & ({H$‘{n EH$‘²) 2
1) Zm‘ gË¶{à¶: & Ah§ & Ah§ dYm©ZJao & ‘‘ ‘mVm &
‘ÄOyfm- ZraOm, ‘‘, dgm{‘, N>mÌ:
2) dfm©Ymam: nVpÝV & ~mbm: ‘moXoZ & ObànmVm: & AmH$meo JO©pÝV &
gmJa§ à{V dhpÝV & ‘ÄOyfm- H¥$îU‘oKm:, nVpÝV, Z¥Ë¶pÝV, ZÚ:
7. {H«$¶mnXH$moï>H§$ nya¶V
& 2
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
à. nw. YmdV: YmdpÝV
‘. nw. Ymd{g YmdW:
C. nw. Ymdm‘:
19
7. dUm©Zm§ g§dmX: & ({ÛVr¶: KQ>H$:)
d¶§ gd} ñdam: & F$, G , b¥ EVo A{n ñdam: Ed &

A-Am-B-B©-C-D$- F$- F$½doX:, F${f: AmXrZm§ eãXmZm‘² AJ«ñWmZo F$
G -b¥ -E-Eo-Amo-Am¡ B{V ñda: &
Ah‘² AZwñdma: & Ah§ Vw Ah§ {dgJ©: & ‘‘ A{n CƒmaU§

ñdamUm‘² Aml¶oU Ed {Vð>m{‘ &
qH$ ‘‘ CƒmaU§ H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{g?
: ñda¡: gh ^d{V & ¶{X ‘m‘²
dºw$‘² BÀN>{g V{h© dX, "A:'
V{h© dX "A‘²' "Am‘²' "B‘²' B{V & "B:' "C:' B{V &
H²$ I² J² M² N²> O²
d¶§ ì¶ÄOZm{Z & d¶§ gd} ghmoXam:& d¶‘² A{n ghmoXam: & "M' dJu¶m: &
K² L²> P² Äm²
"H$' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaU§ Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUñWmZ‘² ApñV
H$ÊR>o ^d{V & AV: d¶§ H$ÊR>çm:& Vmbw: & AV: d¶§ Vmbì¶m: &
Q²> R²> S²> V² W² X²

d¶§ Ibw "Q>' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² Y² Z² d¶§ "V' dJu¶m: & d¶§ XÝË¶m: &
T²> U²
CƒmaUñWmZ§ dV©Vo ‘yYm© & AV: Añ‘mH$‘² CƒmaUo {Oˆm XÝVmZ²
d¶§ ‘yY©Ý¶m: & ñn¥e{V &
n² ’²$$ ~² > d¶§ "n' dJu¶m: & Añ‘mH$‘² ¶² a²
Ah§ Vmbì¶: & Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &
^² ‘² CƒmaUo Amoð>m¡ gpå‘bV: & d¶§
Ibw Amoð²>¶m: & b² Ah§ XÝË¶: & d²
Ah§ XÝVmoîR>ç:&
e² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: f² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm

‘Ü¶: Vmbw§ {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V &
¶Wm {Oˆm¶m: n¥ð>^mJ: ‘yYm©Z§ {H${#mV²
eeH$: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ Vmbì¶:& ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm fQ²H$moU: B{V eãXo &
AV: Ah§ ‘yY©Ý¶: &
g² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: h²
AJ«§ XÝVmZ² {H${#mV² ñn¥e{V & ¶Wm Ah§ H$ÊR>ç: &
g‘ra: B{V eãXo & AV: Ah§ XÝË¶: &
j² k² (O² + Äm²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§
(H²$ + f²) EV¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Ah§
^dm{‘ & AV: Ah‘{n
^dm{‘ & AV: Ah§ g§¶w³Vmja‘² &
g§¶w³Vmja‘² &
20
^mfmä¶mg:
1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 2. AYmoXÎmofw dJ}fw ¶mo½¶§ dUª {bIV &
õñdñda: XrK©ñda: Äm², ‘², L²>, U², Z²
A ---- H²$ I² J² K² .... &
--- B© M² N² O² P² .... &
---- D$ Q² R² S² T² .... &
F$ ---- V² W² X² Y² .... &
n² ’²$ ~² ^² .... &
3. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V, nR>V, CƒmaUôX‘² AdJÀN>V &
Ame¶:, {df¶:, ‘eH$:, ‘yfH$:, gH$b:, eH$b: &
4. g‘yhoVa§ dUª {MZwV &
1) H²$ I² J² L²> R² 3) B© E C j² Amo
2) n² N² ’²$ ‘² ^² 4) Z² Y² W² M² X²
5. ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV &
1) ê$Mm - F$Mm 2) n¥Ïdr - à¥Ïdr 3) F$U‘² - éU‘²
4) ê${f:- F${f: 5) {dîdmg:- {dídmg:
6. eãXH$mofo "kmZ‘²' VWm "j‘m' B{V eãXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶V &
7. AZwnR>V-Xod:, ‘mbm:, H${d:, ZXr:, ‘{V:, ^mZw:, YoZy:, Xod¡:, ZÚmo:, ‘Vo:, Jm¡: &
nR>V-~moYV
‘ÄOyfm¶m§ {bpIVmZm§ eãXmZm‘² F$$ AjaoU àmaå^:
^d{V & ApÝdî¶V & {bIV &
j:
{Õ: 2
F$ 3
6
4
V‘²
1 ^„zH$:
2 J«rî‘: dgÝV: dm
3 doXofw EH$:
l {nZmH$-’${U-~mboÝXþ-^ñ‘-‘ÝXm{H$Zr¶wVm & 4 ~brdX©:
ndJ©a{MVm‘y{V©andJ©àXm{¶Zr && 5 gË¶‘²
6 AÝ¶ñ‘mV² ñdrH¥$V§ YZ‘²
7 g‘¥{Õ:, d¡^d‘²
21
$8.1 gå~ÝYdmMH$m: &
8.1.1
XeaW: am‘: H$ñ¶ nwÌ: am‘:? XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: &
amdU: ‘o पिता KZmX: H$ñ¶ {nVm XeaW:? am‘ñ¶ {nVm XeaW: &
Y¥Vamï´>: Xþ पुत्र: ¶m}YZ: १. रावणस्य पुत्र: मेघनाद: । ५. मेघनादस्य पिता रावण: ।
am‘: bd: २. पुत्र: दुर्योधन: । ६. दुर्योधनस्य ।
^r‘: KQ>moËH$M: ३. लव: । ७. पिता राम: ।
8.1.2 ४. भीमस्य । ८. पिता ।
am‘m¶U‘² dmë‘r{H$: 1. am‘m¶Uñ¶ H${d: dmë‘r{H$: &
‘hm^maV‘² H${d: ì¶mg: 2. ‘hm^maVñ¶ H${d: ì¶mg: &
aKwd§e‘² H$m{bXmg: 3. H${d: H$m{bXmg: &
JrVJmo{dÝX‘² O¶Xod: 4. H${d: O¶Xod: &
8.1.3
grVm am‘: कस्य पत्नी सीता? रामस्य पत्नी सीता ।
कस्या: पति: राम:? सीताया: पति: राम: ।
D${‘©bm bú‘U:
पति: १. पति: लक्ष्मण: । ५. पत्नी D$र्मिला ।
a‘m ‘mYd:
पत्नी
nmd©Vr {ed: २. पति: माधव: । ६. पत्नी ।
épŠ‘Ur {dÇ>b: ३. पार्वत्या: पति: शिव: । ७. पत्नी पार्वती ।
४. पति: विठ्ठल: । ८. ।
8.1.4 Vd-‘‘
Efm ‘‘ nmR>embm &
Efm Vd nmR>embm&
Ef: ‘‘ ñ¶yV: &
E
E
EVñ¶ dU©: Zrb: &
Efm Vd Hy$nr &
EVñ¶m: dU©: a³V: &
8.1.5 Vñ¶-Vñ¶m:
E D
g: ~mbH$: & VV² Vñ¶ nwñVH$‘² &
nwñVH$ñ¶ Zm‘ "Am‘moX:' & gm ‘{hbm &
gm Vñ¶ boIZr & Vñ¶m: em{Q>H$m nrVm &
Vñ¶m: dU©: H¥$îU: & Vñ¶m: ñ¶yV: H¥$îU: &
22
l H¥${V:- N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno VWm M Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ N>mÌñ¶ Zm‘ H$W¶{V &
¶Wm- EVñ¶ Zm‘ hare: & EVñ¶m: Zm‘ a‘m &
Vñ¶ Zm‘ ‘H$aÝX: & Vñ¶m: Zm‘ C‘m &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ¶mo½¶oZ ê$noU JrV§ nya¶V &
(H$mH$) dU©: H¥$îU: H¥$îU: & (Am‘«) dU©: nrV: nrV: &
(nU©) dU©: h[aV: h[aV: & (JJZ) dU©: Zrb: Zrb: &
2. dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV&
eH©$am ñdmX: ‘Ywa:

¶mZ‘² doJ: A{YH$:

~mbH$: ¶wVH$‘² ‘{bZ‘²

ZXr Ob‘² erV‘²
3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 4. eãXê$nm{U {bIV & ¶Wm Xod:-Xodñ¶
Ef: ‘‘ 1) gy¶©: 2) ñ¶yV: 3) JUoe: 4) nmXn:
VX² EVñ¶ 5) ‘mbm 6) ~m{bH$m 7) ‘m{nH$m 8) em{Q>H$m
Ah‘² Vñ¶ 9) ZXr 10) ÐmoUr 2) do„Zr 12) H$V©ar
13) Ob‘² 14) J¥h‘² 15) dZ‘² 16) eara‘²
Ëd‘² EVñ¶m:
17) Ah‘² 18) Efm 19) Ëd‘² 20) VV²
Efm Vd
5. {MÌñW-eãXmZm‘² AmYmaoU dm³¶m{Z aM¶V &
Cn[a
n¥îR>V:
nwaV: dm‘V:
दक्षिणत:
AY:
23
८.२ कुत्र अस्ति?
8.2.1
’$b§ Hw$Ì ApñV? Hy$nr Hw$Ì ApñV? MÝÐ: Hw$Ì? ‘rZm: Hw$Ì VapÝV ?
’$b§ d¥jo ApñV & Hy$nr ñ¶yVo ApñV & MÝÐ: JJZo & ‘rZm: Obo VapÝV &
l H¥${V:-{ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm dJ©:-dJ}
(A) (eãXm:- hñV:, ’$bH$:, ‘mJ©:, nd©V:, AmgÝX:, KQ>:, H$U©:, {dÚmb¶:)
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm J¥h‘²-J¥ho &
(Am) (eãXm:- nmÌ‘², Ûma‘², ‘wI‘², nwîn‘², ’$b‘², emH$‘², nwñVH$‘², nmZH$‘², Xþ½Y‘², CÚmZ‘²)
8.2.2
‘m¡p³VH$m{Z Hw$Ì? boIZr Hw$Ì? Zm¡H$m Hw$Ì dh{V? Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV?
‘m¡p³VH$m{Z ‘mbm¶m‘² & boIZr no{Q>H$m¶m‘² & Zm¡H$m ZÚm§ dh{V & Ob§ ÐmoÊ¶m‘² ApñV &
l कृति:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm-em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$m¶m‘² &
(B) (eãXm:- ‘m{nH$m, Zm{gH$m, Z{bH$m, nmR>embm, ‘m{J©H$m, ‘ÄOyfm, eH©$am, dm{Q>H$m, Xmobm)
l कृति:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV & ¶Wm, ZXr-ZÚm‘² &
(B©) (eãXm:- H$V©ar, ‘mO©Zr, boIZr, nwZ:nyaUr, KQ>r, Hy$nr)

^mfmä¶mg:
1. AW©nyUm©{Z dm³¶m{Z aM¶V & 2. Ob§ Hw$Ì ApñV? B{V {bIV &
(nd©V) ‘pÝXa‘² Hy$nr
(Xþ½Y) eH©$am ApñV H$be:
gamoda:
(boIZr) ‘gr ZmpñV
(dm{Q>H$m) Xmobm Ob‘²
(nwñVH$) JrV‘² J“m ZXr

g‘wÐ:
24
८.३ सहायका: ।
8.3.1
g: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & Ah§ MaUoZ VmS>¶m{‘ & Ah§ M‘goZ ImXm{‘ & gm hñVoZ dmX¶{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: EH¡$H§$ eãX§ dX{V & XÝVHy$M©:, MaU:, ‘mO©H$:, XÝV:, H$U©:, ñ¶yV:, Xrn:, g“UH$:,
H$be:, Vmb:, IS²J:, ~mU: B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm hñV:-hñVoZ
8.3.2
g: ¶mZoZ JÀN>{V & Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ & gm dóoU ‘mO©¶{V &
‘H©$Q>: ì¶OZoZ drO¶{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & ZoÌ‘², dmhZ‘², Ob‘², dó‘², ¶ÝÌ‘², ì¶OZ‘², nwñVH$‘², ^mÊS>‘², eó‘²
B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm ZoÌ‘²-ZoÌoU &

8.3.3
gm ‘m{nH$¶m ~m{bH$m Nw>[aH$¶m ‘mVm do„Ý¶m amo{Q>H$m: ~mbH$: Hy$ß¶m Xþ½Y§

Am{bI{V &$ H$V©¶{V & H$amo{V & {n~{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & amo{Q>H$m, nwpñVH$m, H$nm{Q>H$m, no{Q>H$m, Z{bH$m, CËnr{R>H$m, eH©$am,
Jw{bH$m, nwÎm{bH$m, Hw${#mH$m, ‘mO©Zr, A“xbr, nwZ:nyaUr, A‘>Zr, H$V©ar, KQ>r B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U
N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm em{Q>H$m-em{Q>H$¶m, ZXr-ZÚm &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &
1) ‘{hbm (ÐmoUr) Ob‘² AmZ¶{V & 4) g: (XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &
2) ~mbH$: (M‘g) ImX{V & 5) gm (Ob) ‘wI§ àjmb¶{V &
3) gm (hñV) amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V & 6) Ah§ (Hw${#mH$m) Vmb‘² CÓmQ>¶m{‘ &
25
8.3.4 gh

‘ÝXma: {ZZmXoZ gh Iob{V & {e{jH$m N>mÌ¶m gh ûcmoH§$ nR>{V & Zrbm ‘mo{hÝ¶m gh nwñVH§$ nR>{V &
8.3.5 {dZm

‘Ëñ¶m: OboZ {dZm Z OrdpÝV & ~mbH$: bÈx>Ho$Z {dZm {H$‘{n Z ImX{V & d¥Õ: CnZoÌoU {dZm Z nR>{V &
l H¥${V:- {ejH$: N>mÌmZ² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V, "Ëd§ Ho$Z gh {bI{g/H«$sS>{g/ImX{g?' ñd{‘Ìñ¶ Zm‘
¶moO{¶Ëdm N>mÌ: CÎma§ dX{V &
Jm¶V! ZÝXV! ‘‘ A“m{Z &

bbmQ‘²> Ho$em:
A“xbr
Z¶Z‘² Zm{gH$m hñV:

‘{U~ÝY:
am‘: ¶m{V Amoð>m¡
grV¶m gh & {M~wH$‘² Hy$n©a:
H$ÊR>: H$U©:
Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V? dj: ñH$ÝY:
ga¶yZXr‘² &&1&&
H¥$îU: ¶m{V CXa‘²

amY¶m gh
Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V?
¶‘wZmZXr‘² &&2&& A‘:$
{dÇ>b: ¶m{V OmZw

épŠ‘Ê¶m gh & {npÊS>:
Hw$Ì g: ¶m{V?
nmpîU©:
MÝÐ^mJm‘² &&3&& nmX:
- {eewJrVm{Z 1 A°n²-V:&
H«$sS>m-{dXÿfH$: dX{V-H$Uª Xe©¶V & ‘wI‘² CX²KmQ>¶V & Ho$emZ² ñn¥eV & hñV‘² Cn[a Hw$éV & ZoÌo {Z‘rb¶V &
26
8.4 {H$‘²? {H$‘²?
8.4.1
1. {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰m àýmZ² nR>V & {MÌdU©Z§ nR>V &

1) ~mbH$: qH$ nR>{V? (nwñVH$) 1) ~mbH$: nwñVH§$ nR>{V &
2) d¥Õ: qH$ Ya{V? (N>Ì) 2) d¥Õ: N>Ì§ Ya{V &
3) ewZH$: qH$ ImX{V? (amo{Q>H$m) 3) ewZH$: amo{Q>H$m§ ImX{V &
4) ~m{bH$m qH$ {jn{V? (H$ÝXþH$) 4) ~m{bH$m H$ÝXþH§$ {jn{V &
5) ‘{hbm qH$ Z¶{V? (ÐmoUr) 5) ‘{hbm ÐmoUt Z¶{V &
6) d¥Õm qH$ ní¶{V? (~m{bH$m) 6) d¥Õm ~m{bH$m§ ní¶{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. "{H$‘²' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo CÎma§ ¶moO¶V & dmŠ¶§ nwZ: dXV &
1) ‘H©$Q>: qH$ ImX{V? (H$Xbr’$b) 4) ~mbH$: qH$ ñdrH$amo{V? (bÈx>H$)
2) JO: qH$ {jn{V? (Ob) 5) N>mÌm qH$ dX{V? (ûcmoH$)
3) ewH$: qH$ ImX{V? (‘ar{MH$m) 6) nwéf: qH$ ní¶{V? (ZXr)
H«$sS>m- A{^Z¶H«$sS>m - {ejH$: N>mÌm¶ dmŠ¶§ H$W¶{V & N>mÌ: dmŠ¶ñ¶ A{^Z¶§ H$amo{V & Vñ¶ {‘Ìm{U
dmŠ¶‘² A{ÔmZpÝV &
8.4.2 ~mbH$: Hw$Ì JÀN>{V?
{dÚmb¶: dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV &
nmR>embm {dÎmH$mof: am‘: (ga¶yZXr)

{dÇ>b: (MÝÐ^mJm)
~mbH$: J¥h‘²
dm{Q>H$m N>mÌ: ({dÚmb¶) JÀN>{V &
CÚmZ‘²‌ ‘mVm (nmH$J¥h)
n#mdQ>r d¥Õm (Xodmb¶)
ZXr
~mbH$: {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>{V &

~mbH$: dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V &
27
8.5 H$ñ‘¡ ? H$ñ¶¡ ?
H$Ý¶m Amn{UH$m¶ ¶y¶§ nR>Zm¶ N>mÌm: {ejH$m¶¡

YZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>W & nwînm{U ¶ÀN>pÝV &
AmMm¶m©¶ Z‘: & {e{jH$m¶¡ Z‘: & OZÝ¶¡ Z‘: &

^mfmä¶mg:
1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &
1. (JUoe) Z‘: & 2. (gañdVr) Z‘: &
3. g: (~mb) bÈx>H§$ ¶ÀN>{V & 4. Vo (^moOZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§ JÀN>pÝV &
5. d¶§ (d¥Õm) nwînm{U ¶ÀN>m‘: & 6. Ëd§ ({‘Ì) boIZt ¶ÀN>{g &
2. ‘{hbm H$ñ‘¡ qH$ ¶ÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &
(~mbH$) ‘moXH§$
(~m{bH$m) Hy$nt
‘{hbm ({^jwH$) dó§ ¶ÀN>{V &
(go{dH$m) YZ§
(‘mVm‘hr) àmVame§
(Amn{UH$) ZmUH§$
3. {H$‘Wª Hw$Ì JÀN>{V? B{V {bIV &
(nR>Z) embm§
(dmMZ) J«ÝWmb¶§
~mbH$: (ì¶m¶m‘) ì¶m¶m‘embm§ JÀN>{V &
(dñVwH«$¶U) AmnU§
(nyOZ) ‘pÝXa§
(ImXZ) CnmhmaJ¥h§

28
8.6 H$ñ‘mV² ñWmZmV² ?
8.6.1

{dÎmH$mof: aobñWmZH$‘² nmR>embm ZXr
Ef: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: Hw$V: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V?-

Ef: {dÎmH$mofmV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: aobñWmZH$mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
Ef: nmR>embm¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & Ef: ZÚm: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
{‘{ha: J«ÝWmb¶§ JÀN>{V & J«ÝWmb¶mV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
AdZr ‘pÝXa§ JÀN>{V & ‘pÝXamV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
‘{hbm dm{Q>H$m§ JÀN>{V & dm{Q>H$m¶m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
{nVm‘h: ZJat JÀN>{V & ZJ¶m©: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V &
• H¥${V:- {ejH$: eãX§ dX{V & N>mÌm: eãXê$n§ dXpÝV &
¶Wm-J«ÝWmb¶:-J«ÝWmb¶mV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"A' V: eãXm:), CÚmZ‘² -CÚmZmV² (n¥ð>§ 24-"Am' V: eãXm:),
nmR>embm-nmR>embm¶m: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B' V:eãXm:), ZXr-ZÚm: (n¥ð>§ 24-"B©' V: eãXm:)
8.6.2
d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V & ‘oKmV² Ob§ nV{V & AmgÝXmV² {Jare: nV{V & ~mbH$: AídmV² nV{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰m dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &
(hñV) H$adó§ (no{Q>H$m) gm nwñVH§$ (joÌ) H¥$frdb: (ZXr) ‘mVm

nV{V & ñdrH$amo{V & AmJÀN>{V & AmJÀN>{V &
29
8.7 gå~moYZ‘² &
ao {dZ¶, A{¶ C‘oe,

Hw$Ì gå¶H²$
JÀN>{g? Jm¶{g
^mo: N>mÌm:, ho ‘{hbm:,

¶y¶‘² CÎmam{U AmnU‘²
{bIW & AÌ &
ho Xod, ^mo: {‘{Wbo,

Ah§ Z‘m{‘ & A{n Amdm§
Iobmd: ?
^mfmä¶mg:
Jm¶V! ZÝXV!
1. dmŠ¶m{Z Hw$éV & ^mo: {dO¶,
1) ............ H$Xm AmJÀN>{g? (CX¶) Am‘² VmV &
2) ao ............ erK«§ {bI{g Ibw! ({dZrVm) JwS§> ImX{g?
3) ^mo: ............ A{n d¶§ nR>m‘:? (~mbH$) Z {h VmV &
4) ^mo: ............ ¶y¶§ gå¶H²$ Z¥Ë¶W & (~m{bH$m) {‘Ï¶m dX{g?
Z {h VmV &
‘wI‘² CÓmQ>¶,
hm hm hm &&
AÜ¶¶Zm¶ Cn¶w³Vm: AmÝVaOmbg‘oVm:

