Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences

Vol. 47 (10), October 2018, pp. 1934-1945

Review Article

Overview on properties of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as Pozzolan

P.Jagadesh1*, A.Ramachandramurthy2 & R.Murugesan3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore – 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Fatigue Fracture Laboratory, CSIR- Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Road Transport and Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
*
[E.Mail: jaga.86@gmail.com],

Received 14 September 2015; revised 11 April 2016

This review paper will explore the detailed information on the Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) historical experimental
studies, morphological aspects, chemical and physical properties of SCBA along with some fresh and hardened SCBA
blended concrete properties. Importance of this overview is to understand the variation of SCBA properties with respect to
geological variation, sugarcane cultivation methods and production of ashes methods. Based on the SCBA test properties,
the characterization of SCBA at different parts of the world are reviewed and recommendations are suggested that it can be
used as pozzolan suitable for marine environment construction.

[Keywords: Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash, concrete properties, fresh and hardened properties, marine environments]

Introduction concrete, the chloride ions are found as calcium

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is recognized as
the major construction material throughout the world1.
After the extraction of all economical sugar from
sugarcane, about 40-45% fibrous residue was
obtained, which is reused in the same industry as fuel
in boilers for heat generation leaving behind 8 -10 %
ash as waste, known as SCBA. The largest producer
of sugarcane is Brazil and India is the second largest2,
3 & 4
. The non-availability of land for public use is
because of dumping of SCBA5, 6, 7 & 8. Each ton of the
cement produces approximately one ton of Carbon di
oxide (CO2) and the cement industry is responsible for
about 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emission9.
Green House Gas emissions can be substantially
reduced if 20% to 30% of bagasse ash is replaced in
concrete industry10. Presently on the inclusion of any
Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) as a
component replacement in the concrete mainly
concerns over the durability property of the concrete.
There is also strong relation exists between
microstructural properties of elements and durability
properties of concrete. The durability tests have to be
validated along with the mechanical property tests for
the inclusion of the waste SCBA in the concrete. The
concrete structure service life is limited by chloride
induced reinforcement corrosion. Chlorides originates
from marine environment penetrate the cover and
causes corrosion when they exceed critical level. In
chloro aluminate hydrates such as Friedel’s or Kuzel’s
salt, they can be absorbed into Calcium Silicate
Hydrate (CSH). In addition to chlorides, sea water
contains magnesium, sulfate and carbonate ions which
are potentially harmful for concrete. These additional
ions influence the chloride to access by affecting
chloride binding capacity or affecting porosity of
concrete cover or causing concrete to deteriorate11.
Basic properties of SCBA and SCBA blended
concrete properties helps the construction industry for
the identification of innovative technologies using
available materials that promote efficiency and
effectiveness more economically by recycling and
reusing of SCBA, and also by reducing the
transportation charges.
Pozzolan
When pozzolanic materials are added to cement,
the silicon dioxide (SiO2) present in these materials
reacts with free lime released during the hydration of
cement and forms additional CSH as new hydration
products, which improve the mechanical properties of
concrete formulation12. The capability of pozzolanic
materials of enhancing the strength of concrete is
more closely associated with physical than chemical
effects13 & 14. It is reported that, cement blended with
pozzolan would produce 65 to 95 % strength of OPC
concrete in 28 days and at later ages their strength
 JAGADESH et al.: SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS POZZOLAN 1935

