CH 12

P12.
1 A 25-mm-diameter solid shaft is

subjected to both a torque of T = 150 N-m and
an axial tension load of P = 13 kN, as shown
in Figure P12.1. Determine the normal and
shear stresses at point H and show them on a
stress element.
FIGURE P12.1
Solution
Section properties:

A (25 mm)2  490.874 mm2
4

J (25 mm)4  38,349.520 mm4
32
Normal and shear stress magnitudes:
P 13,000 N
   26.483 MPa (T)
A 490.874 mm2
Tc (150 N-m)(25 mm / 2)
   48.892 MPa (sense of shear stress determined by inspection)
J 38,349.520 mm4
Summary of stresses at H:
 x  26.5 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  48.9 MPa Ans.
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P12.2 A hollow shaft with an outside diameter
of 142 mm and an inside diameter of 128 mm is
subjected to both a torque of T = 7 kN-m and an
axial tension load of P = 90 kN, as shown in
Figure P12.2. Determine the normal and shear
stresses at point H and show them on a stress
element.
FIGURE P12.2
Solution
Section properties:

A (142 mm)2  (128 mm)2   2,968.805 mm2
4

J (142 mm)4  (128 mm)4   13,562,985 mm4
32
P (90 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
   30.315 MPa (T)
A 2,968.805 mm2
Tc (7 kN-m)(142 mm / 2)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
   36.644 MPa
J 13,562,985 mm4
(sense of shear stress determined by inspection)
 x  30.3 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  36.6 MPa Ans.
P12.3 A solid compound shaft consists of
segment (1), which has a diameter of 1.5 in.,
and segment (2), which has a diameter of 1.0 in.
The shaft is subjected to an axial compression
load of P = 7 kips and torques TB = 5 kip-in. and
TC = 1.5 kip-in., which act in the directions
shown in Figure P12.3. Determine the normal
and shear stresses at (a) point H and (b) point K.
For each point, show the stresses on a stress FIGURE P12.3
element.
Solution
Equilibrium:
M x  T1  5 kip-in.  1.5 kip-in.  0 T1  3.5 kip-in.
M x  T2  1.5 kip-in.  0 T2  1.5 kip-in.
Section properties:
 
A1  (1.50 in.)2  1.767146 in.2 J1  (1.50 in.) 4  0.497010 in.4
4 32
 
A2  (1.00 in.)2  0.785398 in.2 J2  (1.00 in.) 4  0.098175 in.4
4 32

F 7 kips T c (3.5 kip-in.)(1.50 in. / 2)
1  1  2
 3.961 ksi (C) 1  1 1   5.282 ksi
A1 1.767146 in. J1 0.497010 in.4
F 7 kips Tc (1.5 kip-in.)(1.00 in. / 2)
2  2  2
 8.913 ksi (C) 2  2 2   7.639 ksi
A2 0.785398 in. J2 0.098175 in.4
(sense of shear stresses to be determined by inspection)
Stress elements for points H and K are shown below.
 x  3.96 ksi
 y  0 ksi
 xy  5.28 ksi Ans.
Summary of stresses at K:
 x  8.91 ksi
 y  0 ksi
 xy  7.64 ksi Ans.
P12.4 A solid compound shaft consists of
segment (1), which has a diameter of 40 mm,
and segment (2), which has a diameter of 25
mm. The shaft is subjected to an axial
compression load of P = 22 kN and torques TB =
725 N-m and TC = 175 N-m, which act in the
directions shown in Figure P12.4. Determine the
normal and shear stresses at (a) point H and (b)
point K. For each point, show the stresses on a FIGURE P12.4
stress element.
Solution
Equilibrium:
M x  T1  725 N-m  175 N-m  0 T1  550 N-m
M x  T2  175 N-m  0 T2  175 N-m
Section properties:
 
A1  (40 mm)2  1,256.637 mm2 J1  (40 mm) 4  251,327.412 mm 4
4 32
 
A2  (25 mm)2  490.874 mm2 J2  (25 mm) 4  38,349.520 mm 4
4 32

F ( 22 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
1  1   17.507 MPa (C)
A1 1,256.637 mm 2
T1c1 (550 N-m)(40 mm / 2)(1,000 mm/m)
1    43.768 MPa
J1 251,327.412 mm 4
F2 ( 22 kN)(1,000 N/kN)

2    44.818 MPa (C)
A2 490.874 mm2
T2c2 (175 N-m)(25 mm / 2)(1,000 mm/m)
2    57.041 MPa
J2 38,349.520 mm 4
(sense of shear stresses to be determined by inspection)
Stress elements for points H and K are shown below.
 x  17.51 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  43.8 MPa Ans.
 x  44.8 MPa
 y  0 MPa
P12.5 A tee-shaped flexural member (Figure P12.5b) is subjected to an internal axial force of 2,200 lb,
an internal shear force of 1,600 lb, and an internal bending moment of 4,000 lb-ft, as shown in Figure
P12.5a. Determine the normal and shear stresses at point H, which is located 1.5 in. below the top
surface of the tee shape. Show these stresses on a stress element.
FIGURE P12.5a FIGURE P12.5b
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of tee shape)
yi
Shape Width b Height h Area Ai (from bottom) yi Ai
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.) (in.3)
top flange 6 1 6.000 6.500 39.000
stem 1 6 6.000 3.000 18.000
2
12.000 in. 57.000 in.3
yi Ai 57.0 in.3
y   4.750 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of stem)
Ai 12.0 in.2
Moment of inertia about the z axis: (i.e., horizontal axis)

Shape IC d = yi – y d²A IC + d²A
4
(in. ) (in.) (in.4) (in.4)
top flange 0.500 1.750 18.375 18.875
stem 18.000 −1.750 18.375 36.375
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) = 55.250
Axial stress at point H:

F 2,200 lb
x    183.333 psi
A 12.00 in.2
Bending stress at point H: (y = 7.00 in. − 4.75 in. − 1.50 in. = 0.75 in.)
My (4,000 lb-ft)(0.75 in.)(12 in./ft)
x     651.584 psi
Iz 55.250 in.4
Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point H:

Q  (6 in.)(1 in.)(1.75 in.)  (1 in.)(0.50 in.)(1.0 in.)  11.000 in.3
VQ (1,600 lb)(11.000 in.3 )
   318.552 psi (Note: Sense to be determined by inspection)
It (55.250 in.4 )(1 in.)
 x  468 psi
 y  0 psi
 xy  319 psi Ans.
P12.6 A flanged-shaped flexural member is subjected to an internal axial force of 12.7 kN, an internal
shear force of 9.4 kN, and an internal bending moment of 1.6 kN-m, as shown Figure P12.6a. Determine
the normal and shear stresses at points H and K, as shown Figure P12.6b. For each point, show these
stresses on a stress element.
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
(mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm3)
top flange 35 6 210.0 62.0 13,020.0
web 6 53 318.0 32.5 10,335.0
bottom flange 50 6 300.0 3.0 900.0
2
828 mm 24,255 mm3
yi Ai 24, 255.0 mm3

y   29.293 mm (measured upward from bottom edge of bottom flange)
Ai 828 mm2

4
(mm ) (mm) (mm4) (mm4)
top flange 630.000 32.707 224,640.478 225,270.478
web 74,438.500 3.207 3,269.607 77,708.107
bottom flange 900.000 −26.293 207,404.100 208,304.100
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) = 511,282.685

F 12,700 N
x    15.338 MPa
A 828 mm2
Bending stress at point H: (y = 65 mm − 15 mm − 29.293 mm = 20.707 mm)

My ( 1.600 kN-m)(20.707 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
x     64.799 MPa
Iz 511,282.685 mm4

Q  (35 mm)(6 mm)(32.707 mm)  (6 mm)(9 mm)(25.207 mm)  8, 229.522 mm3
VQ (9,400 N)(8,229.522 mm3 )
   25.217 MPa (Sense to be determined by inspection)
It (511.282.685 mm4 )(6 mm)
 x  80.1 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  25.2 MPa Ans.
Axial stress at point K:

F 12,700 N
x    15.338 MPa
A 828 mm2
Bending stress at point K: (y = 15 mm − 29.293 mm = −14.293 mm)

My ( 1.600 kN-m)(  14.293 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
x     44.730 MPa
Iz 511,282.685 mm4
Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point K:

Q  (50 mm)(6 mm)(26.293 mm)  (6 mm)(9 mm)(18.793 mm)  8,902.891 mm3
VQ (9,400 N)(8,902.891 mm3 )
   27.280 MPa (Sense to be determined by inspection)
I t (511,282.685 mm4 )(6 mm)
 x  29.4 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  27.3 MPa Ans.
P12.7 A flanged-shaped flexural member is subjected to an internal axial force of 6,300 lb, an internal
shear force of 8,500 lb, and an internal bending moment of 18,200 lb-ft, as shown in Figure P12.7a.
Determine the normal and shear stresses at points H and K, as shown Figure P12.7b. Show these stresses
on a stress element for each point.
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
2
(in.) (in.) (in. ) (in.) (in.3)
top flange 5 1 5.000 8.500 42.500
web 1 7 7.000 4.500 31.500
bottom flange 8 1 8.000 0.500 4.000
2
20 in. 78.000 in.3
yi Ai 78.000 in.3
y   3.900 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of bottom flange)
Ai 20.000 in.2
4
(in. ) (in.) (in.4) (in.4)
top flange 0.417 4.600 105.800 106.217
web 28.583 0.600 2.520 31.103
bottom flange 0.667 −3.400 92.480 93.147

F 6,300 lb
x    315.000 psi
A 20 in.2
Bending stress at point H: (y = 9 in. − 2.000 in. − 3.900 in. = 3.100 in.)
My ( 18,200 lb-ft)(3.100 in.)(12 in./ft)
x     2,937.692 psi
Iz 230.466667 in.4

Q  (5 in.)(1 in.)(4.600 in.)  (1 in.)(1 in.)(3.600 in.)  26.600 in.3
VQ (8,500 lb)(26.600 in.3 )
   981.053 psi (Sense to be determined by inspection)
I t (230.466667 in.4 )(1 in.)
 x  3, 250 psi
 y  0 psi
 xy  981 psi Ans.
Axial stress at point K:

F 6,300 lb
x    315.000 psi
A 20 in.2
Bending stress at point K: (y = 2 in. − 3.900 in. = −1.900 in.)

My ( 18,200 lb-ft)(  1.900 in.)(12 in./ft)
x     1,800.521 psi
Iz 230.466667 in.4

Q  (8 in.)(1 in.)(3.400 in.)  (1 in.)(1 in.)(2.400 in.)  29.600 in.3
VQ (8,500 lb)(29.600 in.3 )
   1,091.698 psi (Sense to be determined by inspection)
I t (230.466667 in.4 )(1 in.)
 x  1, 486 psi
 y  0 psi
 xy  1,092 psi Ans.
P12.8 A hollow structural steel flexural member (Figure
P12.8b) is subjected to the load shown in Figure P12.8a.
Determine the normal and shear stresses at points H and K, as
shown Figure P12.8b. Show these stresses on a stress element
for each point.
FIGURE P12.8b FIGURE P12.8a
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
4
(in. ) (in.) (in.4) (in.4)
outer rectangle 170.667 0.000 0.000 170.667
inner rectangle −123.047 0.000 0.000 −123.047
Bending stress at point H:

(325 kip-in.)(2.00 in.)
y   13.650 ksi (tension, by inspection)
47.620 in.4

Q  (4 in.)(0.25 in.)(3.875 in.)  2(0.25 in.)(1.750 in.)(2.875 in.)  6.391 in.3
VQ (13 kips)(6.391 in.3 )
   3.489 ksi (Note: Sense to be determined by inspection)
I t (47.620 in.4 )(2)(0.250 in.)
 x  0 ksi
 y  13.65 ksi
Bending stress at point K:

(325 kip-in.)(1.50 in.)
y   10.237 ksi (compression, by inspection)
47.620 in.4
Q  (4 in.)(0.25 in.)(3.875 in.)  2(0.25 in.)(2.250 in.)(2.625 in.)  6.828 in.3
VQ (13 kips)(6.828 in.3 )
   3.728 ksi (Note: Sense to be determined by inspection)
I t (47.620 in.4 )(2)(0.250 in.)
 x  0 ksi
 y  10.24 ksi
P12.9 A machine component is subjected to a load of
4,700 N. Determine the normal and shear stresses
acting at point H, as shown on Figs. P12.9a and
P12.9b. Show these stresses on a stress element.
FIGURE P12.9b FIGURE P12.9a
Solution
Section properties:
A  (12 mm)(18 mm)  216 mm 2