1) http://Sanskritdocuments.org/atul/kathaa/
2) Sanskrit Tutorial (Class 6 to 12)
Free Download - http:// Sanskrittutorial.in
30
9. {d^p³V‘mbm &
Y‘m} O¶{V ZmY‘©:, gË¶§ O¶{V ZmZ¥V‘² &

j‘m O¶{V Z H«$moYmo, Xodmo O¶{V Zmgwa: && àW‘m &&
dgwXodgwV§ Xod§ H§$gMmUya‘X©Z‘² &
XodH$sna‘mZÝX§ H¥$îU§ dÝXo OJX²Jwé‘² && {ÛVr¶m &&
H$mì¶emó{dZmoXoZ H$mbmo JÀN>{V Yr‘Vm‘² &
ì¶gZoZ Vw ‘yIm©Um§ {ZÐ¶m H$bhoZ dm && V¥Vr¶m &&
{dÚm {ddmXm¶ YZ§ ‘Xm¶
Ibñ¶ ep³V: nanrS>Zm¶ &
gmYmoñVw gdª {dnarV‘oVV²
kmZm¶ XmZm¶ M ajUm¶ && MVwWu &&
V¡bmÐjoX² ObmÐjoX² ajoV² {e{Wb~ÝYZmV² &
‘yI©hñVo Z XmVì¶‘² Ed§ dX{V nwñVH$‘² && n#m‘r &&
Zañ¶mâU§ ê$n§ ê$nñ¶mâU§ JwU: &
JwUñ¶mâU§ kmZ§ kmZñ¶mâU§ j‘m && fð>r&&
ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm eyanarjm aUm“Uo ^d{V &
{dZ¶o ^¥Ë¶narjm XmZnarjm M Xþ{^©jo && gá‘r &&
Am{XXod Z‘ñVwä¶§ àgrX ‘‘ ^mñH$a &
{XdmH$a Z‘ñVwä¶§ à^mH$a Z‘mo@ñVw Vo && gå~moYZ‘²&&
am‘mo amO‘{U: gXm {dO¶Vo am‘§ a‘oe§ Ôo
am‘oUm{^hVm {ZemMaM‘y am‘m¶ Vñ‘¡ Z‘: &
am‘mÞmpñV nam¶U§ naVa§ am‘ñ¶ Xmgmo@ñå¶h‘²
am‘o {MÎmb¶: gXm ^dVw ‘o ^mo am‘ ‘m‘wÕa &&
31
^mfmä¶mg:
ûbmoH$: -1 ûbmoH$: -4
1. àW‘mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. MVwÏ¶©ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &
{H$‘² {H$‘W©‘²
Ibñ¶ g‚mZñ¶
O¶{V {dÚm
YZ‘²
ep³V:
3. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
Z O¶{V 1. gmYmo: {dÚm {H$‘Wª ^d{V ?
2. H$ñ¶ ep³V: nanrS>Zm¶ ^d{V ?
1. {ÛVr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. n#må¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. gw^m{fVo {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
3. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
nwñVH$ajU‘²
lrH¥$îU: ‘yI©hñVmV²
1. V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. fîR>çÝVnXm{Z [bIV &
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ob¶V & 2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
{dZmoX: Xþaä¶mg: Zañ¶
‘yI©: e¶Z‘²
{ZÐm ‘ZmoaÄOZ‘² ê$nñ¶ AmâU‘²
ì¶gZ‘² ‘yT>:
JwUñ¶
1. Yr‘Vm§ H$mb: H$W§ JÀN>{V? kmZñ¶
2. ‘yIm©Um§ H$mb: H$W§ JÀN>{V?
32
1. gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {bIV & 1. "am‘' B{V eãXñ¶ H$m {d^p³V: dm³¶o à¶w³Vm
2. ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV & B{V {bIV &
1. amO‘{U: am‘: gXm {dO¶Vo &
narjm H$ñ¶ ? H$Xm ? 2. Ah§ am‘§ Ôo &
{‘Ìñ¶ 3. am‘oU {ZemMaM‘y: A{^hVm &
eyañ¶ 4. Vñ‘¡ am‘m¶ Z‘: &
^¥Ë¶ñ¶ 5. am‘mV² naVa§ nam¶U§ Z ApñV &
XmZñ¶ 6. Ah§ am‘ñ¶ Xmg: Apñ‘ &
ûbmoH$: -8 7. ‘o (‘‘) {MÎmb¶: gXm am‘o ^dVw &
8. ^mo am‘, (Ëd§) ‘m‘² CÕa &
1. gå~moYZmÝVnXm{Z {bIV &
2. "gy¶©' BË¶ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo A‘anpL²>º¨$ {bIV & l gd©ûcmoH$mZm§ gabmWª ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
l AYmoXÎmofw ûcmoHo$fw C³Vm§ {d^p³V‘² AYmoaopIVm§ Hw$éV &

a{düÝÐmo KZm d¥jm ZXr Jmdü g‚mZm: & nmXnmZm§ ^¶§ dmVmV² nÙmZm§ {e{eamØ¶‘² &
EVo namonH$mam¶ bmoHo$ XodoZ {Z{‘©Vm:&& (àW‘m) nd©VmZm§ ^¶§ dO«mV² gmYyZm§ XþO©ZmV² ^¶‘² &&(n#m‘r)
Z‘m{‘ emaXm§ Xodt {dÚmaåô gw‘“bm‘² & hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ§ gË¶§ H$ÊR>ñ¶ ^yfU‘² &
ZañVñ¶m: àgmXoZ nmpÊS>Ë¶§ b^Vo gXm &&({ÛVr¶m) lmoÌñ¶ ^yfU§ emó§ ^yfU¡: qH$ à¶moOZ‘² &&(fð>r)
X[aÐVm YraV¶m {damOVo {dXoeofw YZ§ {dÚm ì¶gZofw YZ§ ‘{V: &
Hw$^moOZ§ MmoîUV¶m {damOVo& nabmoHo$ YZ§ Y‘©: erb§ gd©Ì d¡ YZ‘² &&(gá‘r)
Hw$ê$nVm erbJwUoZ amOVo d¥j: ’$bmpÝdVmo ^m{V d¥j§ YyZ¶Vo H${n: &
Hw$dóVm ew^«V¶m {damOVo && (V¥Vr¶m) d¥joU dm¶©Vo Vmn: Ob§ d¥jm¶ Xr¶Vo &&
XmZm¶ bú‘r: gwH¥$Vm¶ {dÚm d¥jmV² nVpÝV nUm©{Z d¥jñ¶ àgamo ‘hmZ²
{MÝVm naofm§ gwIdY©Zm¶ & d¥jo IJm {ZHy$OpÝV d¥j YÝ¶mo@{g ^yVbo &&
namd~moYm¶ dMm§{g ¶ñ¶
YÝ¶{óbmoH$s{VbH$: g Ed && (MVwWu)
ApñV (P) dm ZmpñV (O) B{V {bIV &

‘‘ g‘rno dJ} J¥ho J«ÝWmb¶o
boIZr {MÌ’$bH$‘² XÿaXe©Z‘² g§ñH¥$VH$WmnwñVH$‘²
boIZnwpñVH$m {XZX{e©H$m g“UH$: gå^mfUgÝXoe: (g§ñH¥$V‘m{gH$‘²)
eãXYmVwê$nmd{b: CËnr{R>H$m H$nm{Q>H$m g§ñH¥$VeãXH$mof:
eãXH$mof: AmgÝX: erVH$nm{Q>H$m gwY‘m© (g§ñH¥$VX¡{ZH$‘²)
nmR>çnwñVH$‘² gwYmIÊS>: Xn©U: A‘aH$mof:
{ÛM{H«$H$m ’$bH$‘mO©Zr XÊS>Xrn: g§ñH¥${VH$mof:
33
10. ‘‘ {e{jH$m &
H¥${V:- {ejH$: nmR>§ nR>{V & N>mÌm: e¥ÊdpÝV AdJÀN>pÝV M &
Efm ‘‘ g§ñH¥$V{e{jH$m hf©Xm & Efm gab§ gwJ‘§ M nmR>¶{V &
gm N>mÌ¡: gh ñZohoZ AmMa{V & Vñ¶m: CƒmaU‘² AVrd ñnï>‘² &
bQ²> gm ûcmoH$mZ² gå¶H²$ Jm¶{V & gm nmR>Zo AmYw{ZH$-gmYZmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$amo{V
d¶§ g§ñH¥$VdJ} Z Ho$db§ nR>m‘: A{n Vw ^mfmH«$sS>¶m AmZÝX‘² AZw^dm‘: &
VoZ Añ‘mH§$ g§ñH¥$Vé{M: dY©Vo &
gm N>mÌmZ² J«ÝWmb¶§ Z¶{V & {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z Xe©¶{V &
d¶§ Vm{Z nwñVH$m{Z AmZÝXoZ nR>m‘: &
‘‘ g§ñH¥$V{e{jH$m¶m: ì¶p³V‘Îd§ àgÞ‘² &
Vñ¶m: AÜ¶mnZoZ d¶§ gÝVwï>m: ^dm‘: &
^mfmä¶mg:
[a³VñWmZm{Z nya{¶Ëdm dU©Z§ Hw$éV &
‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~‘² &
Ef:/Efm Ah‘² & Ah‘² Aï>‘rH$jm¶m§ (nR²) & AÌ ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~OZm: &
(VX²) ‘‘ OZZr & EVñ¶m: Zm‘ & (VX²) é{Ma§ ^moOZ§
H$amo{V& Ef: (Añ‘X²) OZH$: & EVñ¶ Zm‘ & g:
ê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{V & {dam‘{XZo g: (Añ‘X²) ^«‘UmWª Z¶{V &
H$Xm{MV² Amdm§ VaUmWª M (J‘²) & (EVX²) ‘‘ ^«mVm & EVñ¶ Zm‘ & g: ‘‘ AZwO:/
AJ«O: H$jm¶m§ nR>{V & Efm ‘‘ AJ«Om/AZwOm & Ef: ‘‘ {nVm‘h: & g: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V & Ah§
{nVm‘ht Mb^mfà¶moJ§ nmR>¶m{‘ & {nVm‘h§ M g“UH§$ nmR>¶m{‘ & ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~§ ‘‘ {à¶‘² &
‘‘ J¥h‘² &
‘‘ J¥h§ ZJao ApñV & J¥h§ n[aV: CÞVm: d¥jm: gpÝV & J¥ho àH$moð>m: gpÝV & (àW‘) àH$moð>o
AmgÝX:, XÿaXe©Z§ ì¶OZ§ M dV©ÝVo & (nmH$J¥h) ñWm{bH$m:, M‘gm:,
{d{dY^mÊS>m{Z VW¡d Mw{„: erVno{Q>H$m M dV©ÝVo & e¶ZH$jo Vën:, {dÚwÔrn:
ì¶OZm{Z M dV©ÝVo& {^Îmm¡ ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~ñ¶ N>m¶m{MÌ‘² ApñV & J¥ho ‘‘ VWm
M ^{JÝ¶m: H¥$Vo EH$m Aä¶m{gH$m dV©Vo & VÌ CËnr{R>H$m, AmgÝXm:,
boIZdñVy{Z M gpÝV & VW¡d VÌ AÜ¶¶ZmW©‘² Cn¶w³Vm: {d{dYJ«ÝWm:
gpÝV & ‘‘ J¥hñ¶ (gm¡Y) Añ‘mH$‘² EH$‘² CÚmZ§ dV©Vo & VX² CÚmZ§
Zm‘ ‘‘ J¥hñ¶ emo^m &
H¥${V:- Ed§ N>mÌm: {ejH$gmhmæ¶oZ ‘‘ {ejH$:, embm, ‘mVm, {nVm, {‘Ì‘² B{V {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$Ë¶ ñd¶§
dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶pÝV, H$W¶pÝV, {bIpÝV M &
34
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2
नामानि-१
• Zm‘- dñVw-ñWmZ-Zm‘Xe©H$: eãX: & ¶Wm gwYmIÊS>:, ‘m{nH$m, embm, Xoe:, C‘oe:, kmZ‘² BË¶mX¶:&
• àm{Vn{XH$‘²- eãXñ¶ ‘yb§ ê$n‘² & ¶Wm Xod, dZ, ‘mbm, Añ‘X², ¶wî‘X² BË¶mX¶: & dmŠ¶aMZm¶m§
‘ybeãXñ¶ (àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶) Cn¶moJ: Z {H«$¶Vo & A{n Vw {d^p³V¶w³VeãXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &
• {d^p³Vê$nm{U- dmŠ¶mWm©Zwgma§ eãXmZm§ {d{dYm{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & Vm{Z {d^p³Vê$nm{U B{V CÀ¶ÝVo &
1) Ef: ‘‘ hñV: & 2) emaXm¶m: hñVo drUm emo^Vo &
3) hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² & 4) hñVmV² KQ>: nV{V &
AÌ "hñV' B{V àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶ hñV:, hñVo, hñVñ¶, hñVmV² B{V {d^p³Vê$nm{U &
{d^³V¶: gá-àW‘m, {ÛVr¶m, V¥Vr¶m, MVwWu, n#m‘r, fð>r, gá‘r &
gå~moYZ‘² B{V n¥WH²$ {d^p³V: Z & àW‘m{d^ºo$: ê$nmUm‘² Ed nañna-AmdmhZo à¶moJ: - gå~moYZ‘² &
Ed§ 8 (7 {d^³V¶:+ gå~moYZ‘²)  3 (dMZm{Z) = 24 Zm‘nXmZm§ {d^p³Vê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
AH$mamÝV: Xod --- dZ
AmH$mamÝV: --- ‘mbm ---
BH$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[a
B©H$mamÝV: --- ZXr ---
CXmhaUm{Z XÝV, Xoe, M‘g, embm, {dÚm, ~mbm, Ob, ì¶OZ, nwñVH$,
MfH$, hñV, dJ©, H$Ý¶m, H$Wm, H$bm, ¶wVH$, kmZ, AmgZ,
ñ¶yV, Xrn, nmX, H«$sS>m, ~w{Õ, ^y{‘, Z¥Ë¶, XmZ, ’$b,
H$U©, ¶{V, ‘w{Z, Hy$nr, boIZr B. YZ, J¥h, ^y[a B.
F${f, a{d B.
"A'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ Xod (Xod = X² + E + d² + A)
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
Xod: Xodm¡ Xodm: àW‘m
Xod‘² Xodm¡ XodmZ² {ÛVr¶m
XodoZ Xodmä¶m‘² Xod¡: V¥Vr¶m
Xodm¶ Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: MVwWu
XodmV² Xodmä¶m‘² Xodoä¶: n#m‘r
Xodñ¶ Xod¶mo: XodmZm‘² fð>r
Xodo Xod¶mo: Xodofw gá‘r
ho Xod ho Xodm¡ ho Xodm: gå~moYZ‘²
35
"A'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dZ (dZ = d² + A + Z² + A)
dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z àW‘m
dZ‘² dZo dZm{Z {ÛVr¶m
dZoZ dZmä¶m‘² dZ¡: V¥Vr¶m
dZm¶ dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: MVwWu
dZmV² dZmä¶m‘² dZoä¶: n#m‘r
dZñ¶ dZ¶mo: dZmZm‘² fð>r
dZo dZ¶mo: dZofw gá‘r
ho dZ ho dZo ho dZm{Z gå~moYZ‘²
Znw§gH${b“eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ nw§{b“eãXdV² ê$nm{U gd©Ì ^dpÝV &
"Am'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘mbm (‘mbm = ‘² + Am + b² + Am)
‘mbm ‘mbo ‘mbm: àW‘m
‘mbm‘² ‘mbo ‘mbm: {ÛVr¶m
‘mb¶m ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbm{^: V¥Vr¶m
‘mbm¶¡ ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: MVwWu
‘mbm¶m: ‘mbmä¶m‘² ‘mbmä¶: n#m‘r
‘mbm¶m: ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmZm‘² fð>r
‘mbm¶m‘² ‘mb¶mo: ‘mbmgw gá‘r
ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbo ho ‘mbm: gå~moYZ‘²
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ê$nn[aM¶§ {bIV &
H«$. Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² AÝV: {b“‘² {d^p³V: dMZ‘²
1. {dÚm‘²
2. ¶wVHo$
3. H$mÝV¶m
4. MfH$¶mo:
5. Xrnmä¶m‘²
6. XÝV¡:
7. H$Wm¶m:
8. H$bm¶¡

36
2. MVwW©nX§ {bIV &
1. Xod-XodoZ :: ^yn - & 2. ñ¶yV-ñ¶yVmZm‘² :: M‘g - &
3. ’$b-’$bm{Z :: nU© - & 4. gy¶©-gy¶m©V² :: MÝÐ &
5. Xod-Xodofw :: dZ - & 6. ‘mbm-‘mbmgw :: embm - &
3. eãXmZm‘² AWª {d^³ËçZwgma§ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
1. d¥jmZ² 2. ^m¶m©¶¡ 3. H$amä¶m‘² 4. Xn©Uo 5. Hw${#mH$¶m
6. ¶mZmV² 7. JrVofw 8. d¥jofw 9. hñV¶mo: 10. H$Um©ä¶m‘²
4. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
MÝÐm¡ àW‘m
ZoÌ‘² {ÛVr¶m
‘m{nH$¶m V¥Vr¶m
XÝVoä¶: MVwWu
dmVm¶Zmä¶m‘² n#m‘r
JOmZZñ¶ fð>r
CËnr{R>H$¶mo: gá‘r
ho d¶ñ¶m: gå~moYZ‘²
gd©Zm‘m{Z
1) a‘oe: embm§ JÀN>{V & g: embm§ JÀN>{V &
2) a‘oe: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & g: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & "a‘oe:'- Zm‘
3) a‘oe: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & g: àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & g:- gd©Zm‘
4) a‘oe: JrV§ Jm¶{V & g: JrV§ Jm¶{V &
5) a‘oe: gwaoe§ dX{V & g: gwaoe§ dX{V &
Zm‘nXñ¶ ñWmZo à¶wº§$ nX§ "gd©Zm‘' B{V CÀ¶Vo &
CÎm‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘ ‘Ü¶‘nwéfdmMH§$ gd©Zm‘
({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "Añ‘X²' ({Ìfw {b“ofw g‘mZ‘²) "¶wî‘X²'
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² àW‘m Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²
‘m‘²/‘m Amdm‘²/Zm¡ Añ‘mZ²/Z: {ÛVr¶m Ëdm‘²/Ëdm ¶wdm‘²/dm‘² ¶wî‘mZ²/d:
‘¶m Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: V¥Vr¶m Ëd¶m ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘m{^:
‘ø‘²/‘o Amdmä¶m‘²/Zm¡ Añ‘ä¶‘²/Z: MVwWu Vwä¶‘²/Vo ¶wdmä¶m‘²/dm‘² ¶wî‘ä¶‘²/d:
‘V² Amdmä¶m‘² Añ‘V² n#m‘r ËdV² ¶wdmä¶m‘² ¶wî‘V²
‘‘/‘o Amd¶mo:/Zm¡ Añ‘mH$‘²/Z: fð>r Vd/Vo ¶wd¶mo:/dm‘² ¶wî‘mH$‘²/d:
‘{¶ Amd¶mo: Añ‘mgw gá‘r Ëd{¶ ¶wd¶mo: ¶wî‘mgw
37
àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z gd©Zm‘m{Z
VX²
VX² nw§{b“‘² VX² ór{b“‘² VX² Znw§gH${b“‘²
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d. E.d. {Ûd. ~. d {d^p³V:
g: Vm¡ Vo gm Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z àW‘m
V‘² Vm¡ VmZ² Vm‘² Vo Vm: VV²-VX² Vo Vm{Z {ÛVr¶m
VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¶m Vmä¶m‘² Vm{^: VoZ Vmä¶m‘² V¡: V¥Vr¶m
Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶¡ Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘¡ Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: MVwWu
Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: Vñ¶m: Vmä¶m‘² Vmä¶: Vñ‘mV² Vmä¶m‘² Voä¶: n#m‘r
Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² Vñ¶m: V¶mo: Vmgm‘² Vñ¶ V¶mo: Vofm‘² fð>r
Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw Vñ¶m‘² V¶mo: Vmgw Vpñ‘Z² V¶mo: Vofw gá‘r
Ad~moYV - gd©Zm‘nXmZm§ gå~moYZ{d^{º$: Z ^d{V &
"VX²' gd©Zm‘dV² Ed "¶X²', "EVX²' VWm "{H$‘²' EVofm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Û.d. ~. d. E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
¶X² ¶: ¶m¡ ¶o ¶m ¶o ¶m: ¶X² ¶o ¶m{Z
EVX² Ef: EVm¡ EVo Efm EVo EVm: EVV²/EVX² EVo EVm{Z
{H$‘² H$: H$m¡ Ho$ H$m Ho$ H$m: {H$‘² Ho$ H$m{Z
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 2. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ {bIV &