normally improves because pozzolan like fly ash and greater spatial resolution and provides ancillary
react more slowly than cement due to different capability for element analysis and investigating the
composition and at one year about the same strength structure of minerals.
is obtained. SCBA cements have a history starting Some typical morphological studies in SCBA are
from the 1990's, and Table 1 summarizes a historical shown in Figure 1. Figure 1a shows a heterogeneous
background about important events in the mixture of cristobalite particles with porous and
development of SCBA blended concrete and also it smooth surface, typical for organic and inorganic
presents the details of investigations carried out on materials15.
SCBA in different countries. Origin of SCBA which contains only fibers, even
after combustion could yield particles of similar
Morphological Aspects morphology of fibers observed in Figure 1b & 1c. The
Scanning Electron Microscope carbonaceous particles are seen in Figure 1d,
SEM imaging facilities identification of prismatic silica particles in Figure 1e and air bubbles
cementitious minerals in SCBA with greater contrast retain as shown in Figure 1f, indicating that ashes are
Table 1 — Research Investigations on Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash – An Overview
References Year Country Description
45 1992 India Pozzolanic Behaviour of bagasse ash
46 1994 India Bagasse-Reinforced Cement Composites
47 2000 India Hydration of bagasse ash – blended OPC
7 2002 Spain SCBA properties for reusing in concrete production
23 2004 Brazil Mechanical grinding on the pozzolanic activity of SCBA
19 2009 Brazil Ultrafine SCBA as high potential pozzolanic material
9 2007 India Evaluation of SCBA as SCBA
26 2005 Spain Calcining temperature and kinetic models of SCBA
48 2007 Spain Calcining temperature on activation of SCBA
49 2008 Brazil Pozzolanic activity and filler effect of SCBA in OPC
1 2009 Cuba SCBA as pozzolanic materials
12 2009 Japan Properties and Reactivity of SCBA
39 2009 Cuba Effects of calcining conditions on SCBA
22 2009 Thailand Development of SCBA as pozzolanic material
33 2009 Thailand Effects of LOI of SCBA on the properties of mortars
40 2010 Pakistan Activation of SCBA in cementitious system
28 2010 Brazil SCBA ass a partial OPC replacement material
4 2010 India Experimental study on SCBA in concrete
32 2010 Thailand Pozzolanic activity of industrial SCBA
50 2011 Spain SCBA as active pozzolan for cement manufacture
51 2011 Pakistan Chemical activation of bagasse ash in cement mortar
12 2012 Ethiopia SCBA as active pozzolan for cement manufacture
25 2012 Cuba Pozzolanic behaviour of SCBA
52 2012 Zari Characterization of SCBA and OPC blends in concrete
6 2012 Netherlands Hydration study of SCBA
53 2012 Mexico Corrosion of modified concrete with SCBA
27 2012 Thailand SCBA in high strength concrete
2 2013 Iran SCBA in concrete as pozzolan
54 2013 India Strength properties of concrete blended with SCBA
55 2013 India Strength and cost analysis
16 2013 Thailand Fine SCBA effects on the properties of Mortars
17 2013 India Effect of use of SCBA on strength properties of concrete
56 2013 Mexico Influence of SCBA on the rheological behaviour of cement pastes
16 2013 Malaysia Compressive strength and Microstructure of SCBA concrete
57 2014 India SCBA and pozzocrete as a techno-economical solution in design mix concrete
58 2014 India Strength properties of concrete by partial replacement of cement by SCBA
59 2015 Brazil Analysis of Brazilian SCBA behaviour under thermal gasification
41 2015 India Performance evaluation of sugarcane bagasse ash blended cement in concrete
60 2015 India Experimental study on bagasse ash in concrete
32 2015 India Micro analytical studies on SCBA
1936 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2018

Fig. 1 (a) — Smooth surface in SCBA7 Fig. 1 (b) — Fibres in SCBA 7

Fig. 1(c) – Fibrous particles (layers like structure) in SCBA7 Fig. 1 (d) — Carbonaceous particles in SCBA 7

Fig. 1 (e) — Prismatic particles in SCBA7 Fig. 1 (f) — Air Bubbles in SCBA Surface 7

Fig. 1 (g) — Porous Structure in SCBA 15 Fig. 1 (h) — Irregular shapes of SCBA 63

Fig. 1 — Typical SEM Images (Contd.)

 JAGADESH et al.: SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS POZZOLAN 1937