(12 mm)(18 mm)3  5 mm 
Iz   5,832 mm 4 QH  (12 mm)(5 mm)  9 mm    390 mm
3
12  2 
Internal forces at H:
Fx  VH  (4,700 N)cos 40  0
VH  3,600.409 N
Fy   FH  (4,700 N)sin 40  0
 FH  3,021.102 N
M  M H  (4,700 N)(50 mm)cos 40
 (4,700 N)(25 mm)sin 40  0
 M H  104, 492.9 N-mm
Axial stress at H:
3,021.102 N
 axial   13.987 MPa (T)
216 mm2
Shear stress at H:
(3,600.409 N)(390 mm3 )
H   20.064 MPa
(5,832 mm4 )(12 mm)
Bending stress at H:
(104,492.9 N-mm)(4 mm)
 bend   71.669 MPa (C)
5,832 mm4
(by inspection)
 x  0 MPa
 y  13.987 MPa  71.669 MPa  57.7 MPa
P12.10 A load of 6,100 N acts on the machine part shown in Figure P12.10a. The machine part has a
uniform thickness of 15 mm (i.e., 15-mm thickness in the z direction). Determine the normal and shear
stresses acting at points H and K, which are shown in detail in Figure P12.10b. For each point, show
these stresses on a stress element.
FIGURE P12.10a FIGURE P12.10b Detail at pin A
Solution
Section properties:
(15 mm)(40 mm)3
A  (15 mm)(40 mm)  600 mm 2
Iz   80,000 mm 4
12
Equilibrium:
Fx  Ax  FBC  (6,100 N)cos 40  0
Fy  Ay  (6,100 N)sin 40  0
M A  (6,100 N)(185 mm)sin 40
 FBC (90 mm)  0
FBC  8,059.842 N
Ax  3,386.971 N Ay  3,921.004 N
Fx   FH  (6,100 N)cos 40  0  FH  4,672.871 N
Fy  VH  (6,100 N)sin 40  0 VH  3,921.004 N
M H   M H  (6,100 N)(135 mm)sin 40  0
 M H  529,335.597 N-mm
Axial stress at H:
4,672.871 N
 axial   7.788 MPa (T)
600 mm2
Shear stress at H:
QH  (15 mm)(10 mm)(20 mm  5 mm)  2, 250 mm3
(3,921.004 N)(2,250 mm3 )
H   7.352 MPa
(80,000 mm 4 )(15 mm)
(529,335.597 N-mm)(10 mm)
 bend   66.167 MPa (C) (by inspection)
80,000 mm4
 x  7.788 MPa  66.167 MPa  58.4 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  7.35 MPa
Internal forces at K:
Fx   FBC  VK  0 VK  8,059.842 N
Fy  FK  0
M K  M K  FBC (40 mm)  0  M K  322,393.697 N-mm
Axial stress at K:
 axial  0 MPa
Shear stress at K:
QK  (15 mm)(15 mm)(20 mm  7.5 mm)  2,812.5 mm3
(8,059.842 N)(2,812.5 mm3 )
K   18.890 MPa
(80,000 mm4 )(15 mm)
Bending stress at K:
(322,393.697 N-mm)(5 mm)
 bend   20.150 MPa (T) (by inspection)
80,000 mm4
 x  0 MPa
 y  0 MPa  20.150 MPa  20.2 MPa
 xy  18.89 MPa
P12.11 A load of 2,700 N acts on the machine part shown in Figure P12.11a. The machine part has a
uniform thickness of 12 mm (i.e., 12-mm thickness in the z direction). Determine the normal and shear
stresses acting at points H and K, which are shown in detail in Figure P12.11b. For each point, show
these stresses on a stress element.
FIGURE P12.11a FIGURE P12.11b Detail at pin B
Solution
Section properties:
A  (12 mm)(40 mm)  480 mm 2
(12 mm)(40 mm)3
Iz   64,000 mm 4
12
Equilibrium:
Fx  Bx  (2,700 N)cos30  0
Fy  Ay  By  (2,700 N)sin 30  0
M B  (2,700 N)(125 mm)cos30  Ay (185 mm)  0
Ay  1,579.911 N
Bx  2,338.269 N By  2,929.911 N
Fx  FH  0
Fy  Ay  VH  0 VH  1,579.911 N
M H  M H  Ay (135 mm)  0
 M H  213, 288.013 N-mm
Axial stress at H:
 axial  0 MPa
Shear stress at H:
QH  (12 mm)(12 mm)(20 mm  6 mm)  2,016 mm3
(1,579.911 N)(2,016 mm3 )
H   4.147 MPa
(64,000 mm 4 )(12 mm)
(213,288.013 N-mm)(8 mm)
 bend   26.661 MPa (T) (by inspection)
64,000 mm4
 x  0 MPa  26.661 MPa  26.7 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  4.15 MPa Ans.
Internal forces at K:
Fx  Bx  VK  0 VK  2,338.269 N
Fy  Ay  By  FK  0  FK  1,350 N
M K  M K  Ay (185 mm)  Bx (50 mm)  0
 M K  175,370.144 N-mm
Axial stress at K:
1,350 N
 axial   2.813 MPa (T)
480 mm2
Shear stress at K:
QK  (12 mm)(15 mm)(20 mm  7.5 mm)  2, 250 mm3
(2,338.269 N)(2, 250 mm3 )
K   6.850 MPa
(64,000 mm 4 )(12 mm)
Bending stress at K:
(175,370.144 N-mm)(5 mm)
 bend   13.701 MPa (C) (by inspection)
64,000 mm4
 x  0 MPa
 y  2.813 MPa  13.701 MPa  10.89 MPa
 xy  6.85 MPa Ans.
P12.12 A 2.5-in.-diameter solid aluminum post is
subjected to a horizontal force of V = 6 kips, a vertical
force of P = 15 kips, and a concentrated torque of T =
22 kip-in., acting in the directions shown in Figure
P12.12. Assume L = 4.5 in. Determine the normal and
shear stresses at (a) point H and (b) point K. For each
point, show these stresses on a stress element.
FIGURE P12.12
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (2.5 in.) 2  4.908739 in.2 J (2.5 in.) 4  3.834952 in.4
4 32
(2.5 in.)3 
Q  1.302083 in.3 Ix  Iz  (2.5 in.) 4  1.917476 in.4
12 64
Equivalent forces at H and K:

Fx  6 kips Fy  15 kips Fz  0 kips
M x  0 kip-in. M y  22 kip-in. M z  (6 kips)(4.5 in.)  27 kip-in.
Axial stress magnitude at H due to Fy:

15.000 kips
y   3.056 ksi
4.908739 in.2
Shear stress magnitude at H due to Fx:

(6.000 kips)(1.302083 in.3 )
 xy   1.630 ksi
(1.917476 in.4 )(2.5 in.)
Torsion shear stress magnitude at H due to My:

M c (22.000 kip-in.)(2.5 in./2)
 xy  y   7.171 ksi
J 3.834952 in.4
(a) Summary of stresses at H:
 x  0 ksi
 y  3.06 ksi
 xy  1.630 ksi  7.171 ksi  5.54 ksi Ans.
Axial stress magnitude at K due to Fy:

15.000 kips
y   3.056 ksi
4.908739 in.2
Bending stress magnitude at K due to Mz:

M x (27.000 kip-in.)(2.50 in./2)
y  z   17.601 ksi
Iz 1.917476 in.4
Shear stress magnitude at K due to My:

M c (22.000 kip-in.)(2.5 in./2)
 yz  y   7.171 ksi
J 3.834952 in.4
(b) Summary of stresses at K:

 z  0 ksi
 y  3.056 ksi  17.601 ksi  14.55 ksi
 yz  7.17 ksi Ans.
P12.13 A 60-mm-diameter solid aluminum post is
subjected to a horizontal force of V = 25 kN, a vertical
force of P = 70 kN, and a concentrated torque of T =
3.25 kN-m, acting in the directions shown in Figure
P12.13. Assume L = 90 mm. Determine the normal and
shear stresses at (a) point H and (b) point K. For each
point, show these stresses on a stress element.
FIGURE P12.13
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (60 mm) 2  2,827.433 mm 2 J (60 mm) 4  1,272,345 mm 4
4 32
(60 mm)3 
Q  18,000 mm3 Ix  Iz  (60 mm) 4  636,172.5 mm 4
12 64

Fx  25 kN Fy  70 kN Fz  0 kN
M x  0 kN-m M y  3.25 kN-m M z  (25 kN)(0.090 m)  2.25 kN-m
Axial stress magnitude at H due to Fy:

70,000 N
y   24.757 MPa
2,827.433 mm2
Shear stress magnitude at H due to Fx:

(25,000 N)(18,000 mm3 )
 xy   11.789 MPa
(636,172.5 mm4 )(60 mm)
Shear stress magnitude at H due to My:

M c (3.25  106 N-mm)(60 mm/2)
 xy  y   76.630 MPa
J 1,272,345 mm4
(a) Summary of stresses at H:
 x  0 MPa
 y  24.8 MPa
 xy  11.789 MPa  76.630 MPa
 64.841 MPa  64.8 MPa Ans.
Bending stress magnitude at K due to Mz:

M x (2.25  106 N-mm)(60 mm/2)
y  z   106.103 MPa
Iz 636,172.5 mm4
Shear stress magnitude at K due to My:

M c (3.25  106 N-mm)(60 mm/2)
 yz  y   76.630 MPa
J 1,272,345 mm4
(b) Summary of stresses at K:

 z  0 MPa
 y  24.757 MPa  106.103 MPa
 81.346 MPa  81.3 MPa
 yz  76.6 MPa Ans.
P12.14 A 1.25-in.-diameter solid shaft is subjected
to an axial force of P = 520 lb, a horizontal shear
force of V = 275 lb, and a concentrated torque of T
= 880 lb-in., acting in the directions shown in
Figure P12.14. Assume L = 7.0 in. Determine the
normal and shear stresses at (a) point H and (b)
point K. For each point, show these stresses on a
stress element.
FIGURE P12.14
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (1.25 in.) 2  1.227185 in.2 J (1.25 in.) 4  0.239684 in.4
4 32
(1.25 in.)3 
Q  0.162760 in.3 I y  Iz  (1.25 in.) 4  0.119842 in.4
12 64

Fx  520 lb
Fy  0 lb
Fz  275 lb
Equivalent moments at H and K:

M x  880 lb-in.
M y  (275 lb)(7 in.)  1,925 lb-in.
M z  0 lb-in.
Each of the non-zero forces and moments will be evaluated to

determine whether stresses are created at the point of interest.
(a) Consider point H.

Force Fx creates an axial stress at H. The magnitude of this normal stress is:
520 lb
x   423.734 psi
1.227185 in.2
Force Fz creates a transverse shear stress in the xz plane at H. The magnitude of this shear stress is:
(275 lb)(0.162760 in.3 )
 xz   298.787 psi
(0.119842 in.4 )(1.25 in.)
Moment Mx, which is a torque, creates a torsion shear stress in the xz plane at H. The magnitude of
this shear stress is:
M c (880 lb-in.)(1.25 in./2)
 xz  x   2,294.683 psi
J 0.239684 in.4
Moment My does not create bending stress at H because H is located on the neutral axis for bending
about the y axis.
 x  424 psi
 z  0 psi
 xz  298.787 psi  2, 294.683 psi  2,590 psi Ans.
(b) Consider point K.

Force Fx creates an axial stress at K. The magnitude of this normal stress is:
520 lb
x   423.734 psi
1.227185 in.2
Force Fz does not cause either a normal stress or a shear stress at K.
Moment Mx, which is a torque, creates a torsion shear stress in the xy plane at K. The magnitude of
M c (880 lb-in.)(1.25 in./2)
 xy  x   2,294.683 psi
J 0.239684 in.4
Moment My creates bending stress at K. The magnitude of this stress is:

M z (1,925 lb-in.)(1.25 in./2)
x  y   10,039.240 psi
Iy 0.119842 in.4
 x  423.734 psi  10,039.240 psi
 10, 460 psi
 y  0 psi
 xy  2, 290 psi Ans.
P12.15 A 30-mm-diameter solid shaft is subjected
to an axial force of P = 4,000 N, a horizontal shear
force of V = 2,200 N, and a concentrated torque of T
= 100 N-m, acting in the directions shown in Figure
P12.15. Assume L = 125 mm. Determine the normal
and shear stresses at (a) point H and (b) point K.
For each point, show these stresses on a stress
element.
FIGURE P12.15
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (30 mm) 2  706.858 mm 2 J (30 mm) 4  79,521.564 mm 4
4 32
(30 mm)3 
Q  2,250 mm3 Ix  Iz  (30 mm) 4  39,760.782 mm 4
12 64

Fx  4,000 N
Fy  0 N
Fz  2, 200 N

M x  100 N-m
M y  (2, 200 N)(0.125 m)  275 N-m
M z  0 N-m


4,000 N
x   5.659 MPa
706.858 mm2
Force Fz creates a transverse shear stress in the xz plane at H. The magnitude of this shear stress is:
(2,200 N)(2,250 mm3 )
 xz   4.150 MPa
(39,760.782 mm4 )(30 mm)
M c (100 N-m)(30 mm/2)(1,000 mm/m)
 xz  x   18.863 MPa
J 79,521.564 mm4
Moment My does not create bending stress at H because H is located on the neutral axis for bending
about the y axis.
 x  5.66 MPa
 z  0 MPa
 xz  4.150 MPa  18.863 MPa  23.0 MPa Ans.

4,000 N
x   5.659 MPa
706.858 mm2
Force Fz does not cause either a normal stress or a shear stress at K.
M c (100 N-m)(30 mm/2)(1,000 mm/m)
 xz  x   18.863 MPa
J 79,521.564 mm4
Moment My creates bending stress at K. The magnitude of this stress is:

M z (275 N-m)(30 mm/2)
x  y   103.745 MPa
Iy 39,750.782 mm4
 x  5.659 MPa  103.745 MPa
 109.4 MPa
 y  0 MPa
 xy  18.86 MPa Ans.
P12.16 A steel pipe with an outside diameter of 114
mm and an inside diameter of 102 mm supports the
loadings shown in Figure P12.16. Determine the
normal and shear stresses at (a) point H and (b) point
K. For each point, show these stresses on a stress
element.
FIGURE P12.16
Solution
Section properties:

A (114 mm) 2  (102 mm) 2   2,035.752 mm 2
4

J (114 mm) 4  (102 mm) 4   5,954,574.716 mm 4
32

I y  Iz  (114 mm) 4  (102 mm) 4   2,977,387.358 mm 4
64
1
Q (114 mm)3  (102 mm)3   35,028 mm3
12

Fx  20 kN  20,000 N
Fy  7.5 kN  7,500 N
Fz  0 kN  0 N

M x  5.20 kN-m  5.20  106 N-mm
M y  0 N-mm
M z  (7.50 kN)(400 mm)
 3,000 kN-mm  3.00  106 N-mm


20,000 N
x   9.824 MPa
2,035.752 mm2
Force Fy does not cause either a normal stress or a shear stress at H.
M c (5.20  106 N-mm)(114 mm/2)
 xz  x   49.777 MPa
J 5,954,574.716 mm4
Moment Mz creates bending stress at H. The magnitude of this stress is:

M z y (3.00  106 N-mm)(114 mm/2)
x    57.435 MPa
Iz 2,977,287.358 mm4
 x  9.824 MPa  57.435 MPa
 67.259 MPa  67.3 MPa
 z  0 MPa
 xz  49.8 MPa Ans.