{d^p³V: ê$n‘² 1. (EVX²) ‘‘ hñVm¡ &
àW‘m ¶mgm‘² 2. Aao ~mbH$, qH$ (¶wî‘X²) Zm‘ &
{ÛVr¶m H$m{^: 3. (¶X²) hñVo eó§ (VX²) g¡{ZH$: &
V¥Vr¶m EVñ‘¡ 4. (Añ‘X²) gd} ^maVr¶m: &
MVwWu ‘m‘² 5. (VX²) ZJao àm{UgL²>J«hmb¶: dV©Vo &
n#m‘r ‘V²
fð>r Ëd{¶
gá‘r Vm{Z
Zm‘gd©Zm‘nXmZm§ gdm©{U {d^p³Vê$nm{U Cƒ¡: nR>V H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV M &

38
nR>V-~moYV Ag² (n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma:
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
N>mÌ: ApñV & N>mÌm: gpÝV & à. nw. ApñV ñV: gpÝV
XÝV: ApñV & XÝVm: gpÝV & ‘. nw. A{g ñW: ñW
Ho$e: ApñV Ho$em: gpÝV & C. nw. Apñ‘ ñd: ñ‘:
MaU: ApñV & MaUm¡ ñV: &
hñV: ApñV & hñVm¡ ñV: & H¥$ (n. n.) bQ²>bH$ma:
Ah§ N>mÌ: Apñ‘ & d¶§ N>mÌm: ñ‘: &
Ëd§ ~mbH$: A{g & ¶y¶§ ~mbH$m: ñW & E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
~mbH$: nR>Z§ H$amo{V & à. nw. H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV
~mbH$m: nR>Z§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘. nw. H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW
Hw$å^H$ma: Hw$å^mZ² H$amo{V & C. nw. H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©:
Hw$å^H$mam: Hw$å^mZ² Hw$d©pÝV &
bdHw$em¡ Jm¶Z§ Hw$éV: & "Ag²' VWm "H¥$' EV¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm n#mXedm³¶m{Z
nmÊS>dm: XmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV & dXV &
^mfmä¶mg:
H«$. gd©Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² {b“‘² {d^p³V: dMZ‘²
1. ‘ø‘²
2. ¶wd¶mo:
3. EVmgw
4. ¶oZ
5. Vñ¶¡
2. àm{Vn{XH$ñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dmŠ¶§ nwZ: {bIV &
1. ¶moJoe: (gwYmIÊS>) {bI{V &
2. (Xþ½Y) dU©: ew^«: &
3. g§ñH¥$V^mfm (Añ‘X²) àmMrZ^mfm &
4. ({H$‘²) Zm‘ Xrnoe:?
5. Ah‘² (CnZoÌ) ní¶m{‘ &
39
11. {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ghMam: & (V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$:)
nR>m{‘, {bIm{‘, ¶ÀN>m{‘, ní¶m{‘ EVm{Z nXm{Z {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶pÝV & AV: Vm{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z & dmŠ¶o
{H«$¶mnXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ ghMam: & OmZr‘: VmZ² gdm©Z² &
AÌ H$m {H«$¶m?-boIZ‘² &

H$: {bI{V &
Jm¡ad: {bI{V & Jm¡ad: B{V H$Vm© &
Jm¡ad: qH$ {bI{V?
Jm¡ad: {Z~ÝY§ {bI{V & {Z~ÝY‘² B{V H$‘© &
Jm¡ad: Ho$Z {Z~ÝY§ {bI{V?
Jm¡ad: boIÝ¶m {Z~ÝY§ {bI{V & boIZr B{V gmYZ§
H$aU§ dm &
gm{ZH$m qH$ ¶ÀN>{V?

gm{ZH$m boIZnwpñVH$m§ ¶ÀN>{V & boIZnwpñVH$m‘²
B{V H$‘© &
gm{ZH$m H$ñ‘¡ boIZnwpñVH$m§ ¶ÀN>{V?
gm{ZH$m AÜ¶mnH$m¶ boIZnwpñVH$m§ ¶ÀN>{V &
AÜ¶mnH$m¶ B{V gåàXmZ‘² &
gm{ZH$m Jm¡ad: M qH$ ní¶V:?

gm{ZH$m Jm¡ad: M Am‘«’$b§ ní¶V: &
Am‘«’$b‘² B{V &
Am‘«’$b§ H$ñ‘mV² nV{V?
Am‘«’$b§ d¥jmV² nV{V & d¥jmV² B{V AnmXmZ‘² &
Am‘«’$b§ Hw$Ì nV{V?
Am‘«’$b‘² A“Uo nV{V &
A“Uo B{V A{YH$aU‘² &
H$Vm©-H$‘©-H$aU§-gåàXmZ‘²-AnmXmZ‘²-A{YH$aU‘² M BË¶oVo gd} dmŠ¶o {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ghMam: &

Vo gd} {‘{bËdm {H«$¶m§ Hw$d©pÝV & AV: Vm{Z H$maH$m{U &
40
H$maH$‘² {d^p³V: CXmhaU‘²
H$Vm© àW‘m a‘m JrV§ Jm¶{V &
H$‘© {ÛVr¶m ‘Ywam Ob§ {n~{V &
H$aU‘² V¥Vr¶m Ah§ gwYmIÊS>oZ {bIm{‘ &
gåàXmZ‘² MVwWu ‘mVm ~mbH$m¶ H«$sS>ZH§$ ¶ÀN>{V &
AnmXmZ‘² n#m‘r Z¥n: aWmV² AdVa{V &
----- fð>r(gå~ÝY:) XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: &
A{YH$aU‘² gá‘r YoZw: Jmoð>o {Vð>{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. AYmoaopIVmZm§ eãXmZm§ H$maH§$ {bIV ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV M &
1) Am{XË¶: JrV§ Jm¶{V & 2) ~mbH$m: CÚmZo H«$sS>pÝV &
3) Ah§ Xod§ àU‘m{‘ & 4) Ëd§ Nw>[aH$¶m ’$b§ H$V©¶{g &
5) CëH$m AdH$memV² nV{V & 6) ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$: N>mÌoä¶: nm[aVmo{fH$m{U ¶ÀN>{V &
7) d¶§ {MÌnQ>§ ní¶m‘: & 8) {nVm‘h: à^mVo d¥ÎmnÌ§ nR>{V &
9) {J¶m©amohH$: {eIamV² ¶{ï>H$mä¶m‘² AdVa{V &
2. ¶mo½¶{d^p³Vê$n§ ¶moO¶V &
1. ¶wdH$: ({dÎmH$mof) YZ‘² AmZ¶{V & 4. {nVm‘h: (Xod) nyO¶{V &
2. Amn{UH$: (Vwbm) YmÝ¶§ Vmob¶{V & 5. (àX{e©Zr) {MÌm{U gpÝV &
3. ^«mVm (^{JZr) em{Q>H$m§ ¶ÀN>{V &
3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &
1. N>mÌ: íbmoH$:/íbmoH§$ ñ‘a{V & 5. AmH$meo/AmH$memV² VmaH$m: nVpÝV &
2. ajH$: H«$moYoZ/H«$moYm¶ Mmoa§ VmS>¶{V & 6. ‘pÝÌ‘hmoX¶: H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶/H$m¶©H«$‘‘² CÓmQ>¶{V &
3. {ejH$: N>mÌoä¶:/N>mÌ¡: nwñVH$m{Z ¶ÀN>{V &
4. dm{Q>H$m¶m§/dm{Q>H$m¶m: ObYmam¶ÝÌ‘² ApñV &
4. C{MV{d^p³Và¶moJoU dm³¶§ aM¶V & g§ñH¥$Vñ¶
{ejH$:
a‘oe
N>mÌ H$Wm
H$W¶{V {dÚmb¶
‘Ywañda
nwñVH$
5. {d{^Þ-H$maH$mUm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm ¶ÀN>{V, J«W{V, {jn{V, nR>{V BË¶mXrZm§ {H«$¶mnXmZm§ gmhmæ¶oZ
XrKm©{U dmŠ¶m{Z aM¶V &
41
12. AmË‘ZonXr¶m &
Anyd©: H$mo@{n H$mofmo@¶§ {dÚVo Vd ^ma{V &

ì¶¶Vmo d¥{Õ‘m¶m{V j¶‘m¶m{V g#m¶mV² &&1&&
‘ZmoOd§ ‘méVVwë¶doJ§
{OVopÝÐ¶§ ~w{Õ‘Vm§ d[að>‘² &
dmVmË‘O§ dmZa¶yW‘w»¶§
lram‘XÿV§ eaU§ ànÚo &&2&&
Hw$gw‘§ dU©gånÞ§ JÝYhrZ§ Z emo^Vo &
Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm &&3&&
eVofw Om¶Vo eya: ghòofw M npÊS>V: &
d³Vm Xeghòofw XmVm ^d{V dm Z dm &&4&&
bmo^m{dï>mo Zamo {dÎm§ drjVo Z Vw g‘Q>‘² &
Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V ‘mOm©amo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V‘² &&5&&
Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &
¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&6&&
dZñnVoan¹$m{Z ’$bm{Z à{MZmo{V ¶: &
{dÝXVo Z ag§ Voä¶mo ~rO§ Mm{n {dZí¶{V &&7&&
Z Xodmo dV©Vo H$mð>o Z nmfmUo Z ‘¥Ê‘¶o &
^mdo {h {dÚVo Xod: Vñ‘mX² ^mdmo {h H$maU‘² &&8&&
^mfmä¶mg:
ûbmoH$:-1
1. íbmoHo$ Am. n. {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 3. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
2. AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ H¥$Vo íbmoHo$ AmJVmZ² ì¶¶: ´ &
eãXmZ² {bIV & d¥{Õ: ´ &
gañdVr- A{ÛVr¶:-
42
ûbmoH$:-2 ûbmoH$:-5
1. ûbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? 1. ‘ÄOyfm¶m: AmYmaoU ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &
2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & drjVo & Z drjVo &
Za:

‘mOm©a:
श्रीरामदूत: (g‘Q>‘², Xþ½Y‘², {dÎm‘², bJwS>mh{V‘²)
2. Zañ¶ {deofU§ {H$‘²?
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
ûbmoH$:-3
Za:, {dÎm‘², drjVo, gL²>H$Q‘², Xþ½Y‘², ‘mOm©a:,
1. ûbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²? bJwS>:, Amh{V: &
2. {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: -
ûbmoH$:-6
1) "Hw$gw‘‘²' BË¶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV &
EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
2) "dMZ‘²' BË¶ñ¶ Ûo {deofUo {bIV & 1. íbmoHo$ {H«$¶mnXo Ho$ ?
3. íbmoH$mV² g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {MZwV & 2. Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H$: àOmn{V: ?
1) àgyZ‘², gw‘‘², nwîn‘² - ûbmoH$:-7
2) dM:, Cp³V:, dmŠ¶‘² - 1. {deofU§ {bIV & ---- ’$bm{Z &
ûbmoH$:-4 2. gw^m{fVo Am. n. {H«$¶mnX§ {H$‘²?
1. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 3. gË¶§ dm AgË¶§ {bIV &
"A' "~' A) ‘ZwO: An¹o$ä¶: ’$boä¶: ag§ {dÝXVo &
eVofw XmVm Am) An¹$’$bm{Z {MËdm ~rOñ¶ {dZme: ^d{V &
ghòofw eya: ûbmoH$:-8
Xeghòofw npÊS>V: 1. Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo?
d³Vm 2. Xod:, H$mð‘²>, nmfmU: B{V eãXmZm‘²
2. H$pñ‘Z² H$: JwU: dV©Vo? B{V {bIV & A‘aH$mofnL²>³Vr: {bIV &
A - eyao, npÊS>Vo, ^mfU{ZnwUo, CXmao 3. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
~ - XmV¥Ëd‘², d³V¥Ëd‘², nmpÊS>Ë¶‘², em¡¶©‘² gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & Z
XmVm, eya:, npÊS>V:
Xod: dV©Vo & Z
Z
• gd}fm§ gw^m{fVmZm§ gabmWª ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
• gd}fm§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ñnï>rH$aU§ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
43
n#mXe dm³¶m{Z & (AmË‘ZonX‘²)
1. g: ~mbH$: ^mfVo & 2 Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ ^mfoVo & 3 Vo ~mbH$m: ^mfÝVo &
1 gm H$Ý¶m ^mfVo & 2 Vo H$Ý¶o ^mfoVo & 3 Vm: H$Ý¶m: ^mfÝVo &
1 VX² AnË¶§ ^mfVo & 2 Vo AnË¶o ^mfoVo & 3 Vm{Z AnË¶m{Z ^mfÝVo &
4 Ëd§ ^mfgo & 5 ¶wdm§ ^mfoWo & 6 ¶y¶§ ^mfÜdo &
7 Ah§ ^mfo & 8 Amdm§ ^mfmdho & 9 d¶§ ^mfm‘ho &
AYmoXÎmm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>ÝVw & H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "Z'H$ma: {dÚVo, H${VMZ-CXmhaUofw "U'H$ma:

^d{V & ¶Wm
V¥Vr¶m EH$dMZ‘² fð>r ~hþdMZ‘²
Xod XodoZ XodmZm‘²
ZoÌ ZoÌoU ZoÌmUm‘²
hñV hñVoZ hñVmZm‘²
gy¶© gy¶}U gy¶m©Um‘²
ZH$mañ¶ UH$ma: H$Xm ^d{V ?
F$ H$ dJ©:/ a² + Am + ‘² + E + Z² + A = am‘oU
a²‌ n dJ©:/ a² + Am + ‘² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = am‘mUm‘²
f² + ¶²/d²/h² / + Z = U F$ + H²$ + f² + E + Z² + A = F$joU
H$mo@{n ñda: F$ + H²$ + f² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = F$jmUm‘²
a² + A + O² + A + H² + E + Z² + A = aOHo$Z

F$ M dJ©/
a² + A + O² + A + H² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = aOH$mZm‘²
a² + Q> dJ©/ + Z=Z
d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + E + Z² + A = d¥fboZ
f² V dJ©/b², e², g²
d² + F$+ f² + A + b² + Am + Z² + Am + ‘² = d¥fbmZm‘²
AYmoXÎmmZm§ eãXmZm§ V¥Vr¶m {d^³Vo: EH$dMZê$nm{U/fð>r {d^³Vo: ~hþdMZê$nm{U {bIV &

damh = dó = H«$sS>m =
J¥h = àOm = ñne© =
ñVmoÌ = H$U© = d¥j =
amjg = A‘Ë¶© = ñZwfm =
Vmam = amYm = ^mfm =
gyÌ = VjH$ = nwîn =
44
13. Aídñ¶ ñdm{‘{Zð>m &
‘Ü¶m•g‘¶: & gd©Ì ZradVm & ‘mJ©: A{n
{Z‘©Zwî¶: & VXm Ed H$mo@{n Aíd: ‘mJ} Ymd{V &
Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: d«{UV: & g: H$ï>oZ doXZm§ ghVo
& VWm{n {Ì{^: nmX¡: ¶WmH$W‘{n g: Ymd{V &
Vñ¶ n¥ð>o Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r& Vñ¶ ñdm‘r
eóàhma¡: d«{UV: &
A{daV§ YmdZoZ Aíd: AVrd lmÝV: Om¶Vo &
g: doJoZ Ym{dVw‘² Ag‘W©: ^d{V & AV: ‘ÝX§
Ym{dVw§ àma^Vo & na§ Z¡d {da‘{V g: & ""AYwZm
J«m‘: g‘rno Ed & VÌ ñdm{‘Z§ Z¶m{‘ g§ajm{‘ M & na§ ‘mJ} {dñVrU©: Obàdmh: & AYwZm qH$ H$aUr¶‘²?'' B{V
{MÝV¶{V Aíd: & jrU: d«{UV: M Aíd: V‘² C„”{¶Vw‘² Ag‘W©: & {H$ÝVw g‘¶: Aën: & H$W‘{n àmUmZ²
A{dJUæ¶ g: Obàdmh‘² C„”¶{V & AnaVra§ JËdm ^y‘m¡ nV{V & VoZ AmKmVoZ ñdm‘r A{n ^y‘m¡ {ZnV{V &
{H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ ñdm‘r g§km§ b^Vo & g: Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & ñZohZo Aídñ¶ eara§ ñn¥e{V & ^y‘m¡
n{VV: Aíd: A{n ñdm{‘Z§ ní¶{V g‘mYmZoZ àmUmZ² Ë¶O{V M &
H$: Ef: Z¥n:? km¶Vo dm? g: Ed ‘hmamUmàVmn: & amOñWmZamÁ¶ñ¶
‘odmS>àXoeñ¶ Z¥nloð>: & H$: Ef: ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd:? Ef: MoVH$: Zm‘
Aíd: & Aídofw AmXe©^yV: g: & Vñ¶ ñ‘¥Ë¶Wª {Z{‘©V§ g‘m{YñWb§
‘odmS>àmÝVo {damOVo &
YÝ¶: ñdm‘r amUmàVmn: YÝ¶: M ñdm{‘^³V: Aíd: MoVH$: &
(H${dHw$bJwé-H$m{bXmg-g§ñH¥$V{díd{dÚmb¶oZ àH$m{eVm¶m: g§ñH¥$V~mbgm{hË¶‘mbm¶m: AmYmaoU B¶§ H$Wm &)
^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. ‘mJ©: H$sÑe:? 3. Aíd: {H$‘² C„”¶{V?
2. Aídñ¶ n¥ð>o H$: Cn{dï>: ApñV? 4. ñdm‘r qH$ ñn¥e{V?
2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. ñdm‘r Aídñ¶ g‘rno AmJÀN>{V & 2. ñdm‘r ^y‘m¡ {ZnV{V &
3. ¶mo½¶ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV &
1. Vñ¶ (n¥ð>) Cn{dï>: ApñV Vñ¶ ñdm‘r & 3. g‘m{YñWb§ (‘odmS>àmÝV) {damOVo &
2. Vñ¶ EH$: nmX: (d«{UV) & 4. Aíd: (g‘mYmZ) àmUmZ² Ë¶O{V &
4. AmË‘Zon{X{H«$¶mnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV &
5. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
1. "newn{jU: ‘mZdñ¶ gmhmæ¶§ Hw$d©pÝV &' B{V {df¶o H$m: H$Wm: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?
45