Fig. 1 (i) — 8 Minutes grinding 19 Fig. 1 (j) — 15 Minutes Grinding 19

Fig. 1(k) — 30 Minutes Grinding 19 Fig. 1(l) — 60 Minutes Grinding 19

Fig. 1 (m) — 120 Minutes Grinding19
Fig. 1 — Typical SEM Images
in molten state16. Figure 1g has shown that the porous
structure of SCBA17.
Irregular shaped particles are observed in Figure 1h,
suggesting that the combustion temperature reached
in the burning process did not produce the melting of
inorganic matter18. This shows factor that the SCBA
still need some high burning temperature to remove
air bubbles and inorganic minerals.
On other hand to improve pozzolanic reactivity and
also to reduce size below 5μm, mechanical grinding
techniques are adopted. Figure 1i to 1n show that the
Fig. 1 (n) — 240 Minutes Grinding19
morphology of the SCBA with different grinding
time. The grinding process did not change
significantly the particle shape after 120 min19. Apart
from this, some points observed are
 SCBA can be made as regular shape pozzolan
 SCBA particles has rough surface
 Initial grinding up-to two hours helpful for
improving the microstructure of SCBA as
pozzolan
 Increase the grinding time will increase the
specific surface area of SCBA
1938 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2018
X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy
X ray beam interacts with planes of atoms of
SCBA, part of the beam is transmitted, part is
absorbed by the sample, part is refracted and
scattered, and part is diffracted at well-defined angles.
Every crystalline phase has its own diffraction angle.
Figure 2a, describes that the presence of an
amorphous silica structure with small quantities of
crystal phases such as quartz and cristobalite are
present in SCBA18, 20, 21 & 22. Figure 2b represents the
predominance of silica as cristobalite and quartz.
This high content of quartz is ultimately due to
sand adhered to the sugarcane and that is harvested
along with it 19 & 23. Figure 2c shows that the initially
ash contains cristobalite as main crystalline cubic
compound, followed by tridymite. Traces of
potassium magnesium silicate were also detected24 &
25
. The patterns presented in Figure 2d indicates the
variation of crystallinity of silica, is dependent on
temperature of burning of dry bagasse and when
Fig. 2 (a) — Cristobalites and amorphous structures at
angles between 18 to 60 (2Ɵ) of SCBA 64
Fig. 2 (c) — Cristobalites and amorphous structures at angles
between 21 to 46 (2Ɵ) 25
Fig. 2 — XRD Images of SCBA
temperature increased beyond 800°C, some sharp and
intense peak starts to shows up on the top of
amorphous background as detected26.
This formation of cristobalite is due to
recrystallization process taking place in SCBA at high
temperature from crystalline silica to amorphous
form. Most of researchers found that the phase
variation is between 15 to 35° (2Ɵ), which shows that
the presence of minerals in amorphous manner in
which some specific observations include
 The material essentially consists of an amorphous
silica
 Other minerals also found are phosphate, un-burn
carbon, magnesium and oxides
 Variation of crystallinity as function of
temperature and grinding time is observed
 The burning of SCBA above 600°C will increase
the specific surface area
 SCBA burned above 900°C, SCBA is converted
into crystalline form which is difficult to react
Fig. 2(b) — Cristobalites and amorphous structures at angles
between 20 to 56 (2Ɵ) 18
Fig. 2 (d) — Cristobalite and amorphous structures as function of
temperature and at angels between 20 to 30 (2Ɵ) 66
 JAGADESH et al.: SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS POZZOLAN
 The volatile compounds are removed when it is
burned once again and micro structure properties
are improved with in certain degree of burning
Particle Size Distribution of SCBA
Now-a-days only the researchers are focus on
particle size distribution of SCM’s like SCBA, because
it will be directly related to physical and chemical
properties of pozzolan. The SCBA particles that are
dumped in an open area shows larger diameter size
compared to lime and OPC27 as shown in Figure 3a.
So, raw SCBA has a large particle size and a high
porosity, so it needs more water content in the concrete
mixture and thus results in a lower compressive
strength of concrete. It is found that the, particle size of
SCBA is 4.6 times greater than that of the OPC particle
size. The original SCBA can be reduced to 56.5%
smaller by grinding, which is less than OPC particle
size and the fraction of particles retained on a 45-µm
sieve was 2.8%28 this is shown in Figure 3b.
It is also observed that the particle size of SCBA is
decreasing with the burning temperature23 as shown in
Fig. 3 (a) — Two gradations in SCBA61
Fig. 3 (c) — Gradation of different burning temperature of SCBA21
Fig. 3 — Particle size distribution of SCBA
1939
Figure 3c, on other study it is observed that particle
size depends on the grinding time of SCBA20 as
shown in Figure 3d. The results also indicate that after
60 minutes of grinding there is no significant
reduction in the particle size since the vibratory mill
was not efficient enough to ground the residual ash to
size smaller than 0.3µm. This happens because sub-
micron particles are naturally more resistant and tend
to deform plastically instead of breaking in smaller
sizes. The other observations made are
 The temperature at which SCBA burnt is
responsible for particle size of SCBA
 SCBA particles can be available at any required
particle size based on grinding time
 SCBA specific surface is increased rapidly with
respect to grinding then burning of SCBA.
Chemical Properties of SCBA
It is not clear if the advantageous use of SCBA is
due to physical or chemical effects. This difficulty is
partially due to the fact that both effects are coupled
to influence the results from most commonly used
Fig. 3 (b) — Gradation of different types of SCBA33
Fig. 3 (d) — Gradation of different timing grinded SCBA19
1940 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2018