20,000 N
x   9.824 MPa
2,035.752 mm2
Force Fy creates a transverse shear stress in the xy plane at K. The magnitude of this shear stress is:
(7,500 N)(38,028 mm3 )
 xy   7.353 MPa
(2,977,287.358 mm4 )  (114 mm)  (102 mm) 
M c (5.20  106 N-mm)(114 mm/2)
 xz  x   49.777 MPa
J 5,954,574.716 mm4
Moment Mz does not create bending stress at K because K is located on the neutral axis for bending
about the z axis.
 x  9.82 MPa
 z  0 MPa
 xy  7.353 MPa  49.777 MPa
 42.424 MPa  42.4 MPa Ans.
P12.17 The stresses shown in the figure act at a point in a stressed
body. Using the equilibrium equation approach, determine the
normal and shear stresses at this point on the inclined plane shown.
FIGURE P12.17
Solution
Fn   n dA  (245 MPa) cos 25(dA cos 25)  (115 MPa)sin 25( dA sin 25)  0
 n  221.78 MPa  222 MPa (T) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (245 MPa)sin 25(dA cos 25)  (115 MPa) cos 25( dA sin 25)  0
 nt  49.793 MPa  49.8 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.18
Solution
Fn   n dA  (2,000 psi)cos70(dA cos70)  (3,600 psi)sin 70( dA sin 70)  0
 n  2,944.924 psi  2,940 psi (T) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (2,000 psi)sin 70(dA cos70)  (3,600 psi)cos70( dA sin 70)  0

 nt  1,799.805 psi  1,800 psi Ans.
FIGURE P12.19
Solution
Fn   n dA  (75 MPa)cos 40(dA cos 40)  (210 MPa)sin 40(dA sin 40)  0
 n  42.755 MPa  42.8 MPa (C) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (75 MPa)sin 40(dA cos 40)  (210 MPa)cos 40( dAsin 40)  0
 nt  140.335 MPa  140.3 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.20
Solution
Fn   n dA  (14 ksi)cos55(dA cos55)  (27 ksi)sin 55(dA sin 55)  0
 n  22.723 ksi  22.7 ksi (C) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (14 ksi)sin 55(dA cos55)  (27 ksi)cos55(dAsin 55)  0

 nt  6.108 ksi  6.11 ksi Ans.
FIGURE P12.21
Solution
Fn   n dA  (185 MPa)cos30(dA cos30)
(110 MPa)sin 30(dA cos30)  (110 MPa)cos30(dA sin 30)  0
 n  234.013 MPa  234 MPa (T) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (185 MPa)sin 30(dA cos30)

(110 MPa)cos30( dA cos30)  (110 MPa)sin 30( dAsin 30)  0
 nt  25.107 MPa  25.1 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.22
Solution
Fn   n dA  (2,800 psi)cos55(dA cos55)  (1,200 psi)sin 55( dA sin 55)
 (800 psi)sin 55(dA cos55)  (800 psi)cos55(dA sin 55)  0
 n  974.630 psi  975 psi (T) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (2,800 psi)sin 55(dA cos55)  (1,200 psi)cos55( dA sin 55)

 (800 psi)cos55(dA cos55)  (800 psi)sin 55( dA sin 55)  0
 nt  478.138 psi  478 psi Ans.
FIGURE P12.23
Solution
Fn   n dA  (90 MPa)sin 75(dA sin 75)
 (42 MPa)sin 75(dA cos75)  (42 MPa)cos75( dA sin 75)  0
 n  62.971 MPa  63.0 MPa (T) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (90 MPa)cos75(dA sin 75)

(42 MPa)cos75(dA cos75)  (42 MPa)sin 75( dAsin 75)  0
 nt  58.873 MPa  58.9 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.24
Solution
Fn   n dA  (5.6 ksi)cos 25(dA cos 25)  (11.2 ksi)sin 25(dA sin 25)
(6.7 ksi)sin 25(dA cos 25)  (6.7 ksi)cos 25( dA sin 25)  0
 n  2.533 ksi  2.53 ksi (T) Ans.
Ft   nt dA  (5.6 ksi)sin 25(dA cos 25)  (11.2 ksi)cos 25(dA sin 25)
 (6.7 ksi)cos 25(dA cos 25)  (6.7 ksi)sin 25( dA sin 25)  0
 nt  10.741 ksi  10.74 ksi Ans.

body. Determine the normal and shear stresses at this point on the
inclined plane shown.
FIGURE P12.25
Solution
The given stress values are:
 x  6,500 psi,  y  2,700 psi,  xy  0 psi,   50
The normal stress transformation equation [Eq. (12.3)] gives n:

 n   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
 (6,500 psi)cos 2 (50)  (2,700 psi)sin 2 (50)  2(0 psi)sin(50)cos(50)
 4,270.068 psi  4,270 psi (T) Ans.
The shear stress transformation equation [Eq. (12.4)] gives nt:

 nt  ( x   y )sin  cos    xy (cos 2   sin 2  )
 [(6,500 psi)  (2,700 psi)]sin(50)cos(50)  (0 psi)[cos 2 (50)  sin 2 (50)]
 1,871.135 psi  1,871 psi Ans.
P12.26 The stresses shown in the figure act at a point in a
stressed body. Determine the normal and shear stresses at this
point on the inclined plane shown.
FIGURE P12.26
Solution
 x  40 MPa,  y  105 MPa,  xy  0 MPa,   65

 ( 40 MPa)cos 2 (65)  ( 105 MPa)sin 2 (65)  2(0 MPa)sin(65)cos(65)
 93.391 MPa  93.4 MPa (C) Ans.

 [( 40 MPa)  ( 105 MPa)]sin(65)cos(65)  (0 MPa)[cos 2 (65)  sin 2 (65)]
 24.896 MPa  24.9 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.27
Solution
 x  7.2 ksi,  y  13.6 ksi,  xy  0 ksi,   20

 ( 7.2 ksi)cos 2 ( 20)  (13.6 ksi)sin 2 ( 20)  2(0 ksi)sin( 20)cos(20)
 4.767 ksi  4.77 ksi (C) Ans.

 [( 7.2 ksi)  (13.6 ksi)]sin( 20)cos( 20)  (0 ksi)[cos 2 ( 20)  sin 2 ( 20)]
 6.685 ksi  6.69 ksi Ans.
FIGURE P12.28
Solution
 x  13,600 psi,  y  9,850 psi,  xy  0 psi,   60

 (13,600 psi)cos 2 ( 60)  ( 9,850 psi)sin 2 ( 60)  2(0 psi)sin( 60)cos(60)
 3,987.500 psi  3,990 psi (C) Ans.

 [(13,600 psi)  ( 9,850 psi)]sin( 60)cos( 60)  (0 psi)[cos 2 ( 60)  sin 2 ( 60)]
 10,154.148 psi  10,150 psi Ans.
FIGURE P12.29
Solution
 x  13 ksi,  y  9 ksi,  xy  14 ksi,   75

 ( 13 ksi)cos 2 (75)  (9 ksi)sin 2 (75)  2(14 ksi)sin(75)cos(75)
 14.526 ksi  14.53 ksi (T) Ans.

 [( 13 ksi)  (9 ksi)]sin(75)cos(75)  (14 ksi)[cos 2 (75)  sin 2 (75)]
 6.624 ksi  6.62 ksi Ans.
FIGURE P12.30
Solution
 x  115 MPa,  y  72 MPa,  xy  56 MPa,   25

 (115 MPa)cos 2 ( 25)  (72 MPa)sin 2 ( 25)  2( 56 MPa) sin( 25)cos( 25)
 150.218 MPa  150.2 MPa (T) Ans.

 [(115 MPa)  (72 MPa)]sin( 25)cos( 25)  ( 56 MPa)[cos 2 ( 25)  sin 2 ( 25)]
 19.526 MPa  19.53 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.31
Solution
 x  77 MPa,  y  32 MPa,  xy  44 MPa,   50

 (77 MPa)cos 2 (50)  ( 32 MPa)sin 2 (50)  2( 44 MPa)sin(50)cos(50)
 30.295 MPa  30.3 MPa (C) Ans.

 [(77 MPa)  ( 32 MPa)]sin(50)cos(50)  ( 44 MPa)[cos 2 (50)  sin 2 (50)]
 46.032 MPa  46.0 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.32
Solution
 x  2,885 psi,  y  1,305 psi,  xy  2,115 psi,   40

 ( 2,885 psi)cos 2 ( 40)  (1,305 psi)sin 2 ( 40)  2( 2,115 psi)sin( 40)cos( 40)
 929.075 psi  929 psi (T) Ans.

 [( 2,885 psi)  (1,305 psi)]sin( 40)cos( 40)  ( 2,115 psi)[cos 2 ( 40)  sin 2 ( 40)]
 2,430.438 psi  2,430 psi Ans.
FIGURE P12.33
Solution
 x  45 MPa,  y  86 MPa,  xy  58 MPa,   68.1986

 (45 MPa)cos 2 (68.1986)  ( 86 MPa)sin 2 (68.1986)
2(58 MPa)sin(68.1986)cos(68.1986)
 27.931 MPa  27.9 MPa (C) Ans.

 [(45 MPa)  ( 86 MPa)]sin(68.1986)cos(68.1986)
 (58 MPa)[cos 2 (68.1986)  sin 2 (68.1986)]
 87.172 MPa  87.2 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.34
Solution
 x  40 MPa,  y  120 MPa,  xy  70 MPa,   33.6901

 (40 MPa)cos 2 ( 33.6901)  (120 MPa)sin 2 ( 33.6901)
2( 70 MPa)sin( 33.6901)cos(33.6901)
 129.231 MPa  129.2 MPa (T) Ans.

 [(40 MPa)  (120 MPa)]sin( 33.6901)cos(33.6901)
 ( 70 MPa)[cos 2 ( 33.6901)  sin 2 ( 33.6901)]
 63.846 MPa  63.8 MPa Ans.
FIGURE P12.35
Solution
 x  8,400 psi,  y  3,100 psi,  xy  13,600 psi,   59.0362

 ( 8, 400 psi)cos 2 ( 59.0362)  (3,100 psi)sin 2 (59.0362)
2(13,600 psi)sin( 59.0362)cos(59.0362)
 16,502.941 psi  16,500 psi (C) Ans.

 [( 8, 400 psi)  ( 3,100 psi)]sin(59.0362)cos(59.0362)
 (13,600 psi)[cos 2 ( 59.0362)  sin 2 ( 59.0362)]
 8, 738.235 psi  8,740 psi Ans.
FIGURE P12.36
Solution
 x  8.3 ksi,  y  13.9 ksi,  xy  11.8 ksi,   38.6598

 ( 8.3)cos 2 (38.6598)  (13.9 ksi)sin 2 (38.6598)
2(11.8 ksi)sin(38.6598)cos(38.6598)
 11.876 ksi  11.88 ksi (T) Ans.

 [( 8.3 ksi)  (13.9 ksi)]sin(38.6598)cos(38.6598)
 (11.8 ksi)[cos 2 (38.6598)  sin 2 (38.6598)]
 13.420 ksi  13.42 ksi Ans.
P12.37 The stresses shown in Figure
P12.37a act at a point on the free surface of
a stressed body. Determine the normal
stresses n and t and the shear stress nt at
this point if they act on the rotated stress
element shown in Figure P12.37b.
(a) (b)
FIGURE P12.37
Solution
 x  86 MPa,  y  32 MPa,  xy  71 MPa,   36

 (86 MPa)cos 2 ( 36)  ( 32 MPa)sin 2 ( 36)  2( 71 MPa)sin( 36)cos( 36)
 112.757 MPa  112.8 MPa (T) Ans.
To find t, add 90° to the value of  used in Eq. (12.3):

 t   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
 (86 MPa)cos 2 ( 36  90)  ( 32 MPa)sin 2 ( 36  90)
2( 71 MPa)sin( 36  90)cos( 36  90)
 58.757 MPa  58.8 MPa (C) Ans.

 [(86 MPa)  ( 32 MPa)]sin( 36)cos( 36)  ( 71 MPa)[cos 2 ( 36)  sin 2 (36)]
 34.172 MPa  34.2 MPa Ans.
12.38 The stresses shown in Figure
P12.38a act at a point on the free surface
of a stressed body. Determine the normal
stresses n and t and the shear stress nt
at this point if they act on the rotated
stress element shown in Figure P12.38b.
(a) (b)
FIGURE P12.38
Solution
 x  2,900 psi,  y  1,100 psi,  xy  1,750 psi,   20

 (2,900 psi)cos 2 (20)  (1,100 psi)sin 2 (20)  2(1, 750 psi)sin(20)cos(20)
 3,814.318 psi  3,810 psi (T) Ans.
To find t, add 90° to the value of  used in Eq. (12.3):

 (2,900 psi)cos 2 (20  90)  (1,100 psi)sin 2 (20  90)
2(1,750 psi)sin(20  90)cos(20  90)
 (2,900 psi)cos 2 (110)  (1,100 psi)sin 2 (110)  2(1,750 psi)sin(110)cos(110)
 185.682 psi  185.7 psi (T) Ans.

