CARL JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Overview of Analytical Psychology

According to Jung:

- Each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited
from our ancestors. Images inherited is referred to the collective unconscious
- Highly developed elements of the collective unconscious are called archetypes.
- Self- realization can be achieved only by attaining a balance between various opposing forces of personality.
- People are both introverted and extroverted; rational and irrational; male and female; conscious and unconscious and
pushed by past events while being pulled by future expectations

Levels of the Psyche

Conscious

- Conscious images are those that are senses by the ego

- Ego is the center of the consciousness but not the core of personality.
- The self is the center of personality that is largely unconscious
- Overemphasis on expanding one’s conscious psyche can lead to psychological imbalance
- Healthy Individuals are in contact with the conscious world but they also allow themselves to experience their
unconsciousness to achieve individuation.

Personal Unconscious

- It embraces all repressed, forgotten or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual.
- It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events and experiences originally perceived below the
threshold of our consciousness.
- Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes and it is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated
ideas.
- Complexes may be partly conscious and may stem from both the personal and the collective unconscious.

Collective Unconscious

- Collective unconscious has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. It represents Jung’s most controversial
concept.
- The physical contents of the collective unconscious are inherited and pass from one generation to the next as psychic
potential.
-The contents of collective unconscious are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions and actions and
responsible for people’s many myths, legends and religious beliefs.

Archetypes

- These are ancients or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious.
- Archetypes derive from the contents of the collective unconscious.
- Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of human’s early ancestors
- The archetype itself cannot be directly represented, but when activated, it presses itself through several modes,
primarily dreams, fantasies and delusions.
(1) Persona

- This is the side of personality that people show to the world

- Jung believed that each of us should project a particular role, one that society dictates to each of us.
- If we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining
self-realization.
- To become psychologically healthy, we must strike a balance between the demands of society and what we truly are.
- To be oblivious of one’s persona is to underestimate the importance of society, but to be unaware of one’s deep
individuality is to become society’s puppet.

(2) Shadow

- The archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide
from ourselves and others.
- To be whole, we must continually strive to know our shadow and this quest is our first test of courage.
- People who never realize their shadow may come under its power and lead tragic lives, constantly running into “bad
luck” and reaping harvests of defeat and discouragement for themselves.

(3) Anima

- Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side.
- Feminine side of men originates in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to
consciousness
- He believed that the anima originated from early men’s experiences with women that combined to form a generalized
picture of a woman.

(4) Animus

- The masculine archetype in women

- It is symbolic of thinking and reasoning.
- Jung believed that the animus is responsible for thinking and opinion in women just as the anima produces feelings and
moods in men.

(5) Great Mother

- The great mother represents two opposing forces- fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and
destruction on the other.
- She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment) but she may also devour or neglect her
offspring (destruction).
- Fertility and power combine to form the concept of rebirth (represented by processes as reincarnation, baptism,
resurrection and individuation or self-realization.

(6) Wise Old Man

- This is archetype of wisdom and meaning. Symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life.
- The wise old man archetype is personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor or priest

(7) Hero

- This archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person sometimes part god, who fights against
great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragon, monsters, serpents and demons
- The image of the hero touches an archetype within us, as demonstrated by our fascination with the heroes of movies
and television programs.
(8) Self

- Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection and completion
and he call this innate disposition the self.
- The self is the archetypes of archetypes because it pulls together other archetypes and unites them.
- The self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion and wholeness
- The self includes both personal and collective unconscious images.
- Mandala- a circle within a square, a square within a circle.
- The Self includes both conscious and unconscious mind and it unites the opposing elements of psyche.

Dynamics of Personality

Causality

- Causality holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences.
- Causal view could not explain all motivation

Teleology

- It holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny.
- According to Jung, human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological forces and that causal explanations must
be balanced with teleological ones.

Progression

- Progression means adaptation to the outside world involving the forward flow of psychic energy.
- It inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions

Regression

- Regression means adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy.
- It activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of most problems

Psychological Types

Attitudes

- It is a predisposition to act react in characteristic direction.

- He insisted that each person has both an introverted and extroverted attitude.

Introversion

- It is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective
- Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams and individualized perception.

Extraversion

- It is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the
objective and away from the subjective.
- Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world.
Functions

(1) Thinking

- It is the logical intellectual activity that produces as chain of ideas

- The thinking can be either extraverted or introverted
- Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been
transmitted to them from without.
- Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal
meaning that bring with them than by the objective facts themselves

(2) Feeling

- It describe the process of evaluating an idea or event.

- Extraverted feeling people use objective data to make evaluations.
- Introverted feeling people base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts.

(3) Sensing

- It is the function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness
- Extraverted sensing people perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that this stimuli exist.
- Introverted sensing people are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste and so forth.

(4) Intuiting

- It involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness.

- Extraverted intuitive people are oriented toward facts in the external world.
- Introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little
resemblance to external reality.

Development of Personality

Stages of Development

(1) Childhood

Three Substages:

a. Anarchic Phase- is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness.

b. Monarchic Phase - is characterized by the development of the ego by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking.
c. Dualistic Phase- the ego as perceiver arises during this phase of childhood when the go is divided into subjective and
objective. Children are aware of their existence as separate individuals.

(2) Youth

- It is the period from puberty until middle life

- Young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and male
a place in the world.
- Youth us a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness and recognition that the problem-
free era of childhood is gone forever.
(3) Middle Life

- It begins at approximately age 35 or 40.

- If middle-aged people retain the social and moral values of their early life, they become rigid and fanatical in trying to
hold on their physical attractiveness and agility.
- People who have lived youth by neither childish nor middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle life
and to live fully during that stage.

(4) Old Age

- If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later ones.
- Jung believe that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.

Self-Realization

- Psychological rebirth or individuation

- It is the process of becoming an individual or whole person.
- Coming to selfhood means that a person has all psychological components of functioning in unity, with no psychic
process atrophying
- Self realized person are able to contend with both their external and their internal worlds
- They live in the real world and make necessary concessions to it.

Jung’s Methods of Investigation

(1) Word Association Test

- Using a list of about 100 stimulus words chosen and arranged to elicit emotional reaction. Person is instructed to
respond to each stimulus word with the first word that came to mind

(2) Dream Analysis

- The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover elements from the personal and collective unconscious and
to integrate them into consciousness.

(3) Active Imagination

- This method requires a person to begin with any impression and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move”.
The person must follow these images wherever they lead and then courageously face these autonomous images and
freely communicate with them.

(4) Psychotherapy

- The ultimate purpose of Jungian Therapy is to help neurotic patients become healthy and encourage healthy people to
work independently toward self-realization. The self- realize person is able to assimilate much of the unconscious self
into the consciousness.