evaluation methods. For instance, if the particle size  SCBA as N pozzolan

distribution of the SCBA is refined it can increase the  Less MgO, means less expansion of blended
packing density of the mixture as well as the chemical cements
reactivity of the ash due to the increase in the specific
surface area29. Table 2 shows the chemical Physical Properties of SCBA
compositions of SCBA ashes observed by most of The chemical properties are related to the hydration
researchers. of cement compound, Ca(OH)2, CSH compound and
The main oxide present in SCBA is silica (SiO2) formation of other compounds. However, the physical
with 70% of total mass that react with free lime from properties are clearly associated with the particle
cement hydration and made a CSH compound which packing density; voids in the mixtures and the
directly contributes to the mechanical properties of fineness of particle are associated with specific
concrete. But only un-crystal silica oxide i.e., surface area which will increase the reactivity spot of
amorphous silica has a reactive property. From particle. Mechanical properties of blended concrete
Table.2, it can be notified that the sum of the associated with the physical properties of the SCBA,
proportions of SiO2, Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and so it is necessary to investigated in this review will
Fe2O3 is well below 70, and sum of proportions of include the specific surface area, particle size of
Sodium Hydroxide (Na2O) is less than 1.5%, and ashes, ashes retained on sieve number 325 as particle
sulphur tri oxide (SO3) is below 2 and LOI is less than size 45µm, density and specific gravity as shown in
4%. Based on the review, SCBA can be classified as Tables 3. As per requirement, the particle retained on
Class N type pozzolan30 & 31. LOI value is high means sieve number 325 must be maximum35 but from
the suitable engineering properties of material is not Table 4, it can be noted that, the size of particle can
yet reached, it still needed more temperature to form be vary based on the requirement.
required shape and size of material32, the selection of From Table.4, it can be observed that the particle
LOI could have a direct influence on the performance size of SCBA is large 107.8µm but it can be reduced
of the blended cement matrices and the values of LOI below the particle size of OPC, which will increase
decrease with increasing the burning temperatures33 & 21. the specific surface area, which will make SCBA to
Apart from that, the following observations can be react easily. The micro and macro courses present in
made. the concrete were completely filled; voids in hydrate
 Decrease of LOI value increases the reactivity of cement pastes are reduced by finer particles, thus
SCBA making them almost impermeable even at earlier age.
Table 2 — Chemical Composition of SCBA
SiO2 (A) Al2O3 (B) Fe2O3 (C) CaO MgO K 2O Na2O SO3 LOI A+B+C References
59.3 4.7 3.1 10.5 1.3 - - 0.1 19.6 67.7 10
65.0 4.8 0.9 3.9 - 2.0 - 0.9 10.5 70.7 27
65.3 6.9 3.7 4.0 1.1 2.0 0.3 - 15.3 75.9 19
64.2 9.1 5.5 8.2 2.9 1.4 0.9 - 4.9 78.7 9
78.3 8.6 3.6 2.2 1.7 3.5 0.1 - 0.4 90.5 19
87.4 3.6 4.9 2.7 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 8.3 95.9 41
Abbreviation; SiO2 – Silicon di oxide, Al2O3 – Aluminium di oxide., Fe2O3 – Ferrous oxide, CaO – Calcium Oxide, K2O – Potassium
oxide, Na2O – Sodium oxide, SO3 – Sulphate tri oxide and LOI – Loss on Ignition.