 [(2,900 psi)  (1,100 psi)]sin(20)cos(20)  (1,750 psi)[cos 2 (20)  sin 2 (20)]
 762.069 psi  762 psi Ans.
P12.39 The stresses shown in Figure
P12.39 act at a point on the free
surface of a machine component.
Determine the normal stresses x and
y and the shear stress xy at the point.
FIGURE P12.39
Solution
Redefine the axes, calling the rotated axes x and y. The angle from the rotated element to the unrotated
element is now a positive value (since it is counterclockwise). Thus, the given stress values can be
expressed as:
 x  59 MPa,  y  48 MPa,  xy  82 MPa,   30
The normal stress transformation equation [Eq. (12.3)] gives n, which is actually the normal stress in
the horizontal direction (i.e., the original x direction) on the unrotated element:
 38.764 MPa  38.8 MPa (C) Ans.
To find t, which is actually the normal stress in the vertical direction (i.e., the original y direction) on
the unrotated element, add 90° to the value of  used in Eq. (12.3):
 t   x cos2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
 (59 MPa)cos 2 (30  90)  ( 48 MPa)sin 2 (30  90)  2( 82 MPa)sin(30  90)cos(30  90) 
 49.764 MPa  49.8 MPa (T) Ans.
The shear stress transformation equation [Eq. (12.4)] gives nt, which is actually the shear stress on the
horizontal and vertical faces of the unrotated element:
 [(59 MPa)  ( 48 MPa)]sin(30)cos(30)  ( 82 MPa)[cos 2 (30)  sin 2 (30)]
 87.332 MPa  87.3 MPa Ans.
12.40 The stresses shown in Figure P12.40 act at a
point on the free surface of a machine component.
Determine the normal stresses x and y and the
shear stress xy at the point.
FIGURE P12.40
Solution
Redefine the axes, calling the rotated axes x and y. The angle from the rotated element to the unrotated
element is now a negative value (since it is clockwise) . Thus, the given stress values can be expressed
as:
 x  19.1 ksi,  y  4.7 ksi,  xy  13.8 ksi,   24
The normal stress transformation equation [Eq. (12.3)] gives n, which is actually the normal stress in
the horizontal direction (i.e., the original x direction) on the unrotated element:
 (19.1 ksi)cos 2 ( 24)  (4.7 ksi)sin 2 ( 24)  2(13.8 ksi)sin( 24)cos( 24)
 6.462 ksi  6.46 ksi (T) Ans.
To find t, which is actually the normal stress in the vertical direction (i.e., the original y direction) on
the unrotated element, add 90° to the value of  used in Eq. (12.3):
 t   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
 (19.1 ksi)cos 2 ( 24  90)  (4.7 ksi)sin 2 ( 24  90)
2(13.8 ksi)sin( 24  90)cos( 24  90)
 (19.1 ksi)cos 2 (66)  (4.7 ksi)sin 2 (66)  2(13.8 ksi)sin(66)cos(66)
 17.338 ksi  17.34 ksi (T) Ans.
The shear stress transformation equation [Eq. (12.4)] gives nt, which is actually the shear stress on the
horizontal and vertical faces of the unrotated element:
 [(19.1 ksi)  (4.7 ksi)]sin( 24)cos( 24)  (13.8 ksi)[cos 2 ( 24)  sin 2 ( 24)]
 14.585 ksi  14.59 ksi Ans.
P12.41 Consider a point in a structural member that is subjected to plane

stress. Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and vertical planes
at the point are shown.
(a) Determine the principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress
acting at the point.
(b) Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see Figure 12.15 or
Figure 12.16)
Instructors: Problems 12.41-12.44 should be assigned as a set. FIGURE P12.41
Solution
 x  45 MPa,  y  17 MPa,  xy  36 MPa
The principal stress magnitudes can be computed from Eq. (12-12):

x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(45 MPa)  (17 MPa)  (45 MPa)  (17 MPa) 

2
     ( 36 MPa) 2
2  2 
 31.0000 MPa  38.6264 MPa
 p1  69.6 MPa and  p 2  7.63 MPa Ans.

 max  38.6 MPa (maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 avg  31.0 MPa (T) (normal stress on planes of maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 xy 36 MPa
tan 2 p    2.5714
( x   y ) / 2 [(45 MPa)  (17 MPa)] / 2
 p  34.4 (clockwise from the x axis to the direction of  p1 ) Ans.

Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  32 MPa,  y  55 MPa,  xy  42 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2      xy2
2  2 
( 32 MPa)  (55 MPa)  ( 32 MPa)  (55 MPa) 

2
     ( 42 MPa) 2
2  2 
 11.5000 MPa  60.4669 MPa
 p1  72.0 MPa and  p 2  49.0 MPa Ans.

 xy 42 MPa
tan 2 p    0.9655
( x   y ) / 2 [( 32 MPa)  (55 MPa)] / 2
 p  22.0 (counterclockwise from the x axis to the direction of  p 2 ) Ans.
Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  13.1 ksi,  y  18.4 ksi,  xy  27.9 ksi

x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 13.1 ksi)  (18.4 ksi)  ( 13.1 ksi)  (18.4 ksi) 

2
     (27.9 ksi)
2
2  2
 2.6500 ksi  32.0386 ksi
 p1  34.7 ksi and  p 2  29.4 ksi Ans.

 max  32.0 ksi (maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 avg  2.65 ksi (T) (normal stress on planes of maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 xy 27.9 ksi
tan 2 p    1.7714
( x   y ) / 2 [( 13.1 ksi)  (18.4 ksi)] / 2
 p  30.3 (clockwise from the x axis to the direction of  p 2 ) Ans.
Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  79 ksi,  y  43 ksi,  xy  37 ksi

x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(79 ksi)  ( 43 ksi)  (79 ksi)  ( 43 ksi) 

2
     (37 ksi)
2
2  2
 18.0000 ksi  71.3442 ksi
 p1  89.3 ksi and  p 2  53.3 ksi Ans.

 xy 37 ksi
tan 2 p    0.6066
( x   y ) / 2 [(79 ksi)  ( 43 ksi)] / 2
 p  15.62 (counterclockwise from the x axis to the direction of  p1 ) Ans.
stress. Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and vertical
planes at the point are shown.
(a) Determine the principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear
stress acting at the point.
(b) Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see Figure 12.15
or Figure 12.16)
(c) Compute the absolute shear stress at the point.
Solution
 x  62 MPa,  y  94 MPa,  xy  42 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 62 MPa)  ( 94 MPa)  ( 62 MPa)  ( 94 MPa) 

2
     ( 42 MPa)
2
2  2
 78.0000 MPa  44.9444 MPa
 p1  33.1 MPa and  p 2  122.9 MPa Ans.

 avg  78.0 MPa (C) (normal stress on planes of maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 xy 42 MPa
tan 2 p    2.6250
( x   y ) / 2 [( 62 MPa)  ( 94 MPa)] / 2
(c) For plane stress, z = p3 = 0. Since p1 and p2 are both negative,
 p2 122.94 MPa
 abs max    61.5 MPa Ans.
2 2
P12.46 Consider a point in a structural member that is subjected to
plane stress. Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and
vertical planes at the point are shown.
(b) Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see Figure
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  31 MPa,  y  67 MPa,  xy  17 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(31 MPa)  (67 MPa)  (31 MPa)  (67 MPa) 

2
     ( 17 MPa)
2
2  2
 49.0000 MPa  24.7588 MPa
 p1  73.8 MPa and  p 2  24.2 MPa Ans.

 xy 17 MPa
tan 2 p    0.9444
( x   y ) / 2 [(31 MPa)  (67 MPa)] / 2
(c) For plane stress, z = p3 = 0. Since p1 and p2 are both positive,
 73.76 MPa
 abs max  p1   36.9 MPa Ans.
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  106 MPa,  y  172 MPa,  xy  144 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 106 MPa)  (172 MPa)  ( 106 MPa)  (172 MPa) 

2
     (144 MPa)
2
2  2
 33.0000 MPa  200.1424 MPa
 p1  233 MPa and  p 2  167.1 MPa Ans.

 max  200 MPa (maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 xy 144 MPa
tan 2 p    1.0360
( x   y ) / 2 [( 106 MPa)  (172 MPa)] / 2
(c) For plane stress, z = p3 = 0. Since p1 is positive and p2 is negative,
 abs max   max  200 MPa Ans.
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  29 ksi,  y  17 ksi,  xy  7 ksi
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(29 ksi)  (17 ksi)  (29 ksi)  (17 ksi) 

2
     (7 ksi)
2
2  2
 23.0000 ksi  9.2195 ksi
 p1  32.2 ksi and  p 2  13.78 ksi Ans.

 xy 7 ksi
tan 2 p    1.1667
( x   y ) / 2 [(29 ksi)  (17 ksi)] / 2
 32.22 ksi
 abs max  p1   16.11 ksi Ans.
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
(c) Compute the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.
Solution
 x  54 ksi,  y  22 ksi,  xy  15 ksi
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(54 ksi)  (22 ksi)  (54 ksi)  (22 ksi) 

2
     ( 15 ksi)
2
2  2
 38.0000 ksi  21.9317 ksi
 p1  59.9 ksi and  p 2  16.07 ksi Ans.

 xy 15 ksi
tan 2 p    0.9375
( x   y ) / 2 [(54 ksi)  (22 ksi)] / 2
 59.93 ksi
 abs max  p1   30.0 ksi Ans.
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  21.6 ksi,  y  6.8 ksi,  xy  22.4 ksi
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 21.6 ksi)  (6.8 ksi)  ( 21.6 ksi)  (6.8 ksi) 

2
     ( 22.4 ksi)
2
2  2
 7.4000 ksi  26.5217 ksi
 p1  19.12 ksi and  p 2  33.9 ksi Ans.

 avg  7.40 ksi (C) (normal stress on planes of maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 xy 22.4 ksi
tan 2 p    1.5775
( x   y ) / 2 [( 21.6 ksi)  (6.8 ksi)] / 2
 abs max   max  26.5 ksi Ans.
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  117.5 MPa,  y  96.3 MPa,  xy  45.6 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 117.5 MPa)  ( 96.3 MPa)  ( 117.5 MPa)  ( 96.3 MPa) 

2
     (45.6 MPa)
2
2  2
 106.9000 MPa  46.8158 MPa
 p1  60.1 MPa and  p 2  153.7 MPa Ans.

 xy 45.6 MPa
tan 2 p    4.3019
( x   y ) / 2 [( 117.5 MPa)  ( 96.3 MPa)] / 2
 p2 153.72 MPa
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  109.2 MPa,  y  176.4 MPa,  xy  91.3 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(109.2 MPa)  ( 176.4 MPa)  (109.2 MPa)  ( 176.4 MPa) 

2
     (91.3 MPa)
2
2  2
 33.6000 MPa  169.4920 MPa
 p1  135.9 MPa and  p 2  203 MPa Ans.

 xy 91.3 MPa
tan 2 p    0.6394
( x   y ) / 2 [(109.2 MPa)  ( 176.4 MPa)] / 2
 abs max   max  169.5 MPa Ans.
(b) Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see Figure 12.15
or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  3.5 ksi,  y  12.5 ksi,  xy  10 ksi
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 3.5 ksi)  ( 12.5 ksi)  ( 3.5 ksi)  ( 12.5 ksi) 

2
     ( 10 ksi)
2
2  2
 8.0000 ksi  10.9659 ksi
 p1  2.97 ksi and  p 2  18.97 ksi Ans.

 avg  8.00 ksi (C) (normal stress on planes of maximum in-plane shear stress) Ans.
 xy 10 ksi
tan 2 p    2.2222
( x   y ) / 2 [( 3.5 ksi)  ( 12.5 ksi)] / 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  9 ksi,  y  13.4 ksi,  xy  5.6 ksi
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(9 ksi)  (13.4 ksi)  (9 ksi)  (13.4 ksi) 

2
     ( 5.6 ksi)
2
2  2
 11.2000 ksi  6.0166 ksi
 p1  17.22 ksi and  p 2  5.18 ksi Ans.

 xy 5.6 ksi
tan 2 p    2.5455
( x   y ) / 2 [(9 ksi)  (13.4 ksi)] / 2
 17.22 ksi
 abs max  p1   8.61 ksi Ans.
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  17.6 ksi,  y  20.4 ksi,  xy  13.8 ksi
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
(17.6 ksi)  (20.4 ksi)  (17.6 ksi)  (20.4 ksi) 

2
     (13.8 ksi)
2
2  2
 19.0000 ksi  13.8708 ksi
 p1  32.9 ksi and  p 2  5.13 ksi Ans.

 xy 13.8 ksi
tan 2 p    9.8571
( x   y ) / 2 [(17.6 ksi)  (20.4 ksi)] / 2
 32.87 ksi
 abs max  p1   16.44 ksi Ans.
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16)
Solution
 x  114.8 MPa,  y  154.8 MPa,  xy  87 MPa
x  y x y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy2
2  2 
( 114.8 MPa)  ( 154.8 MPa)  ( 114.8 MPa)  ( 154.8 MPa) 

2
     (87 MPa)
2
2  2
 134.8000 MPa  89.2693 MPa
 p1  45.5 MPa and  p 2  224 MPa Ans.

