Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DYNAMICS
OF MASS
COMMUNCATION
Joseph R. Dominick
University of Georgia--Athens
• Big Business
– GE, AT&T, and Westinghouse invest in Radio
Corporation of America (RCA)
– Sarnoff – “radio music box”
• Mass Audience
– Frank Conrad of Westinghouse begins garage
radio station → KDKA (1920)
• Better Receivers
– 1926 – radios more user-friendly
– By 1930 – 17 million sets sold
• World War II
– Network news thrives as public follows
war developments with “name”
correspondents.
– Ad revenues double 1940-1945
Supreme NBC
Court NBC
(1943) ABC
• Specialized Formats
– Stations lose network affiliations
– Local personalities emerge
– Station develops “Top 40” format
– Clock hour invented
• Internet radio
– Specialized formats
– Small audiences
– Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (2002)
– Small Webcaster Settlement Act of 2002
– Major Internet radio providers: MSN
Radio, AOL, Yahoo and Live365
PORTABLE SUPPLEMENTAL
Radio
UNIVERSAL SELECTIVE
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.
Organization of the Radio Industry
• AM and FM Stations
– AM = Amplitude Modulation
• Travels farther
• Clear channel
– single dominant station with strong signal
• Regional channel – shared by several stations
• Local channel – shared by many stations
– FM = Frequency Modulation
• Class C – most powerful signal (100 Better quality;
less interference
• Classes B and A less powerful
• Station Formats
– Programming chooses an audience
– Three basic formats
• Music –
Urban, AC, Top 40, Contemporary,
Country
• Black / Ethnic –
Hispanic, Polish, German, etc.
• News / Talk
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.
Organization of the Radio Industry
• Format Homogenization
– Consolidation – cheaper to use same
programming in all regions
– Low-risk decisions – it worked here, it
should work there
– Use of a limited band of radio consultants
– Use of focus groups and surveys
• Voice Tracking
– A single DJ records intros, extros, chatter
– Music mixed in later
– Total program delivered to local stations
• Noncommercial Radio
– 2,400 stations (2005)
• Most owned by educational institutions
• Several channels set aside
– NPR (National Public Radio)
• 530 affiliate stations
• Each pays NPR a usage fee
– Corporation for Public Broadcasting
• Funded by Congress
• Sponsors nonprofit stations
– Public Radio International
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.
Ownership in the Radio Industry
• Entry Level
– Small market
– Versatile – any job asked to do
– Most jobs are in programming and sales
• Upward Mobility
– DJs – larger markets and better time slots
– Sales
• Better accounts
• Sales manager → General manager