Table 3 — Physical properties of SCBA

Median particle size Retained on Sieve No.325 (45µm) Specific Gravity Density Blaine fineness References
µm % Kg/m3 m2/kg
5.1 95 1.8 400 900 41
5.4 99 1.1 590 943 9
5.6 42 2.27 - - 10
16.6 25 - 2240 1250 27
76.3 65.4 - 2530 196 19
107.8 - 2.35 - 610 62
 JAGADESH et al.: SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS POZZOLAN 1941

When particle size is reduced means, the chemical concrete, certain percentage of SCBA replacement
reactive surface area will increase, which makes them with cement should improves the slump level. This
to increase the packing density of concrete by filling behavior clearly shows that the SCBA can be used as
the pores. Apart from that, the following observations modifying SCM in terms workability and flowabilty.
can be made. These admixtures also enhance the properties of
mortar or concrete. In some cases, a boost in early
 SCBA particles can be reduced to below OPC strength becomes apparent, while in others, an
 SCBA can be used as filler material increase in late strength35 & 24. Some other
 Specific gravity of SCBA value increases with observations are
decrease in SCBA particle sizes in most of cases  Admixture quantity increase with increase in
 The density of SCBA decreases with decrease in percentage of SCBA replacement
particle size of SCBA  Increase in admixture quantity will decrease the
 Surface area of SCBA increase with decrease in water cement ratio
particle size of SCBA  Increase in admixture with increase in SCBA
replacement percentage will decrease slump level
Fresh Properties of SCBA Blended Concrete
On Table.4, observed that the increase in Strength Properties of SCBA Blended Concrete
percentage of SCBA will decrease the slump level for Cylinder Split Tensile Strength
SCBA blended concrete. When SCBA proportion was The split tensile strength values of SCBA blended
increased means, the blended concrete needed more concretes after 28 days of curing are shown in Figure. 4.
admixtures i.e., more superplasticizer34 for the It can be clearly seen that split tensile strength will
workability. It is also observed that for lower w/c increases from 5% to 20% of SCBA9. Majority of
ratio, an amount of admixtures needed is more when other researchers found that there is rapid decreasing
compared to that of the higher w/c ratio. And also, for of split tensile strength for SCBA blended concrete.
increasing the slump level of conventional or control Other observations observed from Figure 4 are
Table 4 — Workability of SCBA blended concrete  5% SCBA replacement shows higher split tensile
% of W/C Superplasticizer Slump References strength in most of cases
replacement (7%)  15% SCBA replacement shows high strength than
mm control concrete in few case
0 0.3 7.5 210
10 0.3 6.0 220 Cube Compressive Strength
27
20 0.3 10.0 210 Cube Compressive strength is the critical parameter
30 0.3 19.5 210 drives the design process and can influence the cost of
0 0.5 - 150 a structure, as well as a project. For compressive
10 0.5 3.15 160 strength at 7 days, the increase in percentage of
33
20 0.5 5.25 180 strength is observed up-to 20% SCBA blended
30 0.5 7.25 190
0 0.53 - 98
5 0.53 - 106
10 0.53 - 115
15 0.53 - 91 9
20 0.53 - 81
25 0.53 - 74
30 0.53 - 64
0 0.48 - 60
5 0.48 - 187
10 0.48 - 200
4
15 0.48 - 220
20 0.48 - 225
25 0.48 - 230 Fig. 4 — Split Tensile Strength of SCBA blended concrete
1942 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2018
concrete and after that it starts decreasing, this
because at initial stage there is more amount of
Ca(OH)2 is available for reaction with SiO2, which
influence the formation of CSH. Figure 5, the 30% of
SCBA replacement shows cube compressive strength
nearer to the control concrete. But from Figure 6, it is
observed that the compressive strength for 10% to
20% of SCBA blended concrete is increased this is
because due to proper portion of SiO2 from SCBA
and Ca(OH)2 the by-product of hydration reaction
between lime (CaO) and water to become CSH
compound from the pozzolanic reaction. And after
that it is decreased due to either unavailability or low
reactivity of SiO2 with remaining amount of Ca(OH)2
obtained in hydration reaction process. From both
Figure 5 and Figure 6, it is observed that the 30% of
SCBA replacement shows higher compressive
strength then control concrete.
Durability Properties of SCBA Blended Concrete
If SCM’s are used, reactive silica present in these
materials react with Ca(OH)2 and produce additional
CSH gel which has improved pore structure, pore
Fig. 5 — Cube Compressive Strength of SCBA blended concrete
at 7 days
Fig. 6 — Cube Compressive Strength of SCBA blended concrete at
28 days
connectivity and interfacial transition zone of
concrete improving durability properties20. Hence, it is
necessary to understand the effect of durability studies