 xy 87 MPa
tan 2 p    4.3500
( x   y ) / 2 [( 114.8 MPa)  ( 154.8 MPa)] / 2
 p2 224.07 MPa
2 2
P12.57 The principal compressive stress on a vertical plane through a point in a wooden block is equal
to three times the principal compression stress on a horizontal plane. The plane of the grain is 25°
clockwise from the vertical plane. If the normal and shear stresses must not exceed 400 psi (C) and 90
psi shear, determine the maximum allowable compressive stress on the horizontal plane.
Solution
The principal compressive stress on a vertical plane (that is, the x face of a stress element) is equal to
three times the principal compression stress on a horizontal plane (that is, the y face of a stress element).
Thus, from the problem statement, we know that x = 3y. Since we are told that the stresses on the x
and y faces are principal stress, we also know that xy = 0.
The plane of the wood grain is oriented 25° clockwise from the vertical plane; therefore,  = −25°.
We are told that the normal stress on the plane of the wood grain must not exceed −400 psi, or in other
words, n ≤ −400 psi. The normal stress transformation equation [Eq. (12-3)], which gives n, can be
rearranged to solve for y:
400 psi  3 y cos 2 (25)   y sin 2 (25)  2(0 psi)sin(25) cos(25)
400 psi   y [3cos 2 (25)  sin 2 (25)]
400 psi 400 psi
 y    151.3546 psi (a)
[3cos (25)  sin (25)]
2 2
2.6428
A second condition of the stresses acting on the plane of the wood grain is that the shear stress must not
exceed 90 psi, or in other words, nt ≤ 90 psi. The shear stress transformation equation [Eq. (12-4)],
which gives nt, can be rearranged to solve for nt:
90 psi  [3 y   y ]sin( 25) cos( 25)  (0 psi)[cos 2 ( 25)  sin 2 (25)]
90 psi  2 y sin(25) cos( 25)
90 psi 90 psi
 y    117.4935 psi (b)
2sin(25) cos(25) 0.7660
Since we are told that y is a compressive normal stress, it is clear that we must choose the negative
value for y.
Compare the two limits found in Eqs. (a) and (b) to find that the maximum compression stress that may
be applied to the horizontal plane is
 y  117.5 psi Ans. 
P12.58 At a point on the free surface of a stressed body, a normal stress of 64 MPa (C) and an unknown
positive shear stress exist on a horizontal plane. One principal stress at the point is 8 MPa (C). The
absolute maximum shear stress at the point has a magnitude of 95 MPa. Determine the unknown stresses
on the horizontal and vertical planes and the unknown principal stress at the point.
Solution
The absolute maximum shear stress can be found from Eq. (12-18)
   min
 abs max  max
2
The absolute maximum shear stress at the point has a magnitude of 95
MPa. Suppose we assume that the given principal stress of −8 MPa is
min. If this assumption is true, then
 max   min  2 abs max  8 MPa  2(95 MPa)  182 MPa
However, this assumption cannot be true because the normal stress on the horizontal plane is y = −64
MPa, which is more negative than the given principal stress of −8 MPa. Therefore, we now know that
the second principal stress must be negative and its magnitude must be greater than 64 MPa.
The point in question occurs on the free surface of a stressed body. From this information, we can know
that a state of plane stress exists at the point. Therefore,
 z   p3  0 (since it is a free surface)
Since both of the in-plane principal stresses must be negative, max = p3 = 0. The minimum principal
stress can now be determined from the absolute maximum shear stress:
 min   max  2 abs max  0 MPa  2(95 MPa)  190 MPa
Thus, the two in-plane principal stresses are:
 p1  8 MPa and  p 2  190 MPa Ans.
Since y is given, x can easily be determined from the principal of stress invariance:
 x   y   p1   p 2
  x   p1   p 2   y  ( 8 MPa)  ( 190 MPa)  ( 64 MPa)  134 MPa Ans.
The maximum in-plane shear stress can be found from
   p 2 (8 MPa)  (190 MPa)
 max  p1   91 MPa
2 2
Since x, y, and max are known, the magnitude of xy can be found from the expression
  x  y 
2
 max      xy
2
 2 
 (134 MPa)  (64 MPa) 
2
91 MPa      xy
2
 2 
 xy  84 MPa
The problem states that a positive shear stress exists on a horizontal plane; therefore
 xy  84 MPa Ans.
P12.59 At a point on the free surface of a stressed body, the normal stresses are 20 ksi (T) on a vertical
plane and 30 ksi (C) on a horizontal plane. An unknown negative shear stress exists on the vertical
plane. The absolute maximum shear stress at the point has a magnitude of 32 ksi. Determine the
principal stresses and the shear stress on the vertical plane at the point.
Solution
Since x and y have opposite signs, the absolute maximum shear stress is
equal to the maximum in-plane shear stress:
 max   abs max  32 ksi
Since x, y, and max are known, the magnitude of xy can be found from
the expression
  x  y 
2
 max      xy
2
 2 
 (20 ksi)  (30 ksi) 
2
32 ksi      xy
2
 2 
 xy  19.9750 ksi
The problem states that a negative shear stress exists on the vertical plane; therefore
 xy  19.98 ksi Ans.
From the principal of stress invariance:

 x   y   p1   p 2
 p1   p 2  (20 ksi)  (30 ksi)  10 ksi (a)
The maximum in-plane shear stress is equal to one-half of the difference between the two in-plane
principal stresses
   p2
 max  p1
2
 p1   p 2  2 max  2(32 ksi)  64 ksi (b)
Add Eqs. (a) and (b) to find p1:
2 p1  54 ksi  p1  27 ksi  27 ksi (T) Ans.
and subtract Eq. (b) from Eq. (a) to find p2:
2 p 2  74 ksi  p2  37 ksi  37 ksi (C) Ans.
 z   p3  0 (since the point is on a free surface) Ans.
P12.60 At a point on the free surface of a stressed body, a normal stress of 75 MPa (T) and an unknown
negative shear stress exist on a horizontal plane. One principal stress at the point is 200 MPa (T). The
maximum in-plane shear stress at the point has a magnitude of 85 MPa. Determine the unknown
stresses on the vertical plane, the unknown principal stress, and the absolute maximum shear stress at the
point.
Solution
Since y = 75 MPa is less than the given principal stress, we will assume
that p1 = 200 MPa. If this assumption is true, then p2 can be found from
p1 and max:
   p2
 max  p1
2
 p 2   p1  2 max  200 MPa  2(85 MPa)  30 MPa Ans.
The maximum in-plane shear stress at the point has a magnitude of 85 MPa.
However, this assumption cannot be true because the normal stress on the horizontal plane is y = −64
MPa, which is more negative than the given principal stress of −8 MPa. Therefore, we now know that
the second principal stress must be negative and its magnitude must be greater than 64 MPa.
From the principal of stress invariance:

 x   y   p1   p 2
  x  (200 MPa)  (30 MPa)  (75 MPa)  155 MPa Ans.
  x  y 
2
 max      xy
2
 2 
 (155 MPa)  (75 MPa) 
2
85 MPa      xy
2
 2 
 xy  75 MPa
The problem states that a negative shear stress exists on the vertical plane; therefore
 xy  75 MPa Ans.
 z   p3  0 (since it is a free surface)
Since both in-plane principal stresses are positive, the absolute maximum shear stress is found from
   p 3  p1  0 200 MPa
 abs max  p1    100 MPa Ans.
2 2 2

P12.61 For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a) the largest
value of y for which the maximum in-plane shear stress is equal to
or less than 16 ksi and (b) the corresponding principal stresses.
FIGURE P12.61
Solution
Since x, xy, and max are known, the magnitude of y can be found from the expression
  x  y 
2
 max      xy
2
 2 
 (30 ksi)   y 
2
16 ksi     (10 ksi)

2
 2 
(30 ksi)   y
(16 ksi) 2  (10 ksi) 2 
2
30 ksi  2 (16 ksi) 2  (10 ksi) 2   y  30 ksi  2 (16 ksi) 2  (10 ksi) 2
5.02 ksi   y  54.98 ksi

  y  55.0 ksi Ans.
The corresponding principal stresses are:

x  y   x  y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy
2
2  2 
(30 ksi)  (54.98 ksi)  (30 ksi)  (54.98 ksi) 
2
     (16 ksi)
2
2  2 
 42.49 ksi  16.0 ksi
 p1  58.5 ksi and  p 2  26.5 ksi Ans.
P12.62 For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a) the largest
value of xy for which the maximum in-plane shear stress is equal to
or less than 150 MPa and (b) the corresponding principal stresses.
FIGURE P12.62
Solution
  x  y 
2
 max      xy
2
 2 
 (120 MPa)  (70 MPa) 
2
150 MPa      xy
2
 2 
 xy2  (150 MPa) 2  (95 MPa) 2
 xy  116.1 MPa Ans.
The corresponding principal stresses are:

x  y   x  y 
2
 p1, p 2       xy
2
2  2 
(120 MPa)  (70 MPa)  (120 MPa)  ( 70 MPa) 
2
     (116.1 MPa)
2
2  2 
 25 MPa  150 MPa
 p1  175 MPa (T) and  p 2  125 MPa (C) Ans.
P12.63 Mohr’s circle is shown for a point in a
physical object that is subjected to plane stress.
(a) Determine the stresses x, y, and xy and show
them on a stress element.
(b) Determine the principal stresses and the
maximum in-plane shear stress acting at the point
and show these stresses on an appropriate sketch
(e.g., see Figure 12.15 or Figure 12.16).
FIGURE P12.63
Solution
x  (35 ksi, 20 ksi)
y  (5 ksi, 20 ksi)
C  20 ksi
R  (15 ksi) 2  (20 ksi) 2  25 ksi
 p1  C  R  20 ksi  25 ksi  45 ksi

 p 2  C  R  20 ksi  25 ksi  5 ksi
 max  R  25 ksi
 avg  C  20 ksi
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e., the x face of the stress element) and p1 is found
from:
20 ksi 20 ksi
tan 2 p    1.3333  2 p  53.13 thus,  p  26.57
(35 ksi)  (20 ksi) 15 ksi
By inspection, the angle p from point x to p1 is turned clockwise.
FIGURE P12.64
Solution
x  (90 ksi, 60 ksi)
y  (30 ksi, 60 ksi)
C  60 ksi
R  (30 ksi) 2  (60 ksi) 2  67.08 ksi
 p1  C  R  60 ksi  67.08 ksi  127.08 ksi

 p 2  C  R  60 ksi  67.08 ksi  7.08 ksi
 max  R  67.08 ksi
 avg  C  60 ksi
from:
60 ksi 60 ksi
tan 2 p    2  2 p  63.43 thus,  p  31.72
(90 ksi)  (60 ksi) 30 ksi
By inspection, the angle p from point x to p1 is turned counterclockwise.
FIGURE P12.65
Solution
x  (100 MPa, 30 MPa)
y  (20 MPa, 30 MPa)
C  40 MPa
R  (60 MPa) 2  (30 MPa) 2  67.08 MPa
 p1  C  R  40 MPa  67.08 MPa  27.08 MPa

 p 2  C  R  40 MPa  67.08 MPa  107.08 MPa
 max  R  67.08 MPa
 avg  C  60 MPa
from:
30 MPa 30 MPa
tan 2 p    0.5  2 p  26.57 thus,  p  13.28
(100 MPa)  (40 MPa) 60 MPa
By inspection, the angle p from point x to p2 is turned clockwise.
FIGURE P12.66
Solution
x  (55 MPa, 25 MPa)
y  (15 MPa, 25 MPa)
C  20 MPa
R  (35 MPa) 2  (25 MPa) 2  43.01 MPa
 p1  C  R  20 MPa  43.01 MPa  23.01 MPa

 p 2  C  R  20 MPa  43.01 MPa  63.01 MPa
 max  R  43.01 MPa
 avg  C  20 MPa (C)
from:
25 MPa 25 MPa
tan 2 p    0.7143  2 p  35.54 thus,  p  17.77
(55 MPa)  (20 MPa) 35 MPa
By inspection, the angle p from point x to p2 is turned counterclockwise.
(b) Determine the stresses n, t, and nt and show
them on a stress element that is properly rotated
with respect to the x-y element. The sketch must
include the magnitude of the angle between the x
and n axes and an indication of the rotation direction
(i.e., either clockwise or counterclockwise).
FIGURE P12.67
Solution
x  (60 MPa, 15 MPa) y  ( 20 MPa, 15 MPa)
n  (10 MPa, 30 MPa) t  (50 MPa, 30 MPa)
C  20 MPa R  (40 MPa) 2  (15 MPa) 2  42.72 MPa
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e., the x face of the stress element) and point 1 is
found from:
15 MPa 15 MPa
tan 2 p    0.3750  2 p  20.6
(60 MPa)  (20 MPa) 40 MPa
The magnitude of the angle  between point n and point 2 is found from:
30 MPa 30 MPa
tan    1    45
(10 MPa)  (20 MPa) 30 MPa
The angle  between point x and point n is thus

  180  20.6  45  114.4
Since angles in Mohr’s circle are doubled, the actual angle between the x face and the n face is half of
this magnitude: 57.2°. By inspection, the 57.2° angle from point x to point n is turned in a
counterclockwise direction. The correct stresses on the n and t faces are shown in the sketch below.
(b) Determine the stresses n, t, and nt and show
them on a stress element that is properly rotated
with respect to the x-y element. The sketch must
include the magnitude of the angle between the x
and n axes and an indication of the rotation direction
(i.e., either clockwise or counterclockwise).
FIGURE P12.68
Solution
x  (10 ksi, 30 ksi) y  (50 ksi, 30 ksi)
n  (65 ksi, 10 ksi) t  (5 ksi, 10 ksi)
C  30 ksi R  (20 ksi)2  (30 ksi)2  36.06 ksi
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e., the x face of the stress element) and point 2 is
found from:
30 ksi 30 ksi
tan 2 p    1.5  2 p  56.3
(10 ksi)  (30 ksi) 20 ksi
The magnitude of the angle  between point n and point 1 is found from:
10 ksi 10 ksi
tan     0.2857    15.9
(65 ksi)  (30 ksi) 35 ksi
The angle  between point x and point n is thus
  180  56.3 15.9  107.8
Since angles in Mohr’s circle are doubled, the actual angle between the x face and the n face is half of
this magnitude: 53.9°. By inspection, the 53.9° angle from point x to point n is turned in a clockwise
direction. The correct stresses on the n and t faces are shown in the sketch below.
(a) Draw Mohr’s circle for this state of stress.
(b) Determine the principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear
stress acting at the point using Mohr’s circle.
(c) Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see Figure
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
(b) The basic Mohr’s circle is shown.
( 24 ksi)  (9 ksi)
C  7.5 ksi
2
R  (16.5 ksi) 2  (17.5 ksi) 2  24.05 ksi
 p1  C  R  7.5 ksi  24.05 ksi  16.55 ksi

 p 2  C  R  7.5 ksi  24.05 ksi  31.6 ksi
 max  R  24.1 ksi
 avg  C  7.50 ksi
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e.,
the x face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the
principal plane subjected to p2) is found from:
17.5 ksi 17.5 ksi

tan 2 p    1.0606  2 p  46.6847 thus,  p  23.3
( 24 ksi)  ( 7.5 ksi) 16.5 ksi
By inspection, the angle p from point x to point 2 is turned clockwise.
(c) The orientation of the principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress is shown in the
sketch below.
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
(36.4 MPa)  ( 60 MPa)
C  11.8 MPa
2
R  (48.2 MPa) 2  (70.4 MPa) 2  85.3194 MPa
 p1  C  R  11.8 MPa  85.3194 MPa  73.5 MPa

 p 2  C  R  11.8 MPa  85.3194 MPa  97.1 MPa
 max  R  85.3 MPa
 avg  C  11.80 MPa

70.4 MPa 70.4 MPa

tan 2 p    1.4606  2 p  55.6022 thus,  p  27.8
(36.4 MPa)  ( 11.8 MPa) 48.2 MPa
By inspection, the angle p from point x to point 1 is turned counterclockwise.
sketch below.
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
(26.8 ksi)  ( 8.1 ksi)