14. g§dmXH$m¡eb‘² &
emH$mnU: &
{dH«o$Vm- AmJÀN>Vw AmJÀN>Vw & emH$m{Z H«$sUmVw & J¥{hUr- Z ^mo:! ßbmpñQ>H$ñ¶yV§ XXmVw &
AmJÀN>Vw AmJÀN>Vw & {dH«o$Vm - jå¶Vm‘² & ßbmpñQ>H$-Cn¶moJ:
J¥{hUr- A{¶ ^mo:, H$m{Z H$m{Z emH$m{Z {dÚÝVo? àXÿfUH$maH$: & Ah§ ßbmpñQ>H$ñ¶yV§ Z
{dH«o$Vm- ApñV AÌ H$mado„‘², H$H©$Q>r, {^pÊS>:, ñWmn¶m{‘ Ed &
BX{‘XmZr‘² AmJV§ àË¶J«§ d¥ÝVmH§$, a³VdUª J¥{hUr - AYwZm qH$ H$aUr¶‘² ?
J¥ÄOZH§$ M & {H$‘² BÀN>{V? {dH«o$Vm - dóñ¶yV‘² A{n H«$sUmVw & ‘yë¶§ Ho$db§
J¥{hUr- qH$ ‘yë¶‘² AmbwH$ñ¶ & n#mê$ß¶H$m{U &
{dH«o$Vm- Z A{YH§$ ^mo:, Ho$db§ qde{V: ê$ß¶H$m{U J¥{hUr - ~hþ CÎm‘‘² & XXmVw & AYwZm ‘yë¶§ H$W¶Vw &
à{V{H$bmo{‘V‘² & {dH«o$Vm- AmbwH$ñ¶ qde{V: ê$ß¶H$m{U, {^ÊS>çm:
J¥{hUr- AñVw, {H$bmon[a{‘V§ ¶ÀN>Vw & {^pÊS>: n#mqde{V: ê$ß¶H$m{U, H$H©$Q>çm: n#mXe
A{n AY©{H$bmo{‘V‘² & ê$ß¶H$m{U, d¥ÝVmH$ñ¶ qde{V: ê$ß¶H$m{U,
{dH«o$Vm- Adí¶‘² & BVmo@{n {H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘² ? Xe ê$ß¶H$m{U ‘ar{MH$m¶m:, dóñ¶yVñ¶
erK«§ dXVw & n#mê$ß¶H$m{U & AmhË¶ n#mZd{V:
J¥{hUr- H$H©$Q>t ¶ÀN>Vw, AY©{H$bmon[a{‘V§ d¥ÝVmH§$ ê$ß¶H$m{U &
M& Xeê$ß¶H$‘yë¶{‘Vm: ‘ar{MH$m: A{n J¥{hUr- AñVw & eVê$ß¶H$mUm§ YZnÌ§ ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
¶ÀN>Vw & Ad{eï>ñ¶ YZñ¶ AmÐ©H§$ ¶ÀN>Vw &
{dH«o$Vm- A{n ñ¶yV: AmZrV:? {dH«o$Vm- AñVw &
ßbmpñQ>H$ñ¶yV: O
46
H$m¶m©b¶: &
(à{dí¶)
{b{nH$:- Aao gwaoe, ‘‘ CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gdª {dH$sU©‘² ApñV & {H$‘² BX‘²?
godH$:- {H$‘² A^dV²?
{b{nH$:- ‘‘ boIZr, A‘Zr, ‘m{nH$m, g{#mH$m M ñdñWmZo Z gpÝV &
godH$:- jå¶Vm‘² & BXmZt ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
{b{nH$:- H$J©OmZm§ g‘yh: A{n BVñVV: A^dV² &
godH$:- ‘hmoX¶, ì¶OZdm¶wZm H$J©Om: BVñVV: A^dZ² &
{b{nH$:- ‘‘ boIZnwpñVH$m A{n AÌ ZmpñV &
godH$:- Am‘² & gm Vw ‘‘ g‘rno ApñV & ø: Ed g“UHo$ Q>‘ZmWª ^dmZ² ‘ø‘² A¶ÀN>V² &
{b{nH$:- AñVw & AYwZm CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gdm©{U CnH$aUm{Z gå¶H²$ ñWmn¶ & nwZ:nyaÊ¶m§ ‘gr Ý¶yZm & ZyVZm§
nwZ:nyaUr‘² A{n AmZ¶ &
godH$:- VWm H$amo{‘ & BVmo@{n {H$‘{n Amdí¶H$‘²?
{b{nH$:- ‘mñVw & gdª {gÕ‘² & AYwZm H$m¶m©aå^§ H$amo{‘ &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ¶wî‘mH§$ {à¶emH$mZm§ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &
2. àW‘g§dmXñ¶ AmYmaoU Xo¶H§$ nya¶V & dm{Q>H$m (emH$mnU:)
a{dZJa‘², Amå~oJmd -30
AZw. H«$. {ddaU‘² ‘yë¶‘²
1. AmbwH$‘²
2. 25
3. ‘ar{MH$m:
4. H$H©$Q>r
5. 20
6. dóñ¶yV:
7. AmÐ©H$‘²
AmhË¶
boIZH$m¡eb‘² YÝ¶dmX: & Amn{UH$ñ¶ hñVm‘Z‘² .................
g§dmXboIZ‘²
1. g§dmXboIZ‘² - {‘Ì‘obZ‘² (Û¶mo:), ¶mZn¥ÀN>m, ‘mJ©n¥ÀN>m

2. emH$mnUg§dmXñWmZo YmÝ¶mnUg§dmX§ {bIV & (Cn¶w³VeãXg“«h:-YmÝ¶m{Z-VÊSw>b:, JmoYy‘:, Vwda:,
‘wÒ:, ‘mf:, ‘gwa:, MUH$: )
3. {ÛVr¶g§dmXo ~hÿZm§ dñVyZm‘² CnH$aUmZm§ M C„oI: ApñV & BVmo@{n ~hÿZm§ dñVyZm§ ¶y¶‘² Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &
Vofm§ g§ñH¥$VZm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶ dJ©g§dmX§ {bIV &
47
15. AmYw{ZH$àho{bH$m: &
- lr‘Vr XþJm© nmaIr
àho{bH$m¶m: AWª kmËdm ûcmoH§$ ¶mo½¶{MÌoU gh ‘ob¶V &
1. {MÌdUm}@Wdm ew^«: EH$H$U©: gwXe©Z: & Vmb:
^doËH$W§ {h ¶wî‘mH§$ Mm¶nmZ§ ‘¶m {dZm &&
2. {Zdm©Vm {Û‘wIr XrKm© bKw^mam gwdm{hH$m & CnZoÌ‘²

nmÌñneª {dZm no¶§ nm¶¶m{‘ gwgo{dH$m &&
3. Améø Zm{gH$m§ {ZË¶§ ñn¥em{‘ ldUÛ¶‘² &

Ñï²>¶Wª ‘‘ gmhmæ¶§ H$mM¶w³Vm VZw‘©‘ && ‘eH$Omb‘²
4. ñd¶§ àgm[aVo Ombo AmnVpÝV Zam: ñd¶‘² &

Mm¶MfH$:
b^ÝVo gwI{ZÐm§ Vo Ahmo Amü¶©‘ØþV‘² &&
5. EH$mH$s Ûm[a {Vð>m{‘ J¥hnVm¡ ~{hJ©Vo &

Z{bH$m
J¥hajmH$a: eyamo bKw‘y{V©: gwH$s{V©‘mZ² &&
6. H¥$îU‘wIr M Jm¡am“r no{Q>H$m¶m§ {Zdm{gZr & JX©^:

Aq¾ d‘{V erK«§ {h K¥ï>m no{Q>H$¶m gh &&
7. ^ma§ dmoTw>§ Z ‘o Xþ:I§ Z ‘o Xþ:I§ Hw$^moOZo & A{¾ebmH$m

EVÎmw ‘o ‘hmXþ:I§ ‘yI}U gh VmobZ‘² &&
48
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ûcmoH§$ n{R>Ëdm AW©‘² ApÝdî¶V & gabmWª {bIV &
1) {Z‘rë¶ ZoÌo {n~m{‘ Xþ½Y‘² &
‘yfH$eÌw: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&
2) d¥jmV² d¥j§ Hy$X} gVV‘² &
Yam{‘ nwÀN>§ H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&
3) Zm{gH$¶m@h§ {n~m{‘ Vmo¶‘² &
{dembH$m¶: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&
4) ^fm{‘ amÌm¡ ÑîQ‰m Mm¡a‘² &
dH«$nwÀN>H$: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&
5) ‘oK§ ÑîQ‰m H$amo{‘ Z¥Ë¶‘² &
{dñV¥V{nÀN>: H$W¶V H$mo@h‘² &&
- gånXmZÝX{‘l:
2. {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV & àho{bH$m§ aM¶V &

‘‘ dU©: h[aV: &
............... ‘‘ {à¶§ ImÚ‘² &
‘‘ M#mw: a³Vm &
Ah§ H$:? &&

Ah§ N>m¶m§ ....... &
Ah§ ....... ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
Ah§ ....... A{n ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
Ah§ H$:? &&

‘‘ dU©: ....... &
{H$ÝVw Ah§ ....... H$mH$: &
Ah§ ‘Ywa§ ....... &
Ah§ d¥jo ....... &
Ah§ H$:? &&
‘‘ dU©: ...... &

Ah‘²....... {dham{‘ &
Ah§....... ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
Ah§ H$:? &&
49
boIZH$m¡eb‘²
{Z~ÝY:/AZwdmX:
1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V &
A) lrJUoe: & lrJUoe: ({dÚm¶m:/YZñ¶) XodVm & lrJUoe: ~wqÕ (¶ÀN>pÝV/¶ÀN>{V)& lrJUoeñ¶
(‘mVm/{nVm) e‘a: & H$m{V©Ho$¶: Añ¶ ^«mVm (ApñV/ZmpñV) & (lrJUoeñ¶/lrJUoem¶) ‘moXH$m:
amoMÝVo & (lrJUoe§/lrJUoem¶) Z‘: &
~) ‘‘ embm & gañdVr-{dÚmb¶: B{V (‘ø§/‘‘) embm & Ah‘² Aï>‘rH$jm¶m§ (nR>{V/nR>m{‘) & ‘‘
embm (ZJao/ZJamV²) ApñV& ‘‘ embm¶m§ ~hÿ{Z nwñVH$m{Z ({dÚVo/{dÚÝVo) & gd} (N>mÌm:/N>mÌmUm§)
AÜ¶¶Z{à¶m: gpÝV & (‘‘/‘ø§) nmR>embm AVrd amoMVo &
H$) ‘¶ya: & ‘¶ya: dfm©H$mbo (Z¥Ë¶m{‘/Z¥Ë¶{V) & Vñ¶ Z¥Ë¶‘² AVrd (a‘Ur¶§/VmnH$maH§$) dV©Vo & ObnyUª
‘oK§ (AmH$memV²/AmH$meo) ÑîQ‰m g: Z¥Ë¶{V & g: emaXmXoì¶m: dmhZ‘² (ApñV/ZmpñV) & g: (am{ï´> ¶:/
am{ï´>¶m) IJ: B{V à{gÕ:&
S>) g§ñH¥$V^mfm & g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd (àmMrZm/ZyVZm) ^mfm & (XodmZm§/Xod¡:) ^mfm B{V Vñ¶m: »¶m{V: &
F$½doX:, gm‘doX:, ¶Owd}X:, AWd©doX: M g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: (^yfUm{Z/^yfUmZm‘²) Ed & g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§
~hÿ{Z gw^m{fVm{Z (ApñV/gpÝV) & g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: Aä¶mgoZ dmUr ({ZXm}fm/gXmofm) ^d{V & g§ñH¥$V^mfm
(‘‘/‘{¶) {à¶m ^mfm ApñV &
B) Amå~oS>H$a‘hmoX¶: & ^r‘amd-am‘Or-Amå~oS>H$a-‘hmoX¶: ^maVr¶g§{dYmZñ¶ ({Z‘m©U‘²/{Z‘m©Uñ¶)
AH$amoV²& ‘Ü¶àXoeo OmV: g: (~më¶m¶/~më¶o) AVrd H$ï>‘Ýd^dV² & g: {dXoe§ JËdm ~°[añQ>a B{V
Cnm{Y‘² (Ab^V/Ab^V²) & VXZÝVa§ g: (ñdXoeo/ñdXoe§) àË¶mJÀN>V² & g§ñH¥$V^mfm Ed ^maVñ¶
à‘wIm, (àmMrZ:/àmMrZm) ^mfm B{V g: A‘Ý¶V&
2. g§ñH¥$VoZ AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & AZwdmXñ¶ H¥$Vo ³¶w.Ama (Q.R.) ‘mÜ¶‘oZ ñdñd^mfmZwgma§ n[aÀN>oX§ ñdrHw$éV &
nR>V-~moYV
Efm N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ amO‘wÐm & ‘wÐm¶m§ ‘w{ÐV-íbmoH$: B©Ñe:-

""à{VnƒÝÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©íddpÝXVm &
emhgyZmo: {edñ¶¡fm ‘wÐm ^Ðm¶ amOVo &&''
Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ AW©:-
(emhgyZmo:) (ehm{O‘hmamOñ¶ nwÌñ¶ {edñ¶) N>Ìn{V{edam¶ñ¶ (à{VnƒÝÐboIm Bd d{Y©îUw:) ¶Wm
à{VnX: MÝÐboIm à{V{XZ§ dY©Vo VWm dY©‘mZm, ({dûddpÝXVm) {dûdñ¶ H¥$Vo dÝXZr¶m (‘wÐm) amO‘wÐm
(^Ðm¶) H$ë¶mUm¶ (amOVo) emo^Vo & B{V &
AÚ A{n Efm ‘wÐm àmMrZJ«ÝWmb¶ofw nwñVHo$fw g§J«hmb¶ofw M Ðïw>§ eŠ¶Vo &
50
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3
{H«$¶mnXm{Z-2
bQ²bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) AmË‘ZonX‘²
भाष्‌(१ आ.प.)
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
१ २ ३
àW‘nwéf: ^mfVo ^mfoVo ^mfÝVo
४ ५ ६
‘Ü¶‘nwéf: ^mfgo ^mfoWo ^mfÜdo
७ ८ ९
CÎm‘nwéf: ^mfo ^mfmdho ^mfm‘ho
Am. n. àË¶¶m:
E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.
१ २ ३
à.nw. Vo BVo AÝVo
४ ५ ६
‘. nw. go BWo Üdo
७ ८ ९
C.nw. B dho ‘ho
(‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + àË¶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² -
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)
JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²

àW‘: A ^mfVo
MVwW©: ¶ ¶wÜ¶Vo
fð>: A {XeVo
Xe‘: A¶ nyO¶Vo
^mfVo = ^mf² + A + Vo
‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² àË¶¶:
dÝX² (1 Am.n.) = dÝX² + A = dÝX + Vo = dÝXVo
¶wY² (4 Am.n.) = ¶wY² + ¶ = ¶wÜ¶ + Vo = ¶wÜ¶Vo
{Xe² (6 Am.n.) = {Xe² +A = {Xe + Vo = {XeVo
nyO² (10 Am.n.) = nyO² +A¶ = nyO¶ + Vo = nyO¶Vo
51
dÝX² 1 Am.n. ¶wY² 4 Am.n.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. dÝXVo dÝXoVo dÝXÝVo à.nw. ¶wÜ¶Vo ¶wÜ¶oVo ¶wÜ¶ÝVo
‘. nw. dÝXgo dÝXoWo dÝXÜdo ‘. nw. ¶wÜ¶go ¶wÜ¶oWo ¶wÜ¶Üdo
C.nw. dÝXo dÝXmdho dÝXm‘ho C.nw. ¶wwÜ¶o ¶wÜ¶mdho ¶wÜ¶m‘ho
{Xe² 6 Am.n. nyO² 10 Am.n.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. {XeVo {XeoVo {XeÝVo à.nw. nyO¶Vo nyO¶oVo nyO¶ÝVo
‘. nw. {Xego {XeoWo {XeÜdo ‘. nw. nyO¶go nyO¶oWo nyO¶Üdo
C.nw. {Xeo {Xemdho {Xem‘ho C.nw. nyO¶o nyO¶mdho nyO¶m‘ho
H¥$ Am.n. bQ²>bH$ma: Ho$MZ YmVd: nañ‘¡n{XZ: (CXm. JÀN>{V, nR>{V),
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. Ho$MZ YmVd: AmË‘Zon{XZ: (CXm. dÝXVo, ^mfVo),
Ho$fm#mZ YmVyZm§ nañ‘¡nXê$nm{U VWm
à.nw. Hw$éVo Hw$dm©Vo Hw$d©Vo
AmË‘ZonXê$nm{U A{n ^dpÝV AV: Vo YmVd:
‘. nw. Hw$éfo Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo C^¶n{XZ:(CXm.~moY{V/~moYVo, {jn{V/{jnVo
C.nw. Hw$d} Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho {Xe{V/{XeVo, H$amo{V/Hw$éVo, nyO¶{V/nyO¶Vo)
CngJm©: &
Mm¡a: AOm§ ha{V & ~mbH$: CÚmZo {dha{V & dra: eÌw§ àha{V &
g§ha{V ha{V
Amha{V ö {dha{V "ö' YmVmo: Ed EVm{Z ê$nm{U &
àha{V
w AÌ g‘², Am, {d, à, BË¶mX¶: eãXm§em: YmVmo: nydª Ñí¶ÝVo & EVo Ed CngJm©: &
w CngJm©: 22 gpÝV & (à, An, Cn, Ad) (nam, Am) (n[a, A{Y, A{n, A{V, {d, A{^, à{V, {Z)
(gw, AZw) (g‘², CX², {Zg², {Za², Xþg², Xþa²)
w CngJ©H$maUmV² H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: AW©: n[adV©Vo & ¶Wm JÀN>{V-AmJÀN>{V & dX{V-à{VdX{V &
w CngJm©: H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: AWª nmof¶pÝV & ¶Wm emo^Vo-gwemo^Vo & bg{V-{dbg{V & amOVo-{damOVo &
52
w CngJ©H$maUV: H$Xm{MV² YmVmo: nXn[adV©Z§ ^d{V & ¶Wm {O-O¶{V {H$ÝVw {d+{O = {dO¶Vo (Am.n.),
ñWm-{Vð>{V {H$ÝVw à+ ñWm = à{Vð>Vo (Am.n.), J‘²- JÀN>{V {H$ÝVw g‘²+ J‘² = g“ÀN>Vo(Am.n.),
a‘²-a‘Vo {H$ÝVw {d + a‘² = {da‘{V (n.n.)
^mfmä¶mg:
1. ¶mo½¶‘² CngJª ¶moO¶V & 2. CngJ©g{hV§ {H«$¶mnX§ {bIV dmŠ¶§ M nya¶V &
à/g‘²/{d/n[a/Ad/Am/An 1. ‘mVm AmnUmV² & (Am+J‘²-JÀN>²)
1. Mm¡a: YZ‘² ha{V & 2. ~mbH$: Xod§ & (à+Z‘²)
2. ^yn: eÌw§ ha{V & 3. go{dH$m Ob‘² & (Am+Zr-Z¶²)
3. d¡Ú amoJ§ ha{V & 4. aOH$: dóm{U & (à+jb²-jmb²)
4. ~mbH$: CÚmZo ha{V & 5. AmMm¶©: {dÚmb¶mV² ({Za²+J‘²)
5. Xodr amjg§ ha{V & 6. {ejH$: g‘ñ¶m§ & (n[a+ö-ha²)
6. OZ: nd©V‘² amoh{V & 7. dmZa: d¥jmV² & (CV²+nV²)
7. ~m{bH$m nd©VmV² amoh{V & 8. ~mb: OZZr‘² & (AZw+g¥-ga²)
3. CngJ©g{hV-J‘² YmVmo: AWª OmZrV, ñd^mf¶m {bIV, dmŠ¶o à¶moJ§ Hw$éV M &
g“ÀN>Vo AmJÀN>{V
g‘² Am
J‘² {Za² {ZJ©ÀN>{V

AZwJÀN>{V AZw
Cn Ad AdJÀN>{V
CnJÀN>{V
Zm‘m{Z - 2
"B' H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ "H${d' (H${d = H²$ + A + d² + B)
H${d: H$dr H$d¶: àW‘m
H${d‘² H$dr H$drZ² {ÛVr¶m
H${dZm H${dä¶m‘² H${d{^: V¥Vr¶m
H$d¶o H${dä¶m‘² H${dä¶: MVwWu
H$do: H${dä¶m‘² H${dä¶: n#m‘r
H$do: H$ì¶mo: H$drZm‘² fð>r
H$dm¡ H$ì¶mo: H${dfw gá‘r
ho H$do ho H$dr ho H$d¶: gå~moYZ‘²
H${dgÑem: AÝ¶o BH$mamÝVm: nw§{b“eãXm:-
‘w{Z, F${f, a{d, h[a, nm{U, ¶{V, ‘mé{V, ^yn{V, H${n, A{b, {J[a, A[a, d{•, ‘{U BË¶mX¶: &
53
"B'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ‘{V (‘{V = ‘² + A + V² + B)
‘{V: ‘Vr ‘V¶: àW‘m
‘{V‘² ‘Vr ‘Vr: {ÛVr¶m
‘Ë¶m ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{V{^: V¥Vr¶m
‘V¶o/‘Ë¶¡ ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{Vä¶: MVwWu
‘Vo:/‘Ë¶m: ‘{Vä¶m‘² ‘{Vä¶: n#m‘r
‘Vo:/‘Ë¶m: ‘Ë¶mo: ‘VrZm‘² fð>r
‘Vm¡/‘Ë¶m‘² ‘Ë¶mo: ‘{Vfw gá‘r
ho ‘Vo ho ‘Vr ho ‘V¶: gå~moYZ‘²
‘{VgÑem: AÝ¶o eãXm:- ^y{‘, ~w{Õ, àr{V, H$s{V©, lw{V, ñ‘¥{V, é{M, ep³V, Y¥{V, Amof{Y, dZñn{V B.
"B'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ dm[a (dm[a = d² + Am + a² + B)
dm[a dm[aUr dmar{U àW‘m
dm[a dm[aUr dmar{U {ÛVr¶m
dm[aUm dm[aä¶m‘² dm[a{^: V¥Vr¶m
dm[aUo dm[aä¶m‘² dm[aä¶: MVwWu
dm[aU: dm[aä¶m‘² dm[aä¶: n#m‘r
dm[aU: dm[aUmo: dmarUm‘² fð>r
dm[a{U dm[aUmo: dm[afw gá‘r
ho dmao, ho dm[a ho dm[aUr ho dmar{U gå~moYZ‘²
dm[agÑem: AÝ¶o eãXm:- ew{M, gwa{^, ^y[a BË¶mX¶: &
"B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ ZXr (ZXr = Z² + A + X² + B©)
ZXr ZÚm¡ ZÚ: àW‘m
ZXr‘² ZÚm¡ ZXr: {ÛVr¶m
ZÚm ZXrä¶m‘² ZXr{^: V¥Vr¶m
ZÚ¡ ZXrä¶m‘² ZXrä¶: MVwWu
ZÚm: ZXrä¶m‘² ZXrä¶: n#m‘r
ZÚm: ZÚmo: ZXrZm‘² fð>r
ZÚm‘² ZÚmo: ZXrfw gá‘r
ho Z{X ho ZÚm¡ ho ZÚ: gå~moYZ‘²
ZXrgÑem: AÝ¶o eãXm:- OZZr, Hy$nr, Zmar, ¶wdVr, ZJar, ‘hr, dmnr, boIZr, A‘Zr, gå‘mO©Zr, épŠ‘Ur,
KQ>r, ZIH¥$ÝVZr, gañdVr, ñWmbr, Xmgr BË¶mX¶: &
54
{deofU‘²
AÌ CÎm‘:, MVwa:, ñdñW:,