on SCBA blended concrete are need to be discussed for
marine environmental conditions.
Sulfate based durability
If CaO and Al2O3 contents in SCBA is increased, it
combines to form Tri Calcium Silicate (C3A) that is
vulnerable to sulfate attacks31. If the content of Fe2O3
is high and Al2O3 is low, then the resistance to sulfate
attacks is increased also on low LOI increases the
sulfate resistance 36, 37, 38 & 39. In most of case form
Table.2, the Al2O3 is more, the formation of C3A is
more frequent but it can be controllable by decreasing
LOI value.
Chloride based durability
The total charge (coulombs) passing through
bagasse ash-blended concrete specimens decreases
with the increase in bagasse ash content up to 25%. At
30%, there is an increase in total charge passing
through specimen; however, the value is less than that
of control for 28 and 90 days cured specimens40 & 41.
Replacement of OPC with SCBA remarkably enhanced
resistance of concrete also considerable reduction in
electrical conductance was observed42 as depicted in
Figure 7. The resistance to chloride attacks increases
with increase in replacement ratio of SCBA for SCBA
blended concrete mixes can be attributed to a
combination of many factors, the primary factors are:
(a) The conductivity pore solution (CaOH) is reduced
by using it in pozzolanic reaction with silica from
SCM’s (b) From the result of pozzolanic reaction, there
is an improvement in pore structure by lowering of
pore connectivity, increases the density of SCBA
blended concrete43 and (c) pore refinement of SCBA
blended concrete.
Electrical conductivity-based durability
There is inverse relationship exists between
electrical surface resistivity and ion penetrability44.
Higher surface resistivity was observed for all
concrete specimens at 56 days, but the enhancement
in resistivity was significantly greater for the 15%
and 25% SCBA replaced concretes43. This is
clearly an evidence for enhancement in the pore
structure, reduction in the permeability of cover
concrete as well as that of lowering the risk of
corrosion.
 JAGADESH et al.: SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS POZZOLAN
Conclusions
A comprehensive review of literature on SCBA
properties as pozzolan has been carried out. SEM
results shows that SCBA are porous in nature and
having irregular shape typical for morphology of
fibres. SCBA also retains air bubbles, indicates that
they are in molten state, which suggesting that
combustion temperature reached in burning process
did not produce the melting of volatile matter. So, that
spherical shaped particle can be obtained either at
high combustion temperature or higher grinding time.
Quantitate confirmation of SEM is done by using
XRD in order to identify the crystalline phases of
SCBA. Most of researchers found that the phase
relation of Brag’s angle is 15° to 35° (2Ɵ) is
observed. The vitreous phase indicates that SCBA are
in amorphous state and small quantities of quartz, un-
burn carbon and iron oxides are identified with
predominance of silica as cristobalite form. To
confirm the results from SEM, the presence of
cristobalite indicates that 800°C temperature is
required for conversion of silica to reactive silica
form. The reactivity nature of SCBA is determined by
using particle size distribution curve which shows that
the mean particle size is helpful for increasing the
packing density of concrete. SCBA is classified as N
type pozzolan31 based on chemical properties only.
Having large amount of silica, SCBA exhibits
excellent pozzolanic property. From physical
properties it is noted that the size of SCBA are
actually obtained from dump yard has approximately
2 to 4 times particle size of OPC but it can be reduced
by various techniques. The density of SCBA is
decreases with decreasing particle size of it, so that it
can be used as filler material.
In reality, incorporation of SCBA both in cement
and concrete contributes to perform dual roles: fulfills
the demand of cement in concrete industry and
improves the mechanical properties of concrete. From
properties of SCBA, it can be used as SCM. SCMs
replace cement, the strength is reduced at first, but as
time proceeds, this gap is gradually eliminated and the
strength becomes higher than that of the control
concrete. Fresh concrete properties are also
confirming SCBA increase the workability of blended
concrete. Based on the past research results, it is
concluded that the strength development of concrete
containing a particular level of SCBA replacement is
the same or higher as compared to OPC concrete at
later age. Most of researchers found out that the
1943
optimum level of cement replacement is between 10%
- 20% of SCBA by various techniques. As whole,
SCBA can be used as pozzolan in concrete based on
its hardened and durability properties.
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