C  9.35 ksi
2
R  (17.45 ksi) 2  (20 ksi) 2  26.5425 ksi
 p1  C  R  9.35 ksi  26.5425 ksi  35.9 ksi

 p 2  C  R  9.35 ksi  26.5425 ksi  17.19 ksi
 max  R  26.5 ksi
 avg  C  9.35 ksi
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e., the x face of the stress element) and point 1 (i.e.,
the principal plane subjected to p1) is found from:
20 ksi 20 ksi
tan 2 p    1.1461  2 p  48.8953 thus,  p  24.4
(26.8 ksi)  (9.35 ksi) 17.45 ksi
sketch below.
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
( 9.6 ksi)  (18.2 ksi)

C  4.3 ksi
2
R  (13.9 ksi) 2  (10.8 ksi) 2  17.6026 ksi
 p1  C  R  4.3 ksi  17.6026 ksi  21.9 ksi

 p 2  C  R  4.3 ksi  17.6026 ksi  13.30 ksi
 max  R  17.60 ksi
 avg  C  4.30 ksi
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e., the
x face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the
10.8 ksi 10.8 ksi
tan 2 p    0.7770  2 p  37.8464 thus,  p  18.92
( 9.6 ksi)  (4.3 ksi) 13.9 ksi
sketch below.
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
(d) Determine the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.
Solution
(b) The basic Mohr’s circle construction is shown.
(13.2 ksi)  (32.4 ksi)

C  22.8 ksi
2
R  (9.6 ksi) 2  (40.8 ksi) 2  41.9142 ksi
 p1  C  R  22.8 ksi  41.9142 ksi  64.7 ksi

 p 2  C  R  22.8 ksi  41.9142 ksi  19.11 ksi
 max  R  41.9 ksi
 avg  C  22.8 ksi
40.8 ksi 40.8 ksi
tan 2 p    4.2500  2 p  76.7595 thus,  p  38.4
(13.2 ksi)  (22.8 ksi) 9.6 ksi
sketch below.
(d) Since the point in a structural member is subjected to plane stress
 z   p3  0
Three Mohr’s circles can be constructed to show stress combinations in the p1–p2 plane, the p1–p3
plane, and the p2–p3 plane. These three circles are shown below.
In this case, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs in the p1–p2 plane (which is also the x-y plane).
Therefore
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
( 59.5 MPa)  ( 84.5 MPa)
C  72 MPa
2
R  (12.5 MPa) 2  (38.4 MPa) 2  40.3833 MPa
 p1  C  R  72 MPa  40.3833 MPa  31.6 MPa

 p 2  C  R  72 MPa  40.3833 MPa  112.4 MPa
 max  R  40.4 MPa
 avg  C  72.0 MPa (C)
x face of the stress element) and point 1 (i.e., the principal plane subjected to p1) is found from:
38.4 MPa 38.4 MPa

tan 2 p    3.0720  2 p  71.9689 thus,  p  36.0
( 59.5 MPa)  ( 72 MPa) 12.5 MPa
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
In this case, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs in the p2–p3 plane. Therefore
 p 2   p3 112.3833 MPa  0 MPa
2 2
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
(0 MPa)  ( 100 MPa)
C  50 MPa
2
R  (50 MPa) 2  (60 MPa) 2  78.1025 MPa
 p1  C  R  50 MPa  78.1025 MPa  28.1 MPa

 p 2  C  R  50 MPa  78.1025 MPa  128.1 MPa
 max  R  78.1 MPa
 avg  C  50.0 MPa (C)

60 MPa 60 MPa
tan 2 p    1.2000  2 p  50.1944 thus,  p  25.1
(0 MPa)  ( 50 MPa) 50 MPa
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
Therefore
12.15 or Figure 12.16).
Solution
( 28.8 ksi)  ( 12.6 ksi)

C  20.7 ksi
2
R  (8.1 ksi) 2  (8.6 ksi) 2  11.8140 ksi
 p1  C  R  20.7 ksi  11.8140 ksi  8.89 ksi

 p 2  C  R  20.7 ksi  11.8140 ksi  32.5 ksi
 max  R  11.81 ksi
 avg  C  20.7 ksi (C)
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x

(i.e., the x face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the principal plane subjected to p2) is found
from:
8.6 ksi 8.6 ksi
tan 2 p    1.0617  2 p  46.7149 thus,  p  23.4
( 28.8 ksi)  ( 20.7 ksi) 8.1 ksi
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
In this case, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs in the p2–p3 plane; therefore,
 p 2   p3 32.5140 ksi  0 ksi
 abs max    16.26 ksi Ans.
2 2
stress. Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and vertical planes at
the point are shown.
(b) Determine the principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress
(c) Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see Figure 12.15 or
Figure 12.16).
Solution
(96 MPa)  (126 MPa)
C  111 MPa
2
R  (15 MPa) 2  (66 MPa) 2  67.6831 MPa
 p1  C  R  111 MPa  67.6831 MPa  178.7 MPa

 p 2  C  R  111 MPa  67.6831 MPa  43.3 MPa
 max  R  67.7 MPa
 avg  C  111 MPa (T)
66 MPa 66 MPa
tan 2 p    4.400 2 p  77.1957 thus,  p  38.6
(96 MPa)  (111 MPa) 15 MPa
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
 p1   p 3 178.68 MPa  0 MPa
2 2
Figure 12.16).
Solution
(60.5 MPa)  (8.4 MPa)
C  34.45 MPa
2
R  (26.05 MPa) 2  (44.8 MPa) 2  51.8232 MPa
 p1  C  R  34.45 MPa  51.8232 MPa  86.3 MPa

 p 2  C  R  34.45 MPa  51.8232 MPa  17.37 MPa
 max  R  51.8 MPa
 avg  C  34.5 MPa (T)
44.8 MPa 44.8 MPa
tan 2 p    1.7198  2 p  59.8231 thus,  p  29.9
(60.5 MPa)  (34.45 MPa) 26.05 MPa
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
Therefore
Figure 12.16).
Solution
( 950 psi)  ( 2, 250 psi)

C  1,600 psi
2
R  (950 psi) 2  (680 psi) 2  940.6912 psi
 p1  C  R  1,600 psi  940.6912 psi  659 psi

 p 2  C  R  1,600 psi  940.6912 psi  2,540 psi
 max  R  941 psi
 avg  C  1,600 psi (C)
680 psi 680 psi
tan 2 p    1.0462  2 p  46.2922 thus,  p  23.1
( 950 psi)  ( 1,600 psi) 650 psi
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
 p 2   p3 2,540.69128 psi  0 psi
 abs max    1,270 psi Ans.
2 2
Figure 12.16).
Solution
(17.5 ksi)  (30.0 ksi)

C  23.75ksi
2
R  (6.25 ksi) 2  (5.5 ksi) 2  8.3254 ksi
 p1  C  R  23.75 ksi  8.3254 ksi  32.1 ksi

 p 2  C  R  23.75 ksi  8.3254 ksi  15.42 ksi
 max  R  8.33 ksi
 avg  C  23.75 ksi (T)
5.5 ksi 5.5 ksi

tan 2 p    0.8800  2 p  41.3478 thus,  p  20.7
(17.5 ksi)  (23.75 ksi) 6.25 ksi
sketch below.
 z   p3  0
 p1   p 3 32.0754 ksi  0 ksi
2 2
acting at the point. Show these stresses on an appropriate sketch (e.g., see
Figure 12.15 or Figure 12.16).
(c) Determine the normal and shear stresses on the indicated plane and show
these stresses on a sketch.
Solution
( 72 MPa)  ( 62.4 MPa)
C  67.2 MPa
2
R  (4.8 MPa) 2  (54.6 MPa) 2  54.8106 MPa
 p1  C  R  67.2 MPa  54.8106 MPa  12.39 MPa

 p 2  C  R  67.2 MPa  54.8106 MPa  122.0 MPa
 max  R  54.8 MPa
 avg  C  67.2 MPa (C)
The magnitude of the angle 2p between point x (i.e., the x
face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the principal plane subjected to p2) is found from:
54.6 MPa 54.6 MPa

tan 2 p    11.3750  2 p  84.9759 thus,  p  42.5
( 72 MPa)  ( 67.2 MPa) 4.8 MPa
By inspection, the angle p from point x to point 2 is turned clockwise. The orientation of the principal
stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress is shown in the sketch below.
(c) To determine the normal and shear stresses on the indicated plane, we must first determine the
orientation of the plane relative to the x face of the stress element. Looking at the stress element, we
observe that the normal to the indicated plane is oriented 35° counterclockwise from the x axis. In
Mohr’s circle, all angle measures are doubled; therefore, point n (which represents the state of stress on
the n plane) on Mohr’s circle is rotated 2(35°) = 70° counterclockwise from point x. The angle between
point n and point 1 is
  180  84.9759  70  25.0241
The  coordinate of point n is found from:
 n  C  R cos 
 67.2 MPa  (54.8106 MPa)cos(25.0241)
 17.5345 MPa  17.53 MPa (C) Ans.
The  coordinate of point n is found from:
 nt  R sin 
 (54.8106 MPa)sin(25.0241)  23.1848 MPa  23.2 MPa Ans.
Since point n is below the  axis, the shear stress acting on the plane surface tends to rotate the stress
element counterclockwise.

 z   p3  0
 p 2   p3 122.0106 MPa  0 MPa
2 2
Solution
(21.3 ksi)  (8.6 ksi)
C  14.95 ksi
2
R  (6.35 ksi) 2  (7.2 ksi) 2  9.6001 ksi
 p1  C  R  14.95 ksi  9.6001 ksi  24.6 ksi

 p 2  C  R  14.95 ksi  9.6001 ksi  5.35 ksi
 max  R  9.60 ksi
 avg  C  14.95 ksi (T)
7.2 ksi 7.2 ksi
tan 2 p    1.1339  2 p  48.5895 thus,  p  24.3
(21.3 ksi)  (14.95 ksi) 6.35 ksi
By inspection, the angle p from point x to point 1 is turned counterclockwise. The orientation of the
principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress is shown in the sketch below.
observe that the normal to the indicated plane is oriented 56.31° clockwise from the x axis. In Mohr’s
circle, all angle measures are doubled; therefore, point n (which represents the state of stress on the n
plane) on Mohr’s circle is rotated 2(56.31°) = 112.78° clockwise from point x. The angle between point
n and point 2 is
  180  48.5895  112.6199  18.7906
 n  C  R cos 
 14.95 ksi  (9.6001 ksi)cos(18.7906)  5.86 ksi (T) Ans.
 (9.6001 ksi)sin(18.7906)  3.0923 ksi  3.09 ksi Ans.

 z   p3  0
 p1   p 3 24.5501 ksi  0 ksi
2 2
(c) Determine the normal and shear stresses on the indicated plane and
show these stresses on a sketch.
Solution
(136.5 MPa)  (94.5 MPa)
C  115.5 MPa
2
R  (21 MPa) 2  (63 MPa) 2  66.4078 MPa
 p1  C  R  115.5 MPa  66.4078 MPa  181.9 MPa

 p 2  C  R  115.5 MPa  66.4078 MPa  49.1 MPa
 max  R  66.4 MPa
 avg  C  115.5 MPa (T)
63 MPa 63 MPa
tan 2 p    3.0000  2 p  71.5651 thus,  p  35.8
(136.5 MPa)  (115.5 MPa) 21 MPa
observe that the normal to the indicated plane is oriented 40° clockwise from the x axis. In Mohr’s
plane) on Mohr’s circle is rotated 2(40°) = 80° clockwise from point x. The angle between point n and
point 2 is
  180  71.5651  80  28.4349
 n  C  R cos 
 115.5 MPa  (66.4078 MPa)cos(28.4349)
 57.1037 MPa  57.1 MPa (T) Ans.
Since point n is above the  axis, the shear stress acting on the plane surface tends to rotate the stress
element clockwise.

 z   p3  0
 p1   p 3 181.9078 MPa  0 MPa
2 2
Solution
( 37.8 MPa)  ( 23.6 MPa)
C  30.7 MPa
2
R  (7.1 MPa) 2  (16.5 MPa) 2  17.9627 MPa
 p1  C  R  30.7 MPa  17.9627 MPa  12.74 MPa

 p 2  C  R  30.7 MPa  17.9627 MPa  48.7 MPa
 max  R  17.96 MPa
 avg  C  30.7 MPa (C)
16.5 MPa 16.5 MPa

tan 2 p    2.3239  2 p  66.7176 thus,  p  33.4
( 37.8 MPa)  ( 30.7 MPa) 7.1 MPa
observe that the normal to the indicated plane is oriented 36.87° counterclockwise from the x axis. In
the n plane) on Mohr’s circle is rotated 2(36.87°) = 73.74° counterclockwise from point x. The angle
between point n and point 2 is
  66.7176  73.7398  7.0222
 n  C  R cos 
 30.7 MPa  (17.9627 MPa)cos( 7.0222)
 48.5280 MPa  48.5 MPa (C) Ans.

 z   p3  0
 p 2   p3 48.6627 MPa  0 MPa
2 2
stress. Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and vertical planes at the
point are shown.
Solution
( 42 MPa)  (85 MPa)
C  21.5 MPa
2
R  (63.5 MPa) 2  (64 MPa) 2  90.1568 MPa
 p1  C  R  21.5 MPa  90.1568 MPa  111.7 MPa

 p 2  C  R  21.5 MPa  90.1568 MPa  68.7 MPa
 max  R  90.2 MPa
 avg  C  21.5 MPa (T)
face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the principal
plane subjected to p2) is found from:
64 MPa 64 MPa
tan 2 p    1.0079  2 p  45.2247 thus,  p  22.6
( 42 MPa)  (21.5 MPa) 63.5 MPa
point 1 is
  180  45.2247  60  74.7753
 n  C  R cos 
 21.5 MPa  (90.1568 MPa)cos(74.7753)
 45.1756 MPa  45.2 MPa (T) Ans.
element clockwise.

