Why study  Leads us to a fundamental understanding of life

 Has a profound impact on our understanding of medicine, health and the

environment
Biotech will also advance from biochemical studies

Biochem > Nucleic acid – Genetic dse.

Medicine Proteins – sickle anemia
Lipids – Atherosclerosis
CHO - DM

Importance of Human nutrition

biochem in Diagnosis of disease
medicine Tx of dse states
Creation of designer drugs

definition Study of life at the molecular level

Subdivisions  Structural and functional biochem
/primary areas  Informational biochem
 bioenergetics
Water and its Universal solvent Non-covalent bonding formed by water
properties Attracts electrons 1. Hydrogen bonds
2. Electrostatic interactions
3. Van der Waals Forces
4. Hydrophobic interactions
Types of Van der Dipole-dipole interactions ;
Waals Forces Dipole-induced dipole interactions De bye
Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions – London dispersion forces
Thermal Hydrogen bonding is responsible for One atmosphere – 760 mercury (at sea level-
properties of h20 this property measurement)
Each water molecule can form
hydrogen bonds with four other water
molecules

Heat of vaporization
Heat capacity

Solvent - Water is a remarkable solvent bec. Of its dipolar structure and its capacity to
properties of form H bonds
water - Organic molecules with ionisable groups and neutral molecules dissolves in
water
- Nonpolar compounds are not soluble in water
- Amphipathic molecules, those that contain both polar and nonpolar form
micelles when mixed with water
How life started The big bang theory
Primeval EXPLOXTION
Condensation of matter
1st gen. of stars – hydrogen and helium
Thermonuclear reactions
Heavier elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc (periodic table manner)
Maturation
Instability
Explosion
Novas and super novas
Condense
 2nd gen - planetary
Elements found in First tier elements – carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen All living organism
organism 2nd- calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, na, has carbon- readily to
sulfur form FOUR bonds
3rd – cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc Cobalt part of vit b
4th aluminium, arsenic, boron, bromine, chromium, fluorine, Copper synthesize
gallium, iodine, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tungsten, ATP
vanadium
Approx.
elementary
composition of
the HM
Attributes of  Capacity to extract energy from molecules called nutrients
living things  Power to actively respond to changes in their environment
 Display the attributes of growth, differentiation, and reproduction (most important
Hierarchical 1. Organizational level
2. System level
3. Organ level
4. Tissue level