Ef: ~mbH$: & EVñ¶ Zm‘ AO¶: & H$m¶©VËna: EVo eãXm: AO¶: H$sÑe:
AO¶: CÎm‘: ~mbH$: & ApñV B{V H$W¶pÝV & AV: EVo
AO¶: ñdñW: H$m¶©VËna: M ~mbH$: & eãXm: AO¶ñ¶ {deofUm{Z &
¶: eãX: Zm‘nXñ¶ {df¶o A{YH§$ H$W¶{V, VX² {deofU‘² & ¶ñ¶ {df¶o kmnZ§ ^d{V, g: {deoî¶: &
ZyVZ: J«ÝW:& ZyVZm H${dVm& ZyVZ§ H$mì¶‘² & ZyVZm¡ J«ÝWm¡ & ZyVZm: J«ÝWm: &
H$sÑe: J«ÝW:? H$sÑer H${dVm? H$sÑe§ H$mì¶‘²? ZyVZo H${dVo & ZyVZm: H${dVm: &
ZyVZ: J«ÝW: & ZyVZm H${dVm & ZyVZ§ H$mì¶‘² & ZyVZo H$mì¶o & ZyVZm{Z H$mì¶m{Z &
AÌ {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶X² {b“‘² ApñV, AÌ {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶X² dMZ‘² ApñV,
VXod {deofUñ¶ {b“§ dV©Vo & VXod {deofUñ¶ dMZ§ Ñí¶Vo &
ZyVZñ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ & ZyVZmV² J«ÝWmV² & ZyVZofw J«ÝWofw &

ZyVZm¶m§ H${dVm¶m‘² & ZyVZ¶m H${dV¶m & ZyVZm¶¡ H${dVm¶¡ & EVofw CXmhaUofw {deoî¶ñ¶ ¶m {d^p³V:,
ZyVZoZ H$mì¶oZ & ZyVZmä¶m§ H$mì¶mä¶m‘² & ZyVZ¶mo: H$mì¶¶mo:& gm Ed {d^p³V: {deofUñ¶ A{n dV©Vo &
¶{„“§ ¶ÛMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ & V{„“§ VÛMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&
^mfmä¶mg:
AYmo{Z{X©ï>m{Z {deofU-{deoî¶-eãX¶w½‘m{Z {MZwV &
gwÝXar AmMm¶m£ ídoVm¡ N>mÌm:
gyÌ‘² Amdí¶H$: Hw$gw‘‘² ‘mbm
ZoÌo nyÁ¶m¡ H¥$Vkm: Amhma:
XrK©‘² H¥$îUo H$mo‘b‘² ~H$m¡
55
16. g‘mZ‘ñVw ^moOZ‘² & (MVwW©: KQ>H$:)
~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ & à{V{XZ§ g: d¶ñ¶¡: gh dZ§ JÀN>{V ñ‘ & JmoHw$bñWm:
~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ & ‘Ü¶m•o Vo gd} ñdJ¥hoä¶: AmZrVm{Z ImÚdñVy{Z EH$Ì
Cn{dí¶ ImXpÝV ñ‘ &
EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo ^moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² &
""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XÜ¶moXZ§ dV©Vo &'' Ana:
A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &'' Ed‘od gd} ""Anynm:, bÈx>H$m:, dQ>H$m:, ‘moXH$m: AmZrVm:'' B{V
AdXZ² & VXm H¥$îU: AdXV², ""A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, d¶‘² EVofm§ ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU§ Hw$‘©: &'' gd} Jmonmbm:
AmZÝXoZ H¥$îUm¶ ñd§ ñd§ ImÚ‘² A¶ÀN>Z² & H¥$îU: ñd¶‘od nXmWm©Zm§ {‘lU‘² AH$amoV² & gd}ä¶: M VX²
{‘lU§ n¶©dof¶V² & VX² Anydª ñdm{Xð>§ {‘lU§ gd}ä¶: AVrd AamoMV & ¶V: Vpñ‘Z² {‘lUo Z Ho$db§
ImÚnXmWm©: A{n Vw ñZohü {‘{lV: & VXm JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV², ""BV:na§ d¶§ gd} gpå‘ë¶ Ed
^moOZ§ Hw$‘©: & A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, Añ‘mH§$ ‘Zm§{g g‘mZm{Z, {dMmam: g‘mZm:, ^moOZ‘{n g‘mZ‘ñVw &''
^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
1. Jmon~mbm: ^moOZm¶ qH$ {H$‘² AmZ¶Z²?
2. H¥$îU: qH$ qH$ g‘mZ{‘{V dX{V?
3. H¥$îU: ImÚnXmW} qH$ {‘l¶{V?
4. nmR>o à¶w³Vm{Z H¥$îUñ¶ Zm‘m{Z {bIV &
1. JmoHw$bñWm: ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh Amgm¶§ {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ &
2. ~mbH¥$îU: JmoHw$bo JmonmbZ§ H$amo{V ñ‘ &
56
3. n¥WH²$ Hw$éV &

Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
(JmoHw$bñWm:, H¥$îU:, AH$amoV², {H$‘², ‘‘, ‘moXH$m:, Cnm{deZ², g‘mZm:)

4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV &
1. ~mbH¥$îU:, XodH$sZÝXZ:, MÝÐeoIa:, JmonZm¶H$:
2. AdXV², AÛV², AJXV², AH$amoV²
5. {déÕmW©eãXmZ² ‘ÄOyfmV: {MZwV &
1. {‘Ìm{U  3. ñdm{Xð>‘² 
2. g‘rno  4. g‘mZm{Z 
(é{MhrZ‘², {d{dYm{Z, Aa¶:, Xÿao)
6. bQ²>ê$nm{U à¶wÁ¶ H$Wm§ nwZ: dXV/{bIV &
7. gh^moOZñ¶ ñdr¶‘² AZw^d§ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
8. H¥$îUñ¶ AÝ¶m{Z {d{dYm{Z Zm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &
9. ¶wî‘mH§$ {à¶^moOZnXmWm©Zm§ gyqM g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Hw$éV &
bQ²bH$mañ¶ nwaV: "ñ‘' B{V Aì¶¶ñ¶ à¶moJoZ ^yVH$m{bH$: AW©: ^d{V &
CXm. g: ’$b§ ImX{V ñ‘ = g: ’$b‘² AImXV² &
~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh {hÊS>ÝVo ñ‘ = ~mbJmonmbm: dmgwXodoZ gh A{hÊS>ÝV &
JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: dX{V ñ‘ = JmonZm¶H$: ~mbH¥$îU: AdXV² &
dXV g§ñH¥$V‘² & ew^me¶m: &

1. gwà^mV‘² & 1. Zddf©ñ¶ ew^me¶m: &
2. ewâm{Ì: & 2. g’$bVm¶¡ A{^ZÝXZ‘²&
3. Z‘mo Z‘: & 3. H$m¶©H«$‘: g’$b: ^dVw &
4. YÝ¶dmX: & 4. ew^mñVo nÝWmZ: gÝVw &
5. ñdmJV‘² & 5. narjm¶¡ ew^me¶m: &
6. H¥$n¶m & 6. OrdoV² eaX: eV‘² &
7. AñVw & 7.Xrnmdbr ‘“b‘mVZmoVw&
8.emo^Z‘²/CÎm‘‘²& 8. ew^§ ^dVw &
57
17. gyp³VgwYm &
{dÛÎd§ M Z¥nËd§ M Z¡d Vwë¶§ H$XmMZ &

ñdXoeo nyÁ¶Vo amOm {dÛmZ² gd©Ì nyÁ¶Vo &&1&&
Z ^yVnydª Z H$Xm{n dmVm©

hoåZ: Hw$a“mo Z H$Xm{n Ñï>: &
VWm{n V¥îUm aKwZÝXZñ¶
{dZmeH$mbo {dnarV~w{Õ: &&2&&
A‘ÝÌ‘ja§ ZmpñV ZmpñV ‘yb‘Zm¡fY‘² &

A¶mo½¶: nwéfmo ZmpñV ¶moOH$ñVÌ Xþb©^: &&3&&
A{VXmZmV² ~{b~©Õmo ø{V‘mZmV² gw¶moYZ: &

{dZï>mo amdUmo bm¡ë¶mV² A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² &&4&&
A{n ñdU©‘¶r b‘m Z ‘o bú‘U amoMVo &

OZZr OÝ‘^y{‘íM ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr &&5&&
Ho$¶yam Z {d^yf¶pÝV nwéf§ hmam Z MÝÐmo‚dbm:

Z ñZmZ§ Z {dbonZ§ Z Hw$gw‘§ ZmbL²>H¥$Vm ‘yY©Om: &
dmÊ¶oH$m g‘b‘amo{V nwéf§ ¶m g§ñH¥$Vm Ym¶©Vo
jr¶ÝVo Ibw ^yfUm{Z gVV§ dm½^yfU§ ^yfU‘² &&6&&
H¥${V: - ~moY{M•ofw {bpIVm{Z dmŠ¶m{Z nR>V AdJÀN>V M & BVmo@{n
AÝ¶ofm§ ~moY{M•mZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ M g“«h§ Hw$éV &
‘‘ embm¶m: ~moYdmŠ¶§ ApñV &
H¥${V: - ^maVgd©H$mañ¶ ~moYdm³¶§ "gË¶‘od O¶Vo' B{V & Am¶w{d©‘m-‘hm‘ÊS>bñ¶ ~moYdm³¶§ "¶moJjo‘§
dhmå¶h‘²' B{V & BVmo@{n AÝ¶ofm§ ~moY{M•mZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ M gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
‘‘ embm¶m: ~moYdmŠ¶§ --------------- ---- ApñV &
58
^mfmä¶mg:
ûcmoH$: - 1 ûcmoH$: - 5
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &
A) amOm Hw$Ì nyÁ¶Vo? {deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
Am) H$: gd©Ì nyÁ¶Vo? ---- b‘m
2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV & Jar¶gr ---- , ---
{dÛmZ² = {dÛËd‘² :: Z¥n: = .........& ûcmoH$: - 6
3. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV & 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) ^yn:, ‘hrnmb:, nm{W©d:, npÊS>V: & A) hmam: H$sÑem:?
Am) àmk:, {dMjU:, MmUmj:, {j{Vn{V: & Am) ‘yY©Om: H$sÑem:?
ûcmoH$: - 2 B) ¶WmWª ^yfU§ {H$‘²?
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & B©) H$m nwéf§ g‘b‘amo{V?
A) H$sÑe: Hw$a“: Z H$Xm{n Ñï>:? 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ob¶V &
Am) gwdU©ñ¶ Hw$a“ñ¶ V¥îUm H$ñ¶ Om¶Vo? ‘yY©Om: àgyZ‘²
2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & Ho$¶yam: Ab§H$ma:
Hw$a“: àkm Hw$gw‘‘² Ho$em:
aKwZÝXZ: {nnmgm dmUr ~mhþ^yfUm{Z
V¥îUm ‘¥J:
^yfU‘² ^mfm
~w{Õ: am‘:
ûcmoH$: - 3
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & hgV ! ZÝXV !
A) H$sÑe‘² Aja§ ZmpñV? (‘mohZ: Jbo nXH$Û¶§ Ya{V)
Am) H$sÑe§ ‘yb§ ZmpñV? ‘moZm - ‘mohZ, Jbo Y¥V§ bKwnXH§$ {H$‘Wª bãY§
B) H$sÑe: nwéf: ZmpñV? Ëd¶m?
B©) H$: Xþb©^:? ‘mohZ: - JrVJm¶ZmW©‘² &
ûcmoH$: - 4 ‘moZm - A{^ZÝXZ‘² & V{h© ~¥hËnXH§$ {H$‘Wª
1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & bãY‘²?
~{b: ~Õ: A{V‘mZmV² & ‘mohZ: - JrVg‘mnZmW©‘² & JJ
gw¶moYZ: ~Õ: bm¡ë¶mV² &
amdU: {dZï>: A{VXmZmV² & ‘{hbm - ‘rZo, Vd g‘rno Xe god’$bm{Z
gpÝV & Vofw n#m ’$bm{Z ¶{X Vd gIr
2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
Zoî¶{V V{h© qH$ ^doV²?
A) ~{b: H$ñ‘mV² ~Õ:?
Am) gw¶moYZ: H$ñ‘mV² ~Õ:? ‘rZm - ¶wÕ‘² & JJ
B) amdU: H$ñ‘mV² {dZï>:?
B©) qH$ gd©Ì dO©¶oV²? - MÝX‘m‘m-‘m{gH$mV² &
59
18. CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² &
am‘m¶U‘² Am{XH$mì¶‘² & am‘m¶Uñ¶ aM{¶Vm dmë‘r{H$: & lram‘ñ¶ M[aV‘² Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ {df¶: & Ef:
àg“: am‘m¶UmV² &
‘mé{V: grVm¶m: AÝdofUmWª b‘m§ à{V CÈ>¶Vo & ‘mJ} ‘hmgmJa: ApñV & Vñ¶ Vbo AdV©V ‘¡ZmH$: Zm‘
nd©V: & ¶Xm ‘¡ZmH$: JJZo ‘méqV ní¶{V VXm g: CÒÀN>{V & g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V & ‘mé{VZm H«$‘Ur¶: ‘mJ©:
XrK©: & ‘Ü¶o {dlm‘mWª ñWmZ‘{n ZmpñV B{V ‘¡ZmH$: OmZm{V & g: Vñ¶ gmhmæ¶§ H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{V & AV: ‘¡ZmH$:
‘méqV àmW©¶Vo, ""‘hmH$no! Ab§ n[al‘oU, H¥$n¶m ‘‘ Hy$Q>o {dlm‘§ H$amoVw &''
{H$‘Wª ‘¡ZmH$: ‘méVo: gmhmæ¶mW©‘² CÚw³V:? A{n g: ‘méVo: Amerd©MZ‘² BÀN>{V? Z Ibw & EVV² Vw
CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² & ‘méVo: VmV: ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶‘² AH$amoV² nwam & VXm gd} nd©Vm: gnjm: & Vo
AmH$meo ñdoÀN>¶m {dhapÝV ñ‘, ghgm ^y‘m¡ {ZnVpÝV ñ‘ & VoZ ÌñVm: F$f¶: BÝÐ‘² CnmJÀN>Z² & BÝÐ: nd©Voä¶:
AHw$ß¶V² & g: dO«oU nd©VmZm§ njmZ² N>oÎmw§ àma^V & ¶Xm BÝÐ: ‘¡ZmH§$ à{V AJÀN>V² VX¡d ndZXod: doJoZ V§
g‘wÐVb‘² AZ¶V² & Ed§ ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH§$ dO«àhmamV² AajV² & ‘¡ZmH$: ndZXodñ¶ EV‘² CnH$ma§ ñ‘a{V ñ‘ &
g: A{MÝV¶V², ""H¥$Vo M à{VH$V©ì¶‘² Ef Y‘©: gZmVZ:'' & AV: ‘¡ZmH$: ndZnwÌñ¶ ‘méVo: gmhmæ¶‘²
AH$amoV² & ‘¡ZmH$ñ¶ Am{VÏ¶oZ ‘mé{V: àrV: & VWm{n {dlm‘‘² AH¥$Ëdm g: H$m¶©{gX²Ü¶W©‘² AJ«o ga{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
1) ‘mé{V: H$ñ¶m: AÝdofUmWª CÈ>¶Vo? 2) nd©Vñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘²?
3) nwam gd} nd©Vm: H$sÑem:? 4) nd©V¡: Ho$ ÌñVm:?
5) ‘¡ZmH§$ g‘wÐVb§ H$: Z¶{V?
1) ndZXod: ‘¡ZmH§$ dO«àhmamV² aj{V & 2) F$f¶: BÝÐ‘² CnmJÀN>Z² &
3) BÝÐ: nd©Voä¶: AHw$ß¶V² & 4) ‘¡ZmH$: g‘wÐmV² ~{h: Am¶m{V &
60
3. n¥WH²$ Hw$éV &
Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {deofU‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
(‘mé{V:, V‘², F$f¶:, XrK©:, àrV:, {MÝV¶{V, CÒÀN>{V, g:)

4. g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV &
1) ‘mé{V:, ndZnwÌ:, hZw‘mZ², nmdH$: &
2) gwan{V:, eH«$:, dO«‘², BÝÐ: &
3) ‘¡ZmH$:, ZJ:, {J[a:, AMb: &
5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
1) ~{h: ´ 2) CÚw³V: ´ 3) ñ‘aU‘² ´
6. nmR>o "‘mé{V' eãXñ¶ ñWmZo "ndZgwV' A{n M "nd©V' BË¶ñ¶ ñWmZo "A{Ð' B{V eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ nmR>§
nwZ{b©IV &
7. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
1. "CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU§' ‘¡ZmHo$Z H$W§ H¥$V‘²?
2. ‘méVo: CÈ>mUH$Wm§ lwËdm H$ñ¶ AmYw{ZH$H$WmnmÌñ¶ ñ‘aU§ ^d{V?
3. am‘m¶Uo ¶ofm‘² C„oI: Vofm‘² AÝ¶-new-n{jUm§ {df¶‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ gÝX^m©Z² {bIV &
4. ¶{X nd©Vm: AYwZm A{n nj¶w³Vm: ñ¶w: V{h© qH$ ^{dî¶{V?
boIZH$m¡eb‘² &
g§dmXboIZ‘² &
CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU‘² B{V JÚnmR>§ ‘ÄOyfm¶m: AmYmaoU g§dmXê$noU {bIV &

‘¡ZmH$:- H$: Ef: AmH$meo CÈ>¶Vo ? Ef: Vw ‘mé{V:, ndZnwÌ: &
Z‘: Vo &
‘mé{V:- Z‘: &
‘¡ZmH$:- A¶§ g‘wÐ‘mJ©: & ‘mJ©‘Ü¶o ZmpñV &
AV: jU§ ¶mdV² ‘‘ {dlm‘§ H$amoVw &
‘mé{V:- Amd¶mo: n[aM¶: A{n ZmpñV & VWm{n Ëd§ {H$‘Wª ‘‘ H$amo{f?
‘¡ZmH$:- Vd {nVm & Vñ¶ CnH$mañ‘aU§ H$amo{‘ & nwam gnjm: AmgZ² &
H«$moYoZ nd©VmZm§ N>oÎmw‘² Ama^V & VXm ‘‘ gmhmæ¶‘²
AH$amoV² & Ëd§ Vñ¶ AV: Ah§ Vd gmhmæ¶§ H$Vw©‘² BÀN>m{‘ &
‘mé{V:- AñVw & Ah§ àgÞ: & {H$ÝVw ñWmVw§ Z eŠZmo{‘ & am‘H$m¶m©W©‘² A{dbå~§ JÀN>m{‘ &
‘ÄOyfm - (nd©Vm:, ndZnwÌm¶, XrK©:, ‘¡ZmH$m¶, Hy$Q>o, {dlm‘ñWmZ‘², ndZXod:, gmhmæ¶‘², BÝÐ:, g:,
njmZ², nwÌ:)
61
19. amï´>^p³V: &
AW H$mo@{n ¶m{ÌH$: à{V{XZ§ aob¶mZoZ ¶mÌm§ H$amo{V ñ‘ & EH$Xm Vñ¶¡d n¥ð>V: XrKm©gZo EH$m N>mÌm
Cnm{deV² & AH$ñ‘mV² gm embmñ¶yV‘² CÓmQ>ç gyqM VWm gyÌ§ ñì¶H$amoV² & ¶m{ÌH$: Hw$VyhboZ Vm§ ní¶{V ñ‘ &
~m{bH$m embmñ¶yVo {H$‘Wª gy{MgyÌo AmZ¶{V? VWm M aob¶mZo Vmä¶m§ qH$ à¶moOZ‘²? B{V ¶m{ÌH$: A{MÝV¶V² &
gm ~m{bH$m gyÀ¶m§ gyÌ§ {Zdoí¶ AmgZñ¶ {N>Þ§ Vën§ ¶Wmnyd©‘² AH$amoV² & ¶m{ÌH$: An¥ÀN>V², ""A{¶ ~m{bHo$,
Ëd§ qH$ H$amo{f?'' ~m{bH$m AdXV² "" EVX² aob¶mZ‘² Añ‘mH§$ H¥$Vo ApñV & EVV² amï´>ñ¶ gån{Îm: Ibw & Vñ¶
gwajU‘² Añ‘mH$‘² AmÚ§ H$V©ì¶‘² Ed & Ah§ VXod H$amo{‘ &'' ~m{bH$m¶m: EVX² CÎma‘² AVrd ~moYàX‘² & AZoZ
CÎmaoU ^y[a à^m{dV: g: ¶m{ÌH$: {dMma‘¾mo@^dV² &
^mo: ~mbH$m:, d¶‘{n gd} amï´>gånÎmo: gwajUm¶, amï´>ajUm¶ g§dY©Zm¶ M H${Q>~Õm: ^dm‘: & amï´>Y‘©‘²
AmMam‘: &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
(1) ¶m{ÌH$: Ho$Z ¶mÌm§ H$amo{V ñ‘? (2) N>mÌm Hw$Ì Cnm{deV²?
(3) ~m{bH$m¶m: embmñ¶yVo {H$‘² AmgrV²? (4) d¶§ {H$‘² AmMam‘:?
(5) ~m{bH$m¶m: CÎma§ H$sÑe‘² ApñV?
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
(1) H$m Zm‘ amï´>gån{Îm: ? (2) amï´>gånÎmo: gwajUm¶ ¶y¶§ qH$ Hw$éW ?
(1) ¶m{ÌH$: Hw$VyhboZ ~m{bH$m§ ní¶{V ñ‘ & (2) dmhZñ¶ gwajU‘² Añ‘mH$‘² AmÚ§ H$V©ì¶‘² &
4. JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
(A) Am¡ËgwŠ¶‘²- (Am) YZ‘²- (B) {dÚmb¶:- (B©) XmoaH$:-
5. JÚm§eV: {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
(A) Z¶{V ........... & (Am) C{Îmð>{V ........... &
6. H$: H§$ dX{V?
(1) ""A{¶ ~m{bHo$, Ëd‘² qH$ H$amo{f?''
7. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deofUm{Z- ~moYàX‘², {dMma‘¾:, {N>Þ‘²
{deoî¶m{U- ¶m{ÌH$:, Vën‘², CÎma‘²
8. H$moï>H§$ nya¶V &
Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ bQ²>ê$nm{U bL²>ê$nm{U
(~m{bH$¶m, AmMam‘:, Ah‘², n¥ÀN>{V, AmgZñ¶, EVX²², CÎmaoU, H$amo{‘, Añ‘mH$‘², ¶mÌm‘²,
A^dV², Cnm{deV², AmZ¶{V)
62
boIZH$m¡eb‘² &
{MÌdU©Z‘² &
nyd©{gÕVm l {MÌ§ ní¶V & gyú‘‘² AdbmoH$Z§ Hw$éV & l EVV² H$ñ¶ {MÌ‘²?
l AÌ Ho$ nXmWm©:? H$m{Z Vofm§ g§ñH¥$VZm‘m{Z? l AÌ H$m: {H«$¶m:?
l {MÌñ¶ qH$ d¡{eï²ç‘²?
l eãX‘ÄOyfm¶m: AmYmaoU {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV &

EVX² {ZgJ©{MÌ‘² & AmH$meo , M gpÝV & Z¥Ë¶{V &
aQ>{V & d¥jñ¶ AY: {Vð>V: & Obo , M gpÝV &
‘ÄOyfm - (‘¶ya:, ‘rZm:, ‘oKm:, ‘ÊSy>H$:, IJm:, H$‘bm{Z, ~mbH$m¡)
H¥${V:- {ejH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ N>mÌm: dJ©H$jm, aobñWmZ§, H«$sS>m“U‘², CÚmZ‘² EVofm§ {MÌmUm§ dU©Z§ Hw$d©pÝV &
63
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4
{H«$¶mnXm{Z-3
bL²>bH$ma: (àW‘^yVH$mb:)

AÚ ~mbH$: ø:
JÀN>{V AJÀN>V²
ImX{V AImXV²
dX{V AdXV²
^yVH$mb: nyd©H$mbo K{Q>Vm§ {H«$¶m§ Xe©¶{V & g§ñH¥$Vo ^yVH$mbÌ¶§ dV©Vo & bL²>, {bQ²² VWm bwL²> B{V&
AÌ d¶§ Ho$db§ bL²> (àW‘^yVH$mb§) ní¶m‘: & bL²> bH$mao ‘ybYmVmo: nyd©‘² "A' B{V AmJ‘: ^d{V &
("A'AmJ‘: + ‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + àË¶¶:= {H«$¶mnX‘²
क्रियापदसूत्रम्‌
(AmXoe:) ({M•‘²)
A + nR² + A = AnR> + V² = AnR>V²
A + Z¥V² + ¶ = AZ¥Ë¶ + V² = AZ¥Ë¶V²
A + {bI² + A = A{bI + V² = A{bIV²
A + nyO² + A¶ = AnyO¶ + V² = AnyO¶V²
bL>²àË¶¶m:
n.n. àË¶¶m: Am. n. àË¶¶m:
E.d. [Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. V² Vm‘² AZ² V BVm‘² AÝV
‘. nw. : V‘² V Wm: BWm‘² Üd‘²
C.nw. A‘² d ‘ B d{h ‘{h
bL²>ê$nm{U
nR²> 1 n.n. ^mf² 1 Am. n.
E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. AnR>V² AnR>Vm‘² AnR>Z² à.nw. A^mfV A^mfoVm‘² A^mfÝV
‘.nw. AnR>: AnR>V‘² AnR>V ‘.nw. A^mfWm: A^mfoWm‘² A^mfÜd‘²
C.nw. AnR>‘² AnR>md AnR>m‘ C.nw. A^mfo A^mfmd{h A^mfm‘{h
Z¥V² 4 n. n. ¶wY² 4 Am. n.
E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. AZ¥Ë¶V² AZ¥Ë¶Vm‘² AZ¥Ë¶Z² à.nw. A¶wÜ¶V A¶wÜ¶oVm‘² A¶wÜ¶ÝV
‘.nw. AZ¥Ë¶: AZ¥Ë¶V‘² AZ¥Ë¶V ‘.nw. A¶wÜ¶Wm: A¶wÜ¶oWm‘² A¶wÜ¶Üd‘²
C.nw. AZ¥Ë¶‘² AZ¥Ë¶md AZ¥Ë¶m‘ C.nw. A¶wÜ¶o A¶wÜ¶md{h A¶wÜ¶m‘{h
64
{bI² 6 n.n. {Xe² 6 Am. n.
E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. A{bIV² A{bIVm‘² A{bIZ² à.nw. A{XeV A{XeoVm‘² A{XeÝV
‘.nw. A{bI: A{bIV‘² A{bIV ‘.nw. A{XeWm: A{XeoWm‘² A{XeÜd‘²
C.nw. A{bI‘² A{bImd A{bIm‘ C.nw. A{Xeo A{Xemd{h A{Xem‘{h
nyO² 10 n. n. nyO² 10 Am. n.

E. d. {Ûd. ~.d. E. d. {Ûd. ~.d.
à.nw. AnyO¶V² AnyO¶Vm‘² AnyO¶Z² à.nw. AnyO¶V AnyO¶oVm‘² AnyO¶ÝV
‘.nw. AnyO¶: AnyO¶V‘² AnyO¶V ‘.nw. AnyO¶Wm: AnyO¶oWm‘² AnyO¶Üd‘²
C.nw. AnyO¶‘² AnyO¶md AnyO¶m‘ C.nw. AnyO¶o AnyO¶md{h AnyO¶m‘{h
n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (n.n./Am.n.)
1. g: ~mbH$: AJÀN>V²/A^mfV & Ag² n.n.
1. gm ~m{bH$m AJÀN>V²/A^mfV & E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

1. VX² AnË¶‘² AJÀN>V²/A^mfV & à.nw. AmgrV² AmñVm‘² AmgZ²
‘.nw. Amgr: AmñV‘² AmñV
2. Vm¡ ~mbH$m¡ AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &
C.nw. Amg‘² Amñd Amñ‘
2. Vo ~m{bHo$ AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &
2. Vo AnË¶o AJÀN>Vm‘²/A^mfoVm‘² &
H¥$ n.n.
3. Vo ~mbH$m: AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV &
3. Vm: ~m{bH$m: AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV & E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
3. Vm{Z AnË¶m{Z AJÀN>Z²/A^mfÝV & à.nw. AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z²
‘.nw. AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV
4. Ëd‘² AJÀN>:/A^mfWm: &
C.nw. AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$‘©
5. ¶wdm‘² AJÀN>V‘²/A^mfoWm‘² &
6. ¶y¶‘² AJÀN>V/A^mfÜd‘² & H¥$ Am.n.
7. Ah‘² AJÀN>‘²/A^mfo & E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
8. Amdm‘² AJÀN>md/A^mfmd{h & à.nw. AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$d©V
9. d¶‘² AJÀN>m‘/A^mfm‘{h & ‘.nw. AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²
C.nw. AHw${d© AHw$d©{h AHw$‘©{h
{H«$¶mnXH$moemV² n.n./Am.n. YmVyZ² ÑîQ‰m
15 dmŠ¶m{Z dXV &
65
{H«$¶mnXm{Z-4
CngJ©g{hVm{Z bL²>ê$nm{U &
1. H$Ý¶m OZH$‘² AÝdJÀN>V² & 2. N>mÌ: {ejH$‘² àË¶dXV² &
3. AOw©Z: aWo Cnm{deV² & 4. ~mb: OZZt ÑîQ‰m ì¶hgV² &
AYmoaopIVm{Z bL²{H«$¶mnXm{Z & {H$ÝVw AÌ "A' B{V AmJ‘: ñnï>V¶m Z Ñí¶Vo &
AÝdJÀN>V² = AZw+ AJÀN>V²
àË¶dXV² = à{V+ AdXV²
Cnm{deV² = Cn+ A{deV²
ì¶hgV² = {d+ AhgV²
AÌ AZw, à{V, Cn, {d EVo CngJm©: & CngJm©: YmVmo: nydª ^dpÝV &
bL²>ê$n{Z‘m©Ug‘¶o àW‘§ "A' B{V AmJ‘g{hVê$n§ ^d{V & AZÝVa§ CngJ©g§¶moOZ§ ^d{V &
à + J‘² - bL²>bH$ma: g‘² + ^mf² - bL²>bH$ma:
1. à + AJÀN>V² = àmJÀN>V² 2. g‘² + A^mfV = g‘^mfV
à{V + J‘² -JÀN>² (1 n.n.) g‘² + ^mf² (1 Am.n.)

E.d. [Ûd. ~.d. E.d. [Ûd. ~.d.
à. nw. àË¶JÀN>V² àË¶JÀN>Vm‘² àË¶JÀN>Z² à. nw. g‘^mfV g‘^mfoVm‘² g‘^mfÝV
‘.nw. àË¶JÀN>: àË¶JÀN>V‘² àË¶JÀN>V ‘.nw. g‘^mfWm: g‘^mfoWm‘² g‘^mfÜd‘²
C.nw. àË¶JÀN>‘² àË¶JÀN>md àË¶JÀN>m‘ C.nw. g‘^mfo g‘^mfmd{h g‘^mfm‘{h
nR>V-~moYV-[a³VñWmZo {bIV &

CngJ©: + YmVw: bQ²>ê$n‘² CngJ© + ‘ybYmVmo: bL²>ê$n‘² bL²>ê$n‘²
Cn + J‘² CnJÀN>{V Cn + AJÀN>V² (A + A = Am) = CnmJÀN>V²
Ad + J‘² AdJÀN>{V Ad + AJÀN>V² (A + A = Am) =
à + J‘² àJÀN>{V à + AJÀN>V² (A + A = Am) =
Am + J‘² AmJÀN>{V AmJÀN>V²
{Za² + J‘² {Za² + AJÀN>V² (a² + A = a) = {ZaJÀN>V²
CX² + J‘² CÒÀN>{V CX² + AJÀN>V² (X² + A = X) =
à{V + J‘² à{VJÀN>{V à{V + AJÀN>V² (B + A = ¶) = àË¶JÀN>V²
A{Y + J‘² A{YJÀN>{V A{Y + AJÀN>V² (B + A = ¶) =
AZw + J‘² AZw + AJÀN>V² (C + A = d) = AÝdJÀN>V²
g‘² + J‘² g“ÀN>Vo g‘² + AJÀN>V (‘² + A = ‘) = g‘JÀN>V
{d + a‘² {d+ Aa‘V² (B + A = ¶) =
66
^mfmä¶mg:
1. C{MV§ bL²>ê$n§ {bIV &
YmVw: JU: nX§ M nwéf: dMZ§ M ê$n‘²
1. {bI² 6 n. n. àW‘nwéf: ~. d.
2. Vwf² 4 n. n. CÎm‘nwéf: E. d.
3. ew^² (emo^²) 1 Am. n. ‘Ü¶‘nwéf: ~. d.
4. god² 1 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: {Ûd.
5. CV² +nV² 1 n. n. àW‘nwéf: ~. d.
6. ¶wY² 4 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: ~. d.
7. ^j² 10 Am. n. àW‘nwéf: {Ûd.
8. Am+H$U©² 10 Am. n. ‘Ü¶‘nwéf: E. d.
9. OZ² (Om) 4 Am. n. CÎm‘nwéf: ~. d.
10. H$ån² 1 n. n. ‘Ü¶‘nwéf: {Ûd.

ê$n‘² YmVw: JU: nX§ M H$mb: nwéf: dMZ‘²
1. AImX‘²
2. A{‘«¶V
3. Cnm{de‘²
4. g‘^mfÝV
5. Ab^Üd‘²
6. A{Vð>:
7. n¶©Ë¶OV²
8. AZ¶V²
9. Aa‘Üd‘²
10. Aní¶V
¶Xm YmVmo: àW‘mja§ ñda: ^d{V VXm {deofV¶m AdYmZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &
"A' AmJ‘: + YmVw-AmXoe: + JU{dH$aU‘² = YmËd“§ + àË¶¶: = {H«$¶mnXê$n‘²
1. A + AQ² + A = AmQ> + V² = AmQ>V² (AÌ "A' ñWmZo "Am' ^d{V &)
2. A + B©j² + A = Eoj + V = EojV (AÌ "B©' ñWmZo "Eo' ^d{V &)
3. A + Bf²(BÀN²) + A = EoÀN> + V = EoÀN>V² (AÌ "B' ñWmZo "Eo' ^d{V &)
67
Aì¶¶m{Z-{d{eï>{d^³V¶ü &
H¥$frdb: &
¶Xm H¥$frdb: joÌo ~rOm{Z dn{V VXm YmÝ¶§ {dÝXVo & H¥$frdb: Am{XZ‘² AVrd H$ï>§ H$amo{V,
VWm{n Z lmÝV: ^d{V & ~brdXm©Zm§ gmhmæ¶oZ ^yq‘ H¥$f{V & joÌo Ed {XZ§ ¶mn¶{V & ¶{X Ob§ Z
df©{V V{h© Vñ¶ OrdZ‘² ApñWa§ ^d{V & ^y{‘nwÌm¶ Z‘: &
AÌ AYmoaopIVmZ² eãXmZ² ní¶V & EVofw eãXofw {b“-{d^p³V-nwéf-dMZmZwgma§ H$Xm{n ì¶¶:
(n[adV©Z§) Z ^d{V & AV: EVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z B{V CÀ¶ÝVo & AV:, ¶V:, ¶Wm, VWm, ¶{X, V{h©,
¶Ú{n, VWm{n, AÌ, VÌ, Hw$Ì, H$Xm, H${V, nwaV:, n¥ð>V:, nwZ:, Z, AZÝVa‘², ZZw, Ibw, A{¶,
Am‘², B{V, Bd, Ed, Ed‘², {H$b, VV:, M, Cƒ¡:, ZrM¡:, {h, d¡, Vw, A{n BË¶mXr{Z Aì¶¶m{Z &
H$m{ZMZ Aì¶¶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z &

1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) gy¶©‘² A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV &
2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) Xodmb¶§ n[aV: ^³Vm: gpÝV &
3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mJ©‘² C^¶V: d¥jm: dV©ÝVo &
4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) ~mbH$: OZZt à{V Ymd{V &
5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) Ob§/OboZ/ObmV² {dZm OrdZ‘² AeŠ¶‘² &
6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) am‘oU gh grVm dZ§ JÀN>{V &
7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ ImXZoZ & Ab§ n[al‘oU &
8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) lrJUoem¶ Z‘: & emaXm¶¡ Z‘: &
9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) Oå~yH$: Hy$nmV² ~{h: AmJÀN>V² &
10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) Xoeñ¶ H¥$Vo g¡{ZH$m: ñdàmUmZ² Ë¶OpÝV &
11. g‘rno = (fð>r) embm¶m: g‘rno H«$sS>m“U§ dV©Vo &
Ho$MZ YmVd: A{n {d{eï>m§ {d^p³V‘² AnojÝVo & Vofw {deofV¶m AdYmZ§ XmVì¶‘² & Vo YmVd: AY: {Z{X©ï>m: &
1. J‘² = ({ÛVr¶m) Ah§ embm§ JÀN>m{‘ &

2. éM² = (MVwWu) H«$sS>ZH§$ ‘ø§ amoMVo &
3. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) OZH$: ‘ø§ H$Xm{n Z Hw$ß¶{V &
4. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) Ah§ {‘Ìoä¶: Z¡d H«w$Ü¶m{‘ &
5. Xm-¶ÀN² = (MVwWu) Am{XË¶: A{ZHo$Vm¶ boIZt ¶ÀN>{V &
6. H$W² = (MVwWu) N>mÌ: {ejH$m¶ d¥ÎmmÝV§ H$W¶{V &
7. aj² = (n#m‘r) am‘: AgwamV² aj{V &
8. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) CÚmoJr ‘Zwî¶: ñdH$m¶m©V² Z {da‘{V &
9. pñZh² = (gá‘r) Aå~m ‘{¶ {ZVam§ pñZø{V &
68
àýmW©H$m: &
àý{Z‘m©UmWª "{H$‘²' gd©Zm‘ Cn¶wÁ¶Vo & VWm "H$'-AjaoU AÝ¶o àýmW©H$eãXm: Ama^ÝVo & Vo H$H$mam:&
¶Wm- {H$‘², Hw$Ì, H${V, H$Xm, Hw$V:, H$W‘², {H$‘W©‘² &
• àý{Z‘m©U§ H$W‘²?
1. {e{jH$m gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & 3. MQ>H$m {Zdmgm¶ ZrS§> aM¶{V &
{e{jH$m Ho$Z {bI{V? MQ>H$m {H$‘Wª ZrS§> aM¶{V?
2. am‘: grVm¶¡ ’$bm{Z ¶ÀN>{V & 4. gm gwñda§ Jm¶{V &
am‘: H$ñ¶¡ ’$bm{Z ¶ÀN>{V? gm H$W§ Jm¶{V?
• à{VnX§ H$H$ma: H$W§ ¶wÁ¶Vo?
A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V &
1. H$: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?
2. A‘o¶: Hw$Ì gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?
3. A‘o¶: J¥ho H$Xm n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?
4. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo qH$ kmZmW©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?
5. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z {H$‘W©‘² Cƒ¡: nR>{V ?
6. A‘o¶: J¥ho gm¶‘mbo n#mH$mì¶m{Z kmZmWª H$W§ nR>{V ?
1. àý{Z‘m©UmW©‘² C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &
1. AmH$meo ‘oKm: JO©pÝV & (H$:/Ho$) 2. N>mÌ¡: embm emo^Vo & (H$ñ‘¡/H¡$:)
3. IJmZm§ g‘yh: JJZo dV©Vo & (Ho$fm§/H$mgm‘²) 4. {ejH$mZ² à{V AmXa: Amdí¶H$: &(Ho$fm‘²/H$mZ²)
5. Ah‘² AZÝVa§ ^moOZ§ H$amo{‘ & (H$Xm/Hw$Ì) 6. Vo nR>Zm¶ {dÚmb¶§ JÀN>pÝV & (H$Xm/{H$‘W©‘²)
nR>V-~moYV &
AmMm¶©: = A{¶ N>mÌm:, AÚ d¶§ àýmoÎmar-‘mÜ¶‘oZ H«$sS>m‘: &
aoUwH$m = ¶: CÎma{V g: Ibw kmZn{V: & ní¶m‘:, H$: ^d{V kmZn{V: ?
AmMm¶©: = dXV, " F$fo aM¶ am‘m¶U‘² &' B{V ~«÷Xod: H$‘² Am{XeV²?
ídoVm = AmMm¶©, Ah§ dXm{‘ & "F$fo, aM¶ am‘m¶U‘²' B{V ~«÷Xod: ‘h{f©dmë‘r{H$‘² Am{XeV² &
AmMm¶©: = emo^Z§ ídoVo & AYwZm {ÛVr¶: àý: & ‘hm^maV§ Ho$Z {bpIV‘² ?
‘hoe: = AmMm¶©, ‘hm^maV§ JUoeoZ {bpIV‘² &
AmMm¶©: = ~hþ gå¶H²$ & ‘h{f©ì¶mgoZ ‘hm^maV§ a{MV‘² & JUoeoZ VV² {bpIV‘² & ‘hoe, gmYw gmYw &
Ëd‘{n kmZn{V: & AYwZm V¥Vr¶: àý: & ^JdmZ² gy¶©: H$ñ‘¡ H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z XÎmdmZ²?
àVrjm = AmMm¶©, Ah§ dXm{‘ & ^JdmZ² gy¶©: H$Um©¶ H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z XÎmdmZ² &
AmMm¶©: = CÎm‘‘² & AOw©Z: nmewnVmó§ H$ñ‘mV² àmádmZ²?
{demb: = AmMm¶©, AOw©Z: nmewnVmó§ e‘amV² àmádmZ² &
AmMm¶©: = emo^Z§ emo^Z‘² & ¶wî‘mH§$ gm‘mÝ¶kmZ‘² CÎm‘‘² ApñV & ^dÝV: gd}@{n kmZdÝV: ^dÝVw &
N>mÌm: = YÝ¶dmXm: AmMm¶© &
EVoZ àH$maoU H$jm¶m§ ì¶p³Ve: / JUe: àýmoÎmar‘mÜ¶‘oZ H«$sS>V &
69
dU©‘mbm &
ñdam: (13) ñdam{lVm¡ (2)- AZwñdma: ( § )

1) õñd-ñdam:- A B C F$ b¥ {dgJ©: (:) M &
2) XrK©-ñdam:- Am B© D$ G
3) g§¶w³V$-XrK©ñdam:- E (A/Am + B/B©)
Eo (A/Am + E/Eo) g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZm{Z &
Amo (A/Am + C/D$) l = e² + a² + A &
Am¡ (A/Am + Amo/Am¡) J« = J² + a² + A &
Ì = V² + a² + A &
ì¶ÄOZm{Z (33)
k = O² + Äm² + A &
1) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z j = H²$ + f² + A &
Hw$ (H$ dJ©:) H²$ I² J² K² L²>
Mw (M dJ©:) M² N² O² P² Äm²
Qw> (Q> dJ©:) Q² R² S² T² U² g§¶w³V-ì¶ÄOZ-boIZ‘² &
Vw (V dJ©:) V² W² X² Y Z² nX²‘‘² = nÙ‘² {Mh²Z‘² = {M•‘²
nw (n dJ©:) n² ’²$ ~² ^² ‘² ~«h²‘m= ~«÷m {X²dVr¶m = {ÛVr¶m
2) AdJu¶ì¶ÄOZm{Z CX²^d: = CØd: JL²>Jm = J“m
(1) AÝV:ñWì¶ÄOZm{Z ¶² a² b² d² {dX²¶m = {dÚm ZmQ>²¶‘² = ZmQ>ç‘²
(2) Cî‘ì¶ÄOZm{Z e² f² g² h² H$píMV²= H${üV² ~w{X²Y: = ~w{Õ:
A{ÔmVg§ñH¥$Vo "i²' ZmpñV, Ho$db§ d¡{XH$gyºo$fw & {dX²dÎmm = {dÛÎmm
eãX{dJ«h: & (CXmhaUmZwgma§ eãX{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &)

‘mbm- ‘² + Am + b² + Am & H¥$îU:- H²$ + F$ + f² + U² + A: &
àkm- n² + a² + A + O² + Äm² + Am & ~«÷- ~² + a² + A + h² + ‘² + A &
M#mw: - M² + A + Äm² + M² + C: & XÎm‘² - X² + A + V² + V²$ + A$ + ‘² &
g§ñH¥$V‘²- lrnmX: -
{M•‘² - ^wO“: -
Om•dr - hñV: -
Aíd: - Xod: -
70
AZwñdmañ¶> CƒmaU§ boIZ§ M &
J§Jm, amo‘m§M:, K§Q>m, X§V:, O§~yH$:- B{V eãXofw AZwñdma: g‘mZ:, naÝVw AZwñdmañ¶ CƒmaU§
Z g‘mZ‘² & VÌ qH$ H$maU‘²? AZwñdmañ¶ nao ¶: dU©: VXZwgma‘² CƒmaU§ ^d{V &
¶Wm- J§Jm
l AZwñdmañ¶ nao "J'H$ma: & JH$ma: H$ dJ} ApñV & (H²$, I², J², K², L²>)
l H$ dJ©ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$‘² L²> B{V &
l AV: J§Jm B{V eãXo AZwñdmañWmZo dJu¶ñ¶ AZwZm{gH$ñ¶ CƒmaU§ ^d{V &
J§Jm = JL²>Jm(J“m) &
VW¡d amo‘m§M:- M², N², O², P², Äm² = amo‘mÄm²M: (amo‘mÄM:)
K§Q>m - Q², R², S², T², U² = KU²Q>m (KÊQ>m)
X§V: - V², W², X², Y², Z² = XZ²V: (XÝV:)
O§~yH$: - n², ’²$, ~², ^², ‘² = O‘²~yH$: (Oå~yH$:)
l AZwñdmañ¶ nao AdJu¶-dU©: ^d{V VXm AZwñdma: Ed bopIVì¶: & ¶Wm h§g:, g§dmX:
¶mo½¶‘² AZwZm{gH§$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm eãX§ nwZ: {bIV & CXm. - A§O{b:- AÄO{b:
‘§Xm{H$Zr, ZmJ|Ð:, e§H$m, n§M, H§$nZ‘², b§{~V‘², ^wO§J:, Vm§S>d‘², g§^«‘:, M§Ð:, g§»¶m,
Z§{XZr, g§V{V:, A§~wO‘², ‘§Sy>H$:, qgMZ‘², qZ~:, Hw§${MH$m, H§$Q>H$:
AZwñdmañ¶/‘H$mañ¶ boIZ‘² &

1. Ho$db§ eãXboIZg‘¶o eãXmÝV-AZwñdmañ¶ ñWmZo "‘²' B{V Ed AZwZm{gH§$ boIZr¶‘² &
¶Wm - gm¡OÝ¶‘²&
2. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ì¶ÄOZmÝVeãX: ^doV² VXm AZwñdma: ( § ) boIZr¶: &
¶Wm-dmŠ¶§ agmË‘H§$ H$mì¶‘² &
3. AZwñdmañ¶ nwaV: ñda: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-dmŠ¶‘² AVrd agnyU©‘² &
4. dmŠ¶mÝVo AZwñdma: ^doV² VXm "‘²' B{V Ed boIZr¶‘² & ¶Wm-hñVñ¶ ^yfU§ XmZ‘² &
g§ñH¥$VboIZ{Z¶‘mZwgma§ nwZ: {bIV &

CXm. gË¶‘² H§$R>ñ¶ ^yfU§ (A¶mo½¶‘²)& gË¶§ H$ÊR>ñ¶ ^yfU‘² (¶mo½¶‘²)&
1. namonH$mamWª BX‘² eara‘² &
2. qnS>o qnS>o ‘{V: {^Þm &
3. gVm‘² Vw g§J: gH$b‘² àgyVo &
4. gËg§J{V: H$W¶ {H$‘² Z H$amo{V nw§gm§ &
5. Z^mo@ÝV[aj‘² JJZ‘² AZ§V‘² gwadË‘© I§ &
71
AH$mam{XH«$‘oU YmVwH$mof: &
1. n.n.
AQ²-AQ>{V g¥-ga²-ga{V
Ah©²-Ah©{V ñWm-{Vð²>- {Vð>{V
Hy$O²-Hy$O{V ñ‘¥-ñ‘a{V
H¥$f²-H$f©²-H$f©{V òw-òd²-òd{V
H«$sS²-H«$sS>{V hg²-hg{V
{j-j¶²-j¶{V 1 Am.n.
Ma²-Ma{V B©j²-B©jVo
On²-On{V H$‘²-H$m‘¶²-H$m‘¶Vo
Oën²-Oën{V H$ån²-H$ånVo
{O-O¶²-O¶{V Y¥-Ya²-YaVo
Ord²-Ord{V ~mY²-~mYVo
V¦-Va²-Va{V Ô²-ÔVo
Ë¶O²-Ë¶O{V ^mf²-^mfVo
Xm-¶ÀN²-¶ÀN>{V ¶V²-¶VVo
Ñe²-ní¶²-ní¶{V a^²-a^Vo
X§e²-Xe²-Xe{V a‘²-a‘Vo
Ymd²-Ymd{V amO²-amOVo
Ü¶¡-Ü¶m¶²-Ü¶m¶{V éM²-amoM²-amoMVo
Z‘²-Z‘{V b^²-b^Vo
nV²-nV{V bå~²-bå~Vo
nm-{n~²-{n~{V dÝX²-dÝXVo
^y-^d²- ^d{V d¥V²-dV©²-dV©Vo
^«‘²-^«‘{V d¥Y²-dY©²-dY©Vo
¶O²-¶O{V ew^²-emo^²-emo^Vo
aQ²-aQ>{V gh²-ghVo
aj²-aj{V god²-godVo
éh²-amoh²-amoh{V ñVå^²-ñVå^Vo
bn²-bn{V 1 C.n.
bg²-bg{V Hy$X©²-Hy$X©{V/Vo
dX²-dX{V Zr-Z¶²-Z¶{V/Vo
df©²-df©{V ~wY²-~moY²-~moY{V/Vo
dg²-dg{V {l-l¶²-l¶{V/Vo
d«O²-d«O{V ö-ha²-ha{V/Vo
72
2. n.n. 6. Am.n.
Ag² - ApñV Ñ-{Ð¶Vo
4 n. n. ‘¥-{‘«¶Vo
bñO²-b‚m²-b‚mVo
Ag²-Añ¶{V
6. C.n.
Bf²-Bî¶{V
{jn²-{jn{V/Vo
H«w$Y²-Hw$Ü¶{V
{Xe²-{Xe{V/Vo
Vwf²-Vwî¶{V
‘wM²-‘w#m²-‘w#m{V/Vo
Ze²-Zí¶{V
{‘b²-{‘b{V/Vo
Z¥V²-Z¥Ë¶{V
{dX²-{dÝX²-{dÝX{V/Vo
nwf²-nwî¶{V
{gM²-{g#m²-{g#m{V/Vo
^«‘²-^«må¶{V
l‘²-lmå¶{V 8. C.n.
{gY²-{gÜ¶{V H¥$ - H$amo{V/Hw$éVo
pñZh²-pñZø{V 10. C.n.
4. Am.n. H$W²-H$W¶{V/Vo
pŠbe²-pŠbí¶Vo jb²-jmb²-jmb¶{V/Vo
nX²-nÚVo {MÝV²-{MÝV¶{V/Vo
‘Z²-‘Ý¶Vo Y¥-Yma²-Yma¶{V/Vo
¶wO²-¶wÁ¶Vo nrS²-nrS>¶{V/Vo
¶wY²-¶wÜ¶Vo nyO²-nyO¶{V/Vo
{dX²-{dÚVo nya²-nya¶{V/Vo
^j²-^j¶{V/Vo
6. n.n.
^yf²-^yf¶{V/Vo
Bf²-BÀN²-BÀN>{V aM²-aM¶{V/Vo
H¥$f²-H¥$f{V bmoH²$-bmoH$¶{V/Vo
àÀN²-n¥ÀN²-n¥ÀN>{V dU©²-dU©¶{V/Vo
‘ñO²-‘‚m²-‘‚m{V d¥O²-dO©²-dO©¶{V/Vo
{bI²-{bI{V gyM²- gyM¶{V/Vo
bwwR²-bwR>{V ñn¥h²-ñn¥h¶{V/Vo
{de²-{de{V 10 Am.n.
g¥O²-g¥O{V AW©²-AW©¶Vo
ñn¥e²-ñn¥e{V ‘ÝÌ²-‘ÝÌ¶Vo
ñ’w$a²-ñ’w$a{V ‘¥J²-‘¥J¶Vo
N>mÌ¡: YmËdWm©: {ejH$ñ¶ / YmVwH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ boIZr¶m: &
73
अकारादिक्रमेण शब्दकोष: ।
N>mÌ¡: eãXmWm©: {ejH$ñ¶ / eãXH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ boIZr¶m: &
AJ«O: (nw§.) = {Zdm©Vm ({deo.) = {dÎmH$mof: (nw§.) =

AZwO: (nw§.) = {ZemMaM‘y: (ór.) = do„Zr (ór.) =
AZ¥V‘² (Znw§) = n¹$dQ>: (nw§.) = dmoTw>‘² (Aì¶¶) =
AÝdofU‘² (Znw§.) = nn©Q>: (nw§.) = ì¶¶: (nw§.) =
A{^hVm ({deo.) = n[aV: (Aì¶¶) = ì¶gZ‘² (Znw§.) =
AmÝVOm©b‘² (Znw§.) = nmXmoZ (Aì¶¶) = em{Q>H$m (ór.) =
AmnU: (nw§.) = nmZH$‘² (Znw§.) = embmñ¶yV: (nw§.) =
Amn{UH$: (nw§.) = nm¶g‘² (Znw§.) = {e{Wb~ÝYZ‘² (Znw§.) =
AmâU‘² (Znw§.) = àH$moð>: (nw§.) = erVno{Q>H$m (ór.) =
AmgÝX: (nw§.) = àOmn{V: (nw§.) = ewZH$: (nw§.) =
Amgm¶‘² (Aì¶¶) = à{VH$V©ì¶‘² ({deo.) = gwá: ({deo.) =
AmhË¶ (Aì¶¶) = àga: (nw§.) = gy{M: (ór.) =
CÛm{hZr (ór.) = àmVame: (nw§.) = gyÌ‘² (Znw§.) =
CnZoÌ‘² (Znw§.) = àrV: ({deo.) = ñ¶yV: (nw§.) =
H$H©${Q>H$m (ór.) = ^„zH$: (nw§.) = ñdU©‘¶r (ór.) =
H$H©$Q>r (ór.) = ‘ZmoOd: (nw§.) = ho‘Z² (Znw§.) =
H$J©O: (nw§.) = ‘ar{MH$m (ór.) =
H$m{ð>H$: (nw§.) = ‘eH$: (nw§.) =
Hw${#mH$m (ór.) = ‘gr (ór.) =
Hw$R>ma: (nw§.) = ‘mO©Zr (ór.) =
Hy$Q>‘² (Z.) = ‘¥Ê‘¶r (ór.) =
Hy$nr (ór.) = ‘¥Ê‘¶‘² (Znw§.) =
Ho$¶ya: (nw§.) = ¶{ï>H$m (ór.) =
Jar¶g² ({deo.) = ¶mZ‘² (Znw§.) =
JbpÝVH$m (ór) = ¶wVH$‘² (Znw§.) =
J¥hn{V: (nw§.) = bJwS>: (nw§.) =
K¥ï>: ({deo.) = bKw^mam ({deo.) =
MfH$: (nw§.) = bm¡ë¶‘² (Znw§.) =
{N>Þ‘² ({deo.) = d‘{V (YmVwê$n) =
ObànmV: (nw§.) = d¶ñ¶: (nw§.) =
XÝVHy$M©: (nw§.) = dmVmË‘O: (nw§.) =
Xmobm (ór.) = dm¶©Vo (YmVwê$n) =
YyZ¶Vo (YmVwê$n) = {dH$sU©‘² ({deo.) =
74
&& A‘aH$mof: &&
H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘² & {dJ«h: &
JUoe:-{dZm¶H$mo {d¿ZamOÛ¡‘mVwaJUm{Ynm: & {dZm¶H$:, {d¿ZamO:, Û¡‘mVwa:, JUm{Yn: &
gañdVr- ~«m÷r Vw ^maVr ^mfm Jrdm©½dmUr gañdVr & ~«m÷r, ^maVr, ^mfm, Jr:, dmH²$, dmUr, gañdVr &
{nVam¡- Aå~mW OZZr ‘mVm VmVñVw OZH$: {nVm & Aå~m, OZZr, ‘mVm, VmV:, OZH$:, {nVm &
Xod:- A‘am {ZO©am Xodm{óXem {d~wYm: gwam: & A‘am:, {ZO©am:, Xodm:, {ÌXem:, {d~wYm:, gwam: &
nmfmU:- Aí‘m J«mdm {ebmIÊS>: nmfmUàñVamonbm: & Aí‘m, J«mdm, {ebmIÊS>:, nmfmU:,àñVa:, Cnb: &
d¥j:- d¥jmo ‘hréh: emIr {dQ>nr nmXnñVé: & d¥j:, ‘hréh:, emIr, {dQ>nr, nmXn:, Vé: &
nÌ‘²- nÌ§ nbme§ N>XZ§ Xb§ nUª N>X: nw‘mZ² & nÌ‘², nbme‘², N>XZ‘², Xb‘², nU©‘², N>X: &
nwîn‘²- {ó¶: gw‘Zg: nwîn§ àgyZ§ Hw$gw‘§ gw‘‘² & gw‘Zm:, nwîn‘², àgyZ‘², Hw$gw‘‘², gw‘‘² &
nd©V:- ‘hrY«o {eI[aú‘m^¥Xhm¶©Yand©Vm: & ‘hrY«:, {eIar, ú‘m^¥V², Ahm¶©Ya:,nd©V: &
Agwa:- Agwam X¡Ë¶X¡Vo¶XZwOoÝÐm[aXmZdm: & Agwam:,X¡Ë¶m:,X¡Vo¶m:,XZwOm:, BÝÐma¶:, XmZdm: &
YZ‘²- Ðì¶§ {dÎm§ ñWmnVo¶§ [aŠW‘¥ŠW§ YZ§ dgw: & Ðì¶‘², {dÎm‘², ñWmnVo¶‘², [aŠW‘², F$ŠW‘², YZ‘²,
dgw: &
Ob‘²- CXH§$ OrdZ§ Vmo¶§ nmZr¶§ g{bb§ Ob‘² & CXH$‘², OrdZ‘², Vmo¶‘², nmZr¶‘², g{bb‘², Ob‘² &
am{Ì:- {Zem {Zer{WZr am{Ì{ó¶m‘m jUXm jnm & {Zem, {Zer{WZr, am{Ì:, {Ì¶m‘m, jUXm, jnm &
ZXr- Va{“Ur e¡d{bZr V{Q>Zr õm{XZr YwZr & Va{“Ur, e¡d{bZr, V{Q>Zr, õm{XZr, YwZr &
{‘Ì‘² - d¶ñ¶: pñZ½Y: gd¶m AW {‘Ì§ gIm gwöV² & d¶ñ¶:, pñZ½Y:, gd¶m:, {‘Ì‘², gIm, gwöV² &
J¥h‘² - J¥h§ JoohmoXd{gV§ doí‘ gÙ {ZHo$VZ‘² & J¥h‘², Jooh‘², CXd{gV‘², doí‘, gÙ, {ZHo$VZ‘² &
erK«‘²- gËda§ Mnb§ VyU©‘{dbpå~V‘mew M & gËda‘², Mnb‘², VyU©‘², A{dbpå~V‘², Amew &
gmJa:- CXÝdmZwX{Y: {gÝYw: gañdmZ² gmJamo@U©d: & CXÝdmZ², CX{Y:, {gÝYw:, gañdmZ², gmJa:, AU©d: &
IJ:- IJo {dh“{dhJ{dh“‘{dhm¶g: & IJ:, {dh“:, {dhJ:, {dh“‘:, {dhm¶: &
{dÛmZ²- Yramo ‘Zrfr k: àmk: gL²>»¶mdmZ² npÊS>V: H${d: & Yra:, ‘Zrfr, k:, àmk:, gL²>»¶mdmZ², npÊS>V:,
H${d: &
dZ‘²- AQ>ì¶aÊ¶§ {d{nZ§ JhZ§ H$mZZ§ dZ‘² & AQ>dr, AaÊ¶‘², {d{nZ‘², JhZ‘², H$mZZ‘², dZ‘²&
‘mOm©a:- AmoVw{~©S>mbmo ‘mOm©amo d¥fX§eH$ AmIw^wH²$ & AmoVw:, {~S>mb:, ‘mOm©a:, d¥fX§eH$:, AmIw^wH²$ &
‘Z:- {MÎm§ Vw MoVmo öX¶§ ñdmÝV§ öÝ‘mZg§ ‘Z: & {MÎm‘², MoV:, öX¶‘², ñdmÝV‘², öX², ‘mZg‘², ‘Z:
ndZ:- g‘ra‘méV‘éÁOJËàmUg‘raUm: & g‘ra:, ‘méV:, ‘éV², OJËàmU:, g‘raU: &
BÝÐ:- BÝÐmo ‘éËdmZ² ‘Kdm {~S>m¡Om: nmH$emgZ: & BÝÐ:, ‘éËdmZ², ‘Kdm, {~S>m¡Om:, nmH$emgZ: &
‘wI‘²- d³Ìmñ¶o dXZ§ VwÊS>‘mZZ§ bnZ§ ‘wI‘² & d³Ì‘²², Amñ¶‘², dXZ‘², VwÊS>‘², AmZZ‘², bnZ‘²,
‘wI‘² &
ho‘- ñdUª gwdUª H$ZH§$ {haÊ¶§ ho‘ hmQ>H$‘² & ñdU©‘², gwdU©‘², H$ZH$‘², {haÊ¶‘², ho‘, hmQ>H$‘² &
AmâU‘²- Ab‘mañËdmâU§ n[aîH$mamo {d^yfU‘² & Ab‘ma:, AmâU‘², n[aîH$ma:, {d^yfU‘² &
J“m- J“m {dîUwnXr O•þVZ¶m gwa{ZåZJm & J“m, {dîUwnXr, O•þVZ¶m, gwa{ZåZJm &
Ho$ed:- Xm‘moXamo öfrHo$e: Ho$edmo ‘mYd: ñd^y: & Xm‘moXa:, öfrHo$e:, Ho$ed:, ‘mYd:, ñd^y: &
gy¶©:- ^mZwhªg: ghòm§ewñVnZ: g{dVm a{d: & ^mZw:, h§g:, ghòm§ew:, VnZ:, g{dVm, a{d: &
75
Aï>‘r H$jm-‘yë¶‘mnZ‘² &
àW‘§/{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - (100 JwUm:) ‘m¡pIH$s narjm (10 JwUm:)
g‘ {bV-‘yë¶‘mnZ‘²- l ldU‘²- lwVboIZ‘² (Ho$db§ 4 eãXm:) 2 JwUm¡ &
50 boIr + 10 ‘m¡pIH$s 60 JwUm: & l dmMZ‘²- An{R>VJÚm§e: 2 JwUm¡&
AmH$m[aH$-‘yë¶‘mnZ‘²- 40 JwUm: & (dUm}ƒmam:, g²/f²,Z²/U² ôXm: Ðï>ì¶m:)
1) dJ©narjm- (àmê$nmZwgma‘²) 20 JwUm: & l ^mfU‘²- Amew^mfU‘²/{MÌ§ Xe©{¶Ëdm dU©Z‘² 2 JwUm¡&
2) àH$ën:- (Ame¶mYm[aV‘²) 5 JwUm: & l H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘²- 4 JwUm:&
3) CnH«$‘:- (boIZH$m¡eë¶mYm[aV‘²) 5 JwUm: & àmW©Zm, ûcmoH$nR>Z‘², Vm{bH$mnR>Z‘² (Zm‘, gd©Zm‘,
4) boIZnwpñVH$m- 5 JwUm: & {H«$¶mnX‘²) n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z, gL²>»¶m:, KQ>r M &
5) H$jmñdmÜ¶m¶:- 5 JwUm: &
CnH«$‘m:
1. 1/4/6/10 (n.n., Am.n.) YmVyZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV & (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao)
2. A/Am/B/B© H$mamÝVeãXmZm§ Vm{bH$m: {bIV &
3. dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U‘²- n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z (bQ²-bH$mao, bL²>-bH$mao) {bIV &
4. g§dmXboIZ‘²- (g§dmXÛ¶‘²) 10/20 dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &
5. {MÌdU©Z‘²- 3 {MÌm{U & (8-10 dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &)
6. eãX§ {bIV- AYmoXÎmmZ² {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$Ë¶ eãXgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
1. embm 2. J¥h‘² 3. J«ÝWmb¶: 4. dómnU: 5. OÝ‘{XZ‘²
6. g‘wÐVra‘² 7. d¥j: 8. JUoe: 9. aobñWmZH$‘²
7. {Z~ÝYny{V©: - {df¶‘² A{YH¥$Ë¶ 8-10 dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &
1. JO: 2. ‘‘ ‘mVm 3. ‘‘ {nVm 4. ‘‘ Hw$Qw>å~‘² 5. ‘‘ {e{jH$m
6. ‘‘ {à¶: IJ:/new: & 7. ‘‘ {dÚmb¶: 8. ‘¶ya: 9. Am‘«d¥j: 10. lrJUoe:
8. A‘aH$mofnL²>³Vr: {bIV &
àH$ënm:
1. {df¶mZwgma§ gw^m{fVgL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
1. {dÚm 2. namonH$ma: 3. g‚mZm: 4. àho{bH$m: 5. JwUm: 6. ñd^mdm: 7. g§ñH¥$V^mfm
8. {d{eï>-{d^³Ë¶ÝVgw^m{fVm{Z 9. AmË‘ZonXr¶{H«$¶mnX¶w³Vgw^m{fVm{Z 10. bQ²bH$ma¶w³Vm{Z
gw^m{fVm{Z
2. dñVyZm§ àXe©Zt ¶moO¶V &
1. nmH$J¥h‘² 2. embm 3. emH$m: 4. àm{UZ: 5. IJm: 6. dUm©: 7. AmnUm: 8. {ZgJ©:
9. ImÚnXmWm©: 10. ¶ÝÌm{U
3. {d{dYg§ñWmZm§ ~moYdmŠ¶mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm-gË¶‘od O¶Vo & e§ Zmo déU: &
4. XÿaXe©Zo "g§ñH¥$VdmVm©dbr' H$m¶©H«$‘§ ÑîQ‰>m dmVm©g‘ bZ§ Hw$éV &
5. {d{dYàg“ofw ewôÀN>mnÌmUm§ àmê$n§ {ejH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ aM¶V &
¶Wm - Zddf©ñ¶ hmXm©: ew^me¶m: & {ejH${XZ{Z{‘Îm‘² A{^dmXZ‘² &
76
àW‘ / {ÛVr¶-gÌmÝV-narjm (50 JwUm:)
gy{MV-àmê$n‘² &
à.1. A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰m Zm‘ {bIV & (5 V: 4) ({MÌnXH$mofV: &) 2
Am) dU©‘mbm-AmYmaoU& 2
B) gL²>»¶m-AmYmaoU& (5 V: 4) 2
B©) g‘¶~moY: (KQ>r-AmYmaoU) & (3 V: 2) 2
à. 2. eãXkmZ-AmYmaoU & (H¥${Vn{ÌH$m{Z‘m©Ug‘¶o {ejH$m: {d{dYH¥$VrZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$Vw©‘² Ah©pÝV &
¶Wm (1) MVwW©nX§ {bIV & (2) ‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² {MZwV & (3) eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & (4) ‘obZ‘² &
(5) OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & (6) g‘yhoVanX§ {MZwV-Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$nXmZm§ H¥$Vo &)
A) g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & (5 V: 4) 2
Am) {déÕmW©H$eãXm: &(5 V: 4) 2
B) {deofU§ {deoî¶§ M & 2
à. 3. A) íbmoH$ny{Vª Hw$éV & (4 V: 2) 4
Am) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & (JÚ‘²/nÚ‘²) (4 V: 2) 2
à. 4 A) (H$) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (JÚ‘²) 4
àW‘§ gÌ‘² - H$mÝ¶{n 6 gabm{Z dm³¶m{Z & (6 V: 4) (àW‘: KQ>H$: {ÛVr¶: KQ>H$: M &)
{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - n[aÀN>oXÛ¶§ àï>ì¶‘² & à{Vn[aÀN>oX§ 4/5 dm³¶m{Z & (nmR> H«$. 13, 16, 18, 19)
(I) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (nÚ‘²) (2 V: 1) 2
àW‘§ gÌ‘² - nÚ‘² 9 & {ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - nÚ‘² 12, 17 &
Am) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (JÚ‘²/nÚ‘²) (3 V: 2) 4
à. 5. A) n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Vm{bH$mê$noU) Zm‘, gd©Zm‘, {H«$¶mnX‘², {deofU‘²& (6 V: 4) 2
Am) AYmoXÎmofw Ho$db§ Ì¶mUm§ àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & 6
1) ¶mo½¶§ {d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV &
2) Aì¶¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dmŠ¶§ {bIV & (AÌ, ø:, nwaV: ...)
3) ewÕ§ eãX§/dmŠ¶§ {MZwV &
4) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (dMZ§/nwéf:/H$mbn[adV©Z‘²/àý{Z‘m©U‘²)
à. 6. A) An{R>V§ JÚ‘² & (JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZ² CÎmaV &) 4
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1)
2) JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãX§/{déÕmW©H$eãX§/{deofU§/{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV & (2 V: 1)
3) OmbaoIm{MÌ§/ñVå^§ nya¶V &
Am) An{R>V§ nÚ‘² & (nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZ² CÎmaV &) 2
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1)
2) JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãX§/{déÕmW©H$eãX§/{deofU§/{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV & (2 V: 1)
à. 7 A) C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {Z~ÝY§ {bIV & AWdm
eãX‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ {MÌdU©Z§/g§dmX§ nya¶V & (Ho$db§ 4 dm³¶m{Z) 4
Am) AZwdmX§ {bIV & (g§ñH¥$VoZ AZwdmX: &) 2
77
H$jm-Aï>‘r H¥${Vn{ÌH$m {ÛVr¶-gÌ‘² (50 JwUm:) g‘¶:-hmoamÛ¶‘²
à.1. (A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰m Zm‘ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
1 2 3 4 5
(Am) 1) ¶mo½¶‘² CÎma§ {MZwV & 1

(H$) H²$ I² J² K² -- & (L²>/Äm²) (I) "M²' B{V dU©: & (AmoîR>ç:/Vmbì¶:)
2) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dO«àhmamV² - & 1
(B) Aja¡: AL²>H¡$: dm gL²>»¶m: {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
1) 2 & 2) ZdXe & 3) 36 &
4) fmoS>e & 5) 28 &
(B©) g‘¶§ Xe©¶V {bIV dm & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2
1) gmY©fS²dmXZ‘² 2) gnmXgádmXZ‘² 3)
à.2. (A) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2

1) emo^Vo, 2) dZ‘², 3) ‘Zwî¶:, 4) nwîn‘², 5) JÀN>{V
‘ÄOyfm - (Hw$gw‘‘², ‘mZd:, amOVo, ¶m{V, H$mZZ‘²)
(Am) {déÕmW©H$-eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
j¶:, ‘yI©:, AmZ¶{V, gwI‘², npÊS>V:, Aj¶:, H$mVa:, Z¶{V, Yra:, Xþ:I‘²
(B) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 2
"A' "~'
1) g‘mZm: A) Aíd: &
2) bKw^mam ~) {dMmam: &
3) dU©gånÞ‘² H$) Z{bH$m &
4) jrU: S>) Hw$gw‘‘²&
à.3. (A) ûcmoH$ny{Vª Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 4
1) A‘ÝÌ‘ja§ ..................Xþb©^: && 2) eVofw .................. Z dm &&
3) Z ^yVnydª .................. {dnarV~w{Õ: && 4) dZñnVo .................. {dZí¶{V &&
(Am$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2
1) Xod: Hw$Ì dV©Vo? 2) nwam gd} nd©Vm: H$sÑem:?
3) N>mÌm Hw$Ì Cnm{deV² ? 4) amOm Hw$Ì nyÁ¶Vo?
78
à. 4 (A) (H$) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m JÚm§eñ¶ gabmWª {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 4
1) ~m{bH$m AdXV² "" EVX² aob¶mZ‘² Añ‘mH§$ H¥$Vo ApñV & EVV² amï´>ñ¶ gån{Îm: Ibw & Vñ¶
gwajU‘² Añ‘mH$‘² AmÚ§ H$V©ì¶‘² Ed & Ah§ VXod H$amo{‘ &'' ~m{bH$m¶m: EVX² CÎma‘² AVrd
~moYàX‘² &
2) EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo ^moOZdobm¶m§ gd} Jmonm: H¥$îU§ n[aV: Cnm{deZ² & XodH$sZÝXZ: Jmon~mbmZ² An¥ÀN>V² &
""AÚ ^moOZmWª {H$‘² AmZrV‘² ?'' B{V & VXm àW‘: AdXV², ""‘‘ g‘rno XÜ¶moXZ§ dV©Vo &''
Ana: A^mfV, ""‘‘ g‘rno n¥WwH$m: &''
(I) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m nÚm§eñ¶ gabmWª {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 2
1) A{n ñdU©‘¶r b‘m Z ‘o bú‘U amoMVo &
OZZr OÝ‘^y{‘ûM ñdJm©X{n Jar¶gr &&
2) Anmao H$mì¶g§gmao H${daoH$: àOmn{V: &
¶Wmñ‘¡ amoMVo {dûd§ VWm d¡ n[adV©Vo &&
(Am) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 4
1) ""Z emo^Vo {H«$¶mhrZ§ ‘Ywa§ dMZ§ VWm'' & EVX² dmŠ¶§ ñd^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &
2) "dm½^yfU§ ^yfU‘²' EVm§ gyq³V ñd^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &
3) CnH$mañ¶ ñ‘aU§ ‘¡ZmHo$Z H$W§ H¥$V‘²?
à.5. (A) n¥WH²$ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 4) 2
Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {H«$¶mnX‘² {deofU‘²
‘ÄOyfm- (ndZXod:, Mb{V, AJÀN>V², eya:, g:, Jmonmb:)

(Am) AYmoXÎmofw Ho$db§ Ì¶mUm§ àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & 6
(H$) ¶mo½¶{d^p³Vê$n§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 2)
1) OZH$: (Añ‘X²) Z H$Xm{n H«w$Ü¶{V & 2) Ah§ (Xodmb¶) JÀN>m{‘ &
3) AJ«Om (AZwOm) pñZø{V &
(I) Aì¶¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dmŠ¶{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2)
1) AÌ 2) C^¶V: 3) Z‘:
(J) ewÕ§ eãX§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 2)
1) Xþ½Y‘², Xÿ½Y‘² 2) h[aV:, harV: 3) {M•‘², {MÝh‘² 4) Hw$pÝMH$m, Hw${#mH$m
(K) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db§ 2 dmŠ¶o)
1) XeaWñ¶ nwÌ: am‘: & (AYmoaopIV§ eãX‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & )
2) Ëd§ {‘Ìm¶ boIZt ¶ÀN>{g& (Ëd‘² BË¶ñ¶ ñWmZo Ah‘² BË¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &)
3) {ejH$: gwYmIÊS>oZ {bI{V & (~hþdMZ§ Hw$éV&)
79
à.6. (A) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & 4
CÚmZo nwîn’$b¶wVm: d¥jm: bVm: M {damOÝVo & ~hd: ned: {dhJm: A{n AÌ nm{bVm: a{jVm: M
gpÝV & qghm:, ì¶mK«m:, Oå~yH$m:, ‘¥Jm: B{V {d{dYm: ned: VWm M ‘¶ya:, ewH$:, gm[aH$m, MQ>H$m B{V
AÝ¶o {d{dYm: IJm: AÌ gpÝV &
H$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (Ho$db‘² EH$‘²) (1) CÚmZo Ho$ {damOÝVo? (2) Ho$ nm{bVm: a{jVm: M ?
I) Ho$db‘² EH§$ {bIV & (1) JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H§$ nX§ {MZwV & IJm: = &
(2) JÚm§eV: {déÕmW©H§$ nX§ {MZwV & Aënm:  &
J) JÚm§eo AmJVm{Z Zm‘m{Z {bIV & ned:
IJm:
(Am) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àýmZm‘² CÎmam{U {bIV & (Ho$db§ 2) 2
AmH$memV² n{VV§ Vmo¶§ ¶Wm JÀN>{V gmJa‘² & gd©XodZ‘ñH$ma: Ho$ed§ à{V JÀN>{V &&
(H$) EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (Ho$db§ 1)
1) AmH$memV² {H$‘² nV{V? 2) Ho$ed§ à{V qH$ JÀN>{V?
(I) nÚm§eV: n#m‘r{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV &
(J) g‘yhoVa§ nX§ {MZwV & gmJa:, CX{Y:, CXH$‘², g‘wÐ:
à.7. (A) eãX‘ÄOyfm¶m: gmhmæ¶oZ {MÌdU©Z§ nya¶V & 4
AmajU‘² 1) aobñWmZH$ñ¶ nwaV:
^ma§ dhpÝV &
àVrjmb¶: 2) ~{h: EH$: OZ:
Cn{de{V &
3) AmajUñ¶ H¥$Vo Ûm¡ OZm¡
gm§Jbr-aobñWmZH$‘²
&
4) EVV² ZJañ¶
aobñWmZH$‘² &
‘ÄOyfm - ({Vð>V:, gm§Jbr,
àVrjmb¶mV², ^madmhH$m:)
AWdm C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {Z~ÝY§ {bIV & ‘¶ya: &
‘¶ya: dfm©H$mbo (Z¥Ë¶m{‘/Z¥Ë¶{V) & Vñ¶ Z¥Ë¶‘² AVrd (a‘Ur¶§/VmnH$maH§$) dV©Vo & ObnyUª ‘oK§ (AmH$memV²/
AmH$meo) ÑîQ‰m g: Z¥Ë¶{V & g: emaXmXoì¶m: dmhZ‘² (ApñV/ZmpñV) & g: am{ï´>¶: IJ: B{V à{gÕ:&
(Am) AYmoXÎmmZm§ dmŠ¶mZm§ g§ñH¥$V‘mÜ¶‘oZ AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 2) 2
1) AmH$memV ‘oK AmhoV. AmH$me ‘| ‘oK h¡ & There are clouds in the sky.
2) H$mdù¶mMm a§J H$mim Amho. H$m¡Ao H$m a§J H$mbm h¡ & The colour of crow is black.
3) XmoZ ‘wbo emioV OmV AmhoV. Xmo N>mÌ {dÚmb¶‘| Om aho h¡ & Two students are going to school.
àíZ 7 (Am) H¥$Vo ³¶w.Ama (Q.R.) ‘mÜ¶‘ñ¶ Cn¶moJ§ Hw$éV &
80
Aï>‘r H$jm
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Aï>‘r H$jm

(‘amR>r, JwOamVr, {hÝXr, B§J«Or BË¶mXrZm§ ‘mÜ¶‘mZm§ H¥$Vo)

"ñ‘mQ>©’$moZ' B{V CnH$aUoZ "Xrjm A°n' Ûmam

V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$: MVwW©: KQ>H$:

g§ñH¥$V§ ¶o àe§gpÝV ¶o àe§gpÝV g§ñH¥${V‘² &

{ejHo$U AdYmVì¶m: A§em: &

EH$dmXZ‘² {ÛdmXZ‘² {ÌdmXZ‘² MVwdm©XZ‘² n#mdmXZ‘²

• ~mbH$: H$Xm qH$ H$amo{V?

fS²>dmXZo gnmXfS²>dmXZo gmY©fS²> dmXZo nmXmoZ-gá>dmXZo gádmXZo

• बालक:/बालिका कदा किं करोति?

gmY©-Aï>dmXZo ZddmXZo XedmXZo gmY©n#mdmXZn¶©ÝV§

Am‘«‘² Ðmjm H$Xbr

god‘² H$m{b“‘² ‘YwH$H©$Q>r

Zma“‘² nZg‘² Xm{S>‘‘²

H$mH$: MQ>H$m ewH$:

H$nmoV: ‘¶ya: ~H$:

gm[aH$m í¶oZ: h§g:

qgh: ^„zH$: ee:

JO: d¥H$: ì¶mK«:

‘m{nH$m nwZ:nyaUr boIZnwpñVH$m

‘mO©H$: boIZr ñ¶yV:

‌ì¶OZ‘² dmVm¶Z‘² ’$bH$‘²

AmgÝX: CËnr{R>H$m gwYmIÊS>:

H$‘b‘² nmQ>b‘² OnmHw$gw‘‘²

gy¶©nwîn‘² godpÝVH$m MånH$‘²

YoZw: ‘{hfr AOm

‘of: JX©^: ewZH$:

Aíd: Cï´>: ‘mOm©a:

Ah§ N>mÌ: &

Á¶oð>m nwÌr XrK©V‘m & AÝVo ^d{V H${Zð>~mbm &

hñVÛ¶oZ àU‘m{‘ &

Ef: ñZohmbw: VmV: &

• H¥${V: - N>mÌ: ñdg‘rno/Xÿao Cn{dï>ñ¶ {‘Ìñ¶ {df¶o dm³¶§ dX{V &

ì¶OZ‘² & AnË¶§ & Ob‘² & aob¶mZ‘² &

ewZH$: AÌ & nd©V: VÌ & dm¶w: Hw$Ì? ¶mZ§ Hw$Ì?

EVm: ~m{bH$m:& Vm: {dÚm{W©Ý¶: &

EVm{Z H$‘bm{Z & Vm{Z nÌm{U &

{d‘mZm{Z JÀN>pÝV & ¶mZm{Z {Vð>pÝV & dmhZm{Z Ymd>pÝV&

EVm¡ ewZH$m¡ & Vm¡ ~mbm¡ &

EVo Jm{¶Ho$ & Vo {dÚm{W©Ý¶m¡ &

2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 3. {MÌm{U Am{bIV &

5.2 Ëd‘² {e{jH$m - Ëd§ Hw$Ì dg{g?

Amdm§ {bImd: & d¶§ Ymdm‘: &

त्वं पश्यसि । युवां पश्यथ: । यूयं पश्यथ ।

{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U {bIV &

H«$sS>m- 1) 50 V: 1 {dnarVH«$‘oU gL²>»¶maQ>Z‘² & 2) EH$ídmgoZ ¶mdX{YH§$ gL²>»¶maQ>Z‘² &

AÜ¶¶Zm¶ Cn¶w³Vm: AmÝVaOmbg‘oVm: &

Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘²

Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘²

{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² - (‘ybYmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘²) = YmËd“‘² + àË¶¶: = {H«$¶mnX‘²

JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²

‘ybYmVw: JU{dH$aU‘² àË¶¶:

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) = Z¥V² + ¶ = Z¥Ë¶ +{V = Z¥Ë¶{V

{bI² (6 n. n) = {bI² +A = {bI + {V= {bI{V

AmXoe: (EH$ñ¶ ñWmZo Anañ¶ AmJ‘Z§ Zm‘ AmXoe: &)

dJ©narjmàmê$n‘² & JwUm: - 20

d¶§ gd} ñdam: & F$, G , b¥ EVo A{n ñdam: Ed &

Ah‘² AZwñdma: & Ah§ Vw Ah§ {dgJ©: & ‘‘ A{n CƒmaU§

Q²> R²> S²> V² W² X²

e² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm {Oˆm¶m: f² ¶Xm ‘‘ CƒmaU§ ^d{V VXm

(B©) (eãXm:- H$V©ar, ‘mO©Zr, boIZr, nwZ:nyaUr, KQ>r, Hy$nr)

B{V eãXmZm§ ¶mo½¶ê$nm{U N>mÌm: dXpÝV & ¶Wm ZoÌ‘²-ZoÌoU &

gm ‘m{nH$¶m ~m{bH$m Nw>[aH$¶m ‘mVm do„Ý¶m amo{Q>H$m: ~mbH$: Hy$ß¶m Xþ½Y§