 z   p3  0
Therefore
Solution
(85 MPa)  (0 MPa)
C  42.5 MPa
2
R  (42.5 MPa) 2  (147 MPa) 2  153.0204 MPa
 p1  C  R  42.5 MPa  153.0204 MPa  195.5 MPa

 p 2  C  R  42.5 MPa  153.0204 MPa  110.5 MPa
 max  R  153.0 MPa
 avg  C  42.5 MPa (T)

x face of the stress element) and point 1 (i.e., the principal
147 MPa 147 MPa
tan 2 p    3.4588  2 p  73.8746 thus,  p  36.9
(85 MPa)  (42.5 MPa) 42.5 MPa
observe that the normal to the indicated plane is oriented 21.80° counterclockwise from the x axis. In
the n plane) on Mohr’s circle is rotated 2(21.80°) = 43.60° counterclockwise from point x. The angle
between point n and point 2 is
  180  73.8746  43.60  62.5254
 n  C  R cos 
 42.5 MPa  (153.0204 MPa)cos(62.5254)
 28.0968 MPa  28.1 MPa (C) Ans.
element clockwise.

 z   p3  0
Therefore
Solution
(72 MPa)  (36 MPa)
C  54 MPa
2
R  (18 MPa) 2  (153 MPa) 2  154.0552 MPa
 p1  C  R  54 MPa  154.0552 MPa  208 MPa

 p 2  C  R  54 MPa  154.0552 MPa  100.1 MPa
 max  R  154.1 MPa
 avg  C  54 MPa (T)
face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the principal
153 MPa 153 MPa
tan 2 p    8.5000  2 p  83.2902 thus,  p  41.6
(72 MPa)  (54 MPa) 18 MPa
observe that the normal to the indicated plane is oriented 30.96° clockwise from the x axis. In Mohr’s
plane) on Mohr’s circle is rotated 2(30.96°) = 61.93° clockwise from point x. The angle between point n
and point 2 is
  180  83.2902  61.9275  34.7823
 n  C  R cos 
 54 MPa  (154.0552 MPa)cos(34.7823)  72.5 MPa (C) Ans.
 (154.0552 MPa)sin(34.7823)  87.9 MPa Ans.

 z   p3  0
Therefore
stress. Normal and shear stresses acting on horizontal and vertical planes at the
point are shown.
Solution
(30 MPa)  (90 MPa)
C  60 MPa
2
R  (30 MPa) 2  (105 MPa) 2  109.2016 MPa
 p1  C  R  60 MPa  109.2016 MPa  169.2 MPa

 p 2  C  R  60 MPa  109.2016 MPa  49.2 MPa
 max  R  109.2 MPa
 avg  C  60 MPa (T)
x face of the stress element) and point 2 (i.e., the
105 MPa 105 MPa
tan 2 p    3.5000  2 p  74.0546 thus,  p  37.0
(30 MPa)  (60 MPa) 30 MPa
point 2 is
  100  74.0546  25.9454
 n  C  R cos 
 60 MPa  (109.2016 MPa)cos(25.9454)
 38.1954 MPa  38.2 MPa (C) Ans.
element clockwise.

 z   p3  0
Therefore
P12.89 At a point in a stressed body, the principal
stresses are oriented as shown in Figure P12.89. Use
Mohr’s circle to determine:
(a) the stresses on plane a-a.
(b) the stresses on the horizontal and vertical planes at
the point.
(c) the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.
FIGURE P12.89
Solution
The center of Mohr’s circle can be found from the two principal stresses:
 p1   p 2 ( 7.82 ksi)  ( 30.18 ksi)
C   19.00 ksi
2 2
The radius of the circle is
 p1   p 2 ( 7.82 ksi)  ( 30.18 ksi)
R   11.18 ksi
2 2
(a) The stresses on plane a-a are found by rotating 270° counterclockwise from the p2 point on Mohr’s
circle. Therefore, the point at the top of the circle directly above the center corresponds to the state of
stress on plane a-a.
 a  a  C  19.00 ksi  19.00 ksi (C) Ans.
 a  a  R  11.18 ksi (shear stress rotates the wedge element clockwise) Ans.
(b) The angle p shown in the problem statement sketch is

1
 p  tan 1 (2)  31.7175
2
The p2 principal plane is rotated 31.7175° clockwise from the x face of the stress element. We need to
find the point on Mohr’s circle that corresponds to the x face of the stress element. Since we know the
location of p2 on Mohr’s circle, we can begin there and rotate 2p in the opposite direction to find point
x. Therefore, beginning at point p2, rotate 2(31.7175°) = 63.4349° counterclockwise to locate point x.
The  coordinate of point x is found from:
 x  C  R cos(2 p )
 19 ksi  (11.18 ksi)cos(63.4349)  24.0 ksi (C) Ans.
The  coordinate of point x is found from:
 nt  R sin(2 p )
 (11.18 ksi)sin(63.4349)  10.00 ksi (rotates element counterclockwise) Ans.
Similarly, the  coordinate of point y is found from:
 y  C  R cos(2 p )
 19 ksi  (11.18 ksi)cos(63.4349)  14.00 ksi (C) Ans.
The  coordinate of point y is also 10.00 ksi, and the shear stress on the y face rotates the stress element
clockwise.
The stresses on the vertical and horizontal faces of the stress element are shown below.
(c) Since both p1 and p2 are negative, the absolute maximum shear stress will be larger than the
maximum in-plane shear stress. The radius of the largest Mohr’s circle gives the absolute maximum
shear stress. In this case, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs in the p2–p3 plane; therefore,
 p 2   p3 30.1803 ksi  0 ksi
2 2
P12.90 At a point in a stressed body, the principal stresses
are oriented as shown in Figure P12.90. Use Mohr’s circle
to determine:
(a) the stresses on plane a-a.
(b) the stresses on the horizontal and vertical planes at the
point.
(c) the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.
FIGURE P12.90
Solution
The center of Mohr’s circle can be found from the two principal stresses:
 p1   p 2 (150 MPa)  (30 MPa)
C   90 MPa
2 2
The radius of the circle is
 p1   p 2 (150 MPa)  (30 MPa)
R   60 MPa
2 2
(a) The stresses on plane a-a are found by rotating 270° counterclockwise from the p1 point on Mohr’s
circle. Therefore, the point at the bottom of the circle directly underneath the center corresponds to the
state of stress on plane a-a.
 a  a  C  90 MPa  90 MPa (T) Ans.
 a  a  R  60 MPa (shear stress rotates the wedge element counterclockwise) Ans.
(b) The angle p shown on the problem statement sketch is
1  3
 p  tan 1    18.4349
2  4
The p1 principal plane is rotated 18.4349° counterclockwise from the x face of the stress element. We
need to find the point on Mohr’s circle that corresponds to the x face of the stress element. Since we
know the location of p1 on Mohr’s circle, we can begin there and rotate 2p in the opposite direction to
find point x. Therefore, beginning at point p1, rotate 2(18.4349°) = 36.8698° clockwise to locate point
x. The  coordinate of point x is found from:
 x  C  R cos(2 p )
 90 MPa  (60 MPa)cos(36.8698)  138.0 MPa (T) Ans.
The  coordinate of point x is found from:
 nt  R sin(2 p )
 (60 MPa)sin(36.8698)  36.0 MPa (rotates element counterclockwise) Ans.
Similarly, the  coordinate of point y is found from:
 y  C  R cos(2 p )
 90 MPa  (60 MPa)cos(36.8698)  42.0 MPa (T) Ans.
The  coordinate of point y is also 42.0 MPa, and the shear stress on the y face rotates the stress element
clockwise.
The stresses on the vertical and horizontal faces of the stress element are shown below.
(c) Since both p1 and p2 are positive, the absolute maximum shear stress will be larger than the
maximum in-plane shear stress. The radius of the largest Mohr’s circle gives the absolute maximum
shear stress. In this case, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs in the p1–p3 plane; therefore,
   p 3 150 MPa  0 MPa
 abs max  p1   75.0 MPa Ans.
2 2
P12.91 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 40 MPa (T), y = 20 MPa (C), z = 20
MPa (T), xy = +40 MPa, yz = 0, and zx = +30 MPa. Determine:
(a) the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outward normal is oriented at angles of 40°, 75°,
and 54° with the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
(b) the principal stresses and the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.
Solution
The known stresses are
 x  40 MPa  y  20 MPa  z  20 MPa
 xy  40 MPa  yz  0 MPa  zx  30 MPa
(a) The plane of interest is defined by its direction cosines:

l  cos(40)  0.7660 m  cos(75)  0.2588 n  cos(54)  0.5878
The three orthogonal components of the resultant stress are:

S x   x  l   xy  m   zx  n  (40)(0.7660)  (40)(0.2588)  (30)(0.5878)  58.63 MPa
S y   xy  l   y  m   yz  n  (40)(0.7660)  (20)(0.2588)  (0)(0.5878)  25.47 MPa
S z   zx  l   yz  m   z  n  (30)(0.7660)  (0)(0.2588)  (20)(0.5878)  34.74 MPa
The normal component n of the resultant stress is

 n  Sx  l  S y  m  Sz  n
 (58.63)(0.7660)  (25.47)(0.2588)  (34.74)(0.5878)
 71.92 MPa  71.9 MPa (T) Ans.
The shear stress nt on the oblique plane can be obtained from the relation S 2   n2   nt2 .
S 2  S x2  S y2  S z2  (58.63)2  (25.47)2  (34.74)2  5,292.40
and thus;
 nt  ( S 2   n2 )  5,292.40  (71.92)2  10.95 MPa Ans.
(b) The principal stresses can be obtained from the roots of the cubic equation [Eq. (12.27)]
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0
The three invariants have values of

I1   x   y   z
 (40)  (20)  (20)  40
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (40)(20)  (20)(20)  (20)(40)  (40) 2  (0) 2  (30) 2  2,900
I 3   x y z  2 xy yz zx  ( x yz2   y zx2   z xy2 )
 (40)(20)(20)  2(40)(0)(30)  [(40)(0) 2  ( 20)(30) 2  (20)(40) 2 ]  30,000
therefore, Eq. (12.27) is
 3p  (40) p2  (2,900) p  (30,000)  0
The three roots of this cubic equation are the principal stresses:
 p1  73.8 MPa (T)
 p 2  9.41 MPa (T) Ans.
 p 3  43.2 MPa (C)
The absolute maximum shear stress at the point is found from

   min 73.8  ( 43.2)
 abs max  max   58.5 MPa Ans.
2 2
P12.92 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 14 ksi (T), y = 12 ksi (T), z = 10 ksi
(T), xy = +4 ksi, yz = −4 ksi, and zx = 0. Determine:
and 66.2° with the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
Solution
 x  14 ksi  y  12 ksi  z  10 ksi
 xy  4 ksi  yz  4 ksi  zx  0 ksi

l  cos(40)  0.7660 m  cos(60)  0.5000 n  cos(66.2)  0.4035

S x   x  l   xy  m   zx  n  (14)(0.7660)  (4)(0.5000)  (0)(0.4035)  12.725 ksi
S y   xy  l   y  m   yz  n  (4)(0.7660)  (12)(0.5000)  ( 4)(0.4035)  7.450 ksi
S z   zx  l   yz  m   z  n  (0)(0.7660)  (4)(0.5000)  (10)(0.4035)  2.035 ksi

 n  Sx  l  S y  m  Sz  n
 (12.725)(0.7660)  (7.450)(0.5000)  (2.035)(0.4035)
 14.294 ksi  14.29 ksi (T) Ans.
S 2  S x2  S y2  S z2  (12.725)2  (7.450)2  (2.035)2  221.562
and thus;
 nt  ( S 2   n2 )  221.562  (14.294)2  4.152 ksi  4.15 ksi Ans.
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0

I1   x   y   z
 (14)  (12)  (10)  36
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (14)(12)  (12)(10)  (10)(14)  (4)2  (4)2  (0) 2  396
 (14)(12)(10)  2(4)(4)(0)  [(14)(4)2  (12)(0)2  (10)(4) 2 ]  1, 296
 3p  (36) p2  (396) p  (1,296)  0
 p1  18.00 ksi (T)
 p 2  12.00 ksi (T) Ans.
 p 3  6.00 ksi (T)

   min 18.00  (6.00)
 abs max  max   6.00 ksi Ans.
2 2
P12.93 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 60 MPa (T), y = 90 MPa (T), z = 60
MPa (T), xy = +120 MPa, yz = +75 MPa, and zx = +90 MPa. Determine:
and 37.3° with the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
Solution
 x  60 MPa  y  90 MPa  z  60 MPa

l  cos(60)  0.5000 m  cos(70)  0.3420 n  cos(37.3)  0.7955

S x   x  l   xy  m   zx  n  (60)(0.5000)  (120)(0.3420)  (90)(0.7955)  142.635 MPa
S y   xy  l   y  m   yz  n  (120)(0.5000)  (90)(0.3420)  (75)(0.7955)  150.442 MPa
S z   zx  l   yz  m   z  n  (90)(0.5000)  (75)(0.3420)  (60)(0.7955)  118.380 MPa

 n  Sx  l  S y  m  Sz  n
 (142.635)(0.5000)  (150.442)(0.3420)  (118.380)(0.7955)
 216.940 MPa  217 MPa (T) Ans.
S 2  S x2  S y2  S z2  (142.635) 2  (150.442) 2  (118.380) 2  56,991.450
and thus;
 nt  ( S 2   n2 )  56,991.450  (216.940)2  99.642 MPa  99.6 MPa Ans.
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0

I1   x   y   z
 (60)  (90)  (60)  210
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (60)(90)  (90)(60)  (60)(60)  (120) 2  (75) 2  (90) 2  13, 725
 (60)(90)(60)  2(120)(75)(90)  [(60)(75) 2  (90)(90) 2  (60)(120) 2 ]  13,500
 3p  (210) p2  (13,725) p  (13,500)  0
 p1  262 MPa (T)
 p 2  0.999 MPa (C) Ans.
 p 3  51.5 MPa (C)

   min 262.485  (51.486)
 abs max  max   157.0 MPa Ans.
2 2
P12.94 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, xy = +6 ksi, yz = +10
ksi, and zx = +8 ksi. Determine:
(a) the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outward normal makes equal angles with the x, y,
and z axes.
Solution
 x  0 ksi  y  0 ksi  z  0 ksi
 xy  6 ksi  yz  10 ksi  zx  8 ksi
(a) The plane of interest is defined by its direction cosines, and in this case, all three angles are the same.
Therefore, l = m = n. The direction cosines are related by the identity:
l 2  m2  n2  1
Since l = m = n in this instance,
1
l 2  m2  n2  3l 2  1 l  m  n   0.5774
3
S x   x  l   xy  m   zx  n  (0)(0.5774)  (6)(0.5774)  (8)(0.5774)  8.0836 ksi
S y   xy  l   y  m   yz  n  (6)(0.5774)  (0)(0.5774)  (10)(0.5774)  9.2384 ksi
S z   zx  l   yz  m   z  n  (8)(0.5774)  (10)(0.5774)  (0)(0.5774)  10.3932 ksi

 n  Sx  l  S y  m  Sz  n
 (8.0836)(0.5774)  (9.2384)(0.5774)  (10.3932)(0.5774)
 16.0028 ksi  16.00 ksi (T) Ans.
S 2  S x2  S y2  S z2  (8.0836)2  (9.2384)2  (10.3932)2  258.7112
and thus;
 nt  ( S 2   n2 )  258.7112  (16.0028)2  1.620 ksi Ans.
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0
I1   x   y   z
 (0)  (0)  (0)  0
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (0)(0)  (0)(0)  (0)(0)  (6) 2  (10) 2  (8) 2  200
 (0)(0)(0)  2(6)(10)(8)  [(0)(10) 2  (0)(8) 2  (0)(6) 2 ]  960
 3p  (0) p2  (200) p  (960)   3p  200 p  960  0
 p1  16.11 ksi (T)
 p 2  5.75 ksi (C) Ans.
 p 3  10.36 ksi (C)

   min 16.1116  (10.3605)
2 2
P12.95 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 72 MPa (T), y = 32 MPa (C), z = 0,
xy = +21 MPa, yz = 0, and zx = +21 MPa. Determine:
(a) the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outward normal makes equal angles with the x, y,
and z axes.
Solution
 x  72 MPa  y  32 MPa  z  0 MPa
(a) The plane of interest is defined by its direction cosines, and in this case, all three angles are the same.
Therefore, l = m = n. The direction cosines are related by the identity:
l 2  m2  n2  1
Since l = m = n in this instance,
1
l 2  m2  n2  3l 2  1 l  m  n   0.5774
3
S x   x  l   xy  m   zx  n  (72)(0.5774)  (21)(0.5774)  (21)(0.5774)  65.8236 MPa
S y   xy  l   y  m   yz  n  (21)(0.5774)  (32)(0.5774)  (0)(0.5774)  6.3514 MPa
S z   zx  l   yz  m   z  n  (21)(0.5774)  (0)(0.5774)  (0)(0.5774)  12.1254 MPa

 n  Sx  l  S y  m  Sz  n
 (65.8236)(0.5774)  (6.3514)(0.5774)  (12.1254)(0.5774)
 41.3405 MPa  41.3 MPa (T) Ans.
S 2  S x2  S y2  S z2  (65.8236)2  (6.3514)2  (12.1254)2  4,520.1119
and thus;
 nt  ( S 2   n2 )  4,520.1119  (41.3405)2  53.0 MPa Ans.
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0
I1   x   y   z
 (72)  (32)  (0)  40
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (72)(32)  (32)(0)  (0)(72)  (21) 2  (0) 2  (21) 2  3,186
 (72)(32)(0)  2(21)(0)(21)  [(72)(0)2  (32)(21) 2  (0)(21) 2 ]  14,112
 3p  (40) p2  (3,186) p  (14,112)  0
 p1  81.3 MPa (T)
 p 2  4.75 MPa (C) Ans.
 p 3  36.6 MPa (C)

   min 81.3151  (36.5695)
 abs max  max   58.9 MPa Ans.
2 2
MPa (T), xy = +40 MPa, yz = −50 MPa, and zx = +60 MPa. Determine:
and 62° with the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
Solution
 x  60 MPa  y  50 MPa  z  40 MPa
 xy  40 MPa  yz  50 MPa  zx  60 MPa

l  cos(30)  0.8660 m  cos(80)  0.1736 n  cos(62)  0.4695

S x   x  l   xy  m   zx  n  (60)(0.8660)  (40)(0.1736)  (60)(0.4695)  87.0757 MPa
S y   xy  l   y  m   yz  n  (40)(0.8660)  (50)(0.1736)  (50)(0.4695)  2.4850 MPa
S z   zx  l   yz  m   z  n  (60)(0.8660)  (50)(0.1736)  (40)(0.4695)  62.0580 MPa

 n  Sx  l  S y  m  Sz  n
 (87.0757)(0.8660)  (2.4850)(0.1736)  (62.0580)(0.4695)
 104.9758 MPa  105.0 MPa (T) Ans.
S 2  S x2  S y2  S z2  (87.0757) 2  (2.4850) 2  (62.0580) 2  11, 439.5534
and thus;
 nt  ( S 2   n2 )  11, 439.5534  (104.9758) 2  20.4851 MPa  20.5 MPa Ans.
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0

I1   x   y   z
 (60)  (50)  (40)  50
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (60)(50)  (50)(40)  (40)(60)  (40) 2  ( 50) 2  (60) 2  10,300
 (60)(50)(40)  2(40)( 50)(60)  [(60)( 50) 2  (50)(60) 2  (40)(40) 2 ]  394,000
 3p  (50) p2  (10,300) p  (394,000)   3p  50 p2  10,300 p  394,000  0
 p1  110.9 MPa (T)
 p 2  36.5 MPa (T) Ans.
 p 3  97.4 MPa (C)

   min 110.8530  (97.3595)
2 2
MPa (T), xy = +40 MPa, yz = +20 MPa, and zx = +30 MPa. Determine:
(a) the principal stresses and the absolute maximum shear stress at the point.
(b) the orientation of the plane on which the maximum tensile stress acts.
Solution
 x  60 MPa  y  40 MPa  z  20 MPa
(a) The principal stresses can be obtained from the roots of the cubic equation [Eq. (12.27)]
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0

I1   x   y   z
 (60)  (40)  (20)  40
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (60)(40)  (40)(20)  (20)(60)  (40) 2  (20) 2  (30) 2  4,900
 (60)(40)(20)  2(40)(20)(30)  [(60)(20) 2  ( 40)(30) 2  (20)(40) 2 ]  20,000
 3p  (40) p2  (4,900) p  (20,000)   3p  40 p2  4,900 p  20,000  0
 p1  91.3 MPa (T)
 p 2  3.97 MPa (T) Ans.
 p 3  55.2 MPa (C)

   min 91.2804  (55.2464)
2 2
(b) From Eqs. (b) in Section 12.10,

( x   p )l   xy m   zx n  0
( y   p )m   yz n   xy l  0
( z   p )n   zx l   yz m  0
Since we are interested in the orientation of the maximum tensile stress, set p = p1 = 91.2804 MPa and
rewrite these equations as:
[(60)  (91.2804)] l  (40)m  (30)n  0
[(40)  (91.2804)] m  (20)n  (40)l  0
[(20)  (91.2804)] n  (30)l  (20)m  0
which can be simplified and rearranged to these three equations.
31.2804 l  40 m  30 n  0 (a)
40 l 131.2804 m  20 n  0 (b)
30 l  20 m  71.2804 n  0 (c)
Consider Eqs. (a) and (b). Eliminate n from these two equations to obtain the relationship
m  0.3853 l (d)
Repeat the process with Eqs. (b) and (c), eliminating m to obtain the relationship
n  0.5290 l (e)
The direction cosines are related by the identity:

l 2  m2  n2  1
Substitute Eqs. (d) and (e) into this identity and solve for the direction cosine l:
l 2  (0.3853 l )2  (0.5290 l )2  1.428254 l 2  1
 l  0.8368
Backsubstitute this result into Eqs. (d) and (e) to determine direction cosines m and n:
m  0.3853(0.8368)  0.3224
n  0.5290(0.8368)  0.4426
From l, m, and n, determine the angles , , and :

cos   0.8368   33.2
cos   0.3324   71.2 Ans.
cos   0.4426   63.7
P12.98 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 18 ksi (T), y = 12 ksi (T), z = 6 ksi
(T), xy = +12 ksi, yz = −6 ksi, and zx = +9 ksi. Determine:
Solution
 x  18 ksi  y  12 ksi  z  6 ksi
 xy  12 ksi  yz  6 ksi  zx  9 ksi
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0

I1   x   y   z
 (18)  (12)  (6)  36
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (18)(12)  (12)(6)  (6)(18)  (12) 2  (6)2  (9)2  135
 (18)(12)(6)  2(12)(6)(9)  [(18)(6)2  (12)(9)2  (6)(12) 2 ]  2, 484
 3p  (36) p2  (135) p  (2, 484)   3p  36 p2  135 p  2, 484  0
 p1  28.0 ksi (T)
 p 2  14.22 ksi (T) Ans.
 p 3  6.24 ksi (C)

   min 28.0170  (6.2355)
2 2

( x   p )l   xy m   zx n  0
( y   p )m   yz n   xy l  0
( z   p )n   zx l   yz m  0
Since we are interested in the orientation of the maximum tensile stress, set p = p1 = 28.0170 ksi and
[(18)  (28.0170)] l  (12)m  (9)n  0
[(12)  (28.0170)] m  (6)n  (12)l  0
[(6)  (28.0170)] n  (9)l  (6)m  0
10.0170 l  12 m  9 n  0 (a)
12 l 16.0170 m  6 n  0 (b)
9 l  6 m  22.0170 n  0 (c)
m  0.6638 l (d)
n  0.2279 l (e)

l 2  m2  n2  1
l 2  (0.6638 l )2  (0.2279 l )2  1.492615 l 2  1
 l  0.8185
m  0.6638(0.8185)  0.5434
n  0.2279(0.8185)  0.1865

cos   0.8185   35.1
cos   0.5434   57.1 Ans.
cos   0.1865   79.3
P12.99 At a point in a stressed body, the known stresses are x = 18 ksi (C), y = 15 ksi (C), z = 12 ksi
(C), xy = −15 ksi, yz = +12 ksi, and zx = −9 ksi. Determine:
Solution
 x  18 ksi  y  15 ksi  z  12 ksi
 xy  15 ksi  yz  12 ksi  zx  9 ksi
 3p  I1 p2  I 2 p  I3  0

I1   x   y   z
 (18)  (15)  (12)  45
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   zx2
 (18)(15)  (15)(12)  (12)(18)  (15) 2  (12) 2  (9) 2  216
 (18)(15)(12)  2(15)(12)(9)  [( 18)(12) 2  (15)(9) 2  (12)(15) 2 ]  6,507
 3p  (45) p2  (216) p  (6,507)   3p  45 p2  216 p  6,507  0
 p1  9.15 ksi (T)
 p 2  22.4 ksi (C) Ans.
 p 3  31.7 ksi (C)

   min 9.1477  (31.7286)
2 2

( x   p )l   xy m   zx n  0
( y   p )m   yz n   xy l  0
( z   p )n   zx l   yz m  0
Since we are interested in the orientation of the maximum tensile stress, set p = p1 = 9.1477 ksi and
[(18)  (9.1477)] l  (15)m  (9)n  0
[(15)  (9.1477)] m  (12)n  (15)l  0
[(12)  (9.1477)] n  (9)l  (12)m  0
27.1477 l  15 m  9 n  0 (a)
15 l  24.1477 m  12 n  0 (b)
9 l  12 m  21.1477 n  0 (c)
m  1.15967 l (d)
n  1.08362 l (e)

l 2  m2  n2  1
l 2  ( 1.15967 l )2  ( 1.08362 l )2  3.51908 l 2  1
 l  0.5331
m  1.15967(0.5331)  0.6182
n  1.08362(0.5331)  0.5776

cos   0.5331   57.8
cos   0.6182   128.2 Ans.
cos   0.5776   125.3

CH 12

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CH 12

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P12.

1 A 25-mm-diameter solid shaft is

Normal and shear stress magnitudes:

Stress elements for points H and K are shown below.

Normal and shear stress magnitudes:

F2 ( 22 kN)(1,000 N/kN)

Stress elements for points H and K are shown below.

FIGURE P12.5a FIGURE P12.5b

Moment of inertia about the z axis: (i.e., horizontal axis)

Axial stress at point H:

Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point H:

FIGURE P12.6a FIGURE P12.6b

yi Ai 24, 255.0 mm3

Moment of inertia about the z axis: (i.e., horizontal axis)

Axial stress at point H:

Bending stress at point H: (y = 65 mm − 15 mm − 29.293 mm = 20.707 mm)

Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point H:

Axial stress at point K:

Bending stress at point K: (y = 15 mm − 29.293 mm = −14.293 mm)

Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point K:

FIGURE P12.7a FIGURE P12.7b

Axial stress at point H:

Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point H:

Axial stress at point K:

Bending stress at point K: (y = 2 in. − 3.900 in. = −1.900 in.)

Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point K:

FIGURE P12.8b FIGURE P12.8a

Bending stress at point H:

Transverse and horizontal shear stress at point H:

Bending stress at point K:

FIGURE P12.9b FIGURE P12.9a

A  (12 mm)(18 mm)  216 mm 2

FIGURE P12.10a FIGURE P12.10b Detail at pin A

FIGURE P12.11a FIGURE P12.11b Detail at pin B

Equivalent forces at H and K:

Axial stress magnitude at H due to Fy:

Shear stress magnitude at H due to Fx:

Torsion shear stress magnitude at H due to My:

Axial stress magnitude at K due to Fy:

Bending stress magnitude at K due to Mz:

Shear stress magnitude at K due to My:

(b) Summary of stresses at K:

Equivalent forces at H and K:

Axial stress magnitude at H due to Fy:

Shear stress magnitude at H due to Fx:

Shear stress magnitude at H due to My:

Bending stress magnitude at K due to Mz:

Shear stress magnitude at K due to My:

(b) Summary of stresses at K:

Equivalent forces at H and K:

Equivalent moments at H and K:

Each of the non-zero forces and moments will be evaluated to

(a) Consider point H.

(b) Consider point K.

Force Fz does not cause either a normal stress or a shear stress at K.

Moment My creates bending stress at K. The magnitude of this stress is:

Equivalent forces at H and K:

Equivalent moments at H and K:

Each of the non-zero forces and moments will be evaluated to

(a) Consider point H.

(b) Consider point K.

Force Fz does not cause either a normal stress or a shear stress at K.

Moment My creates bending stress at K. The magnitude of this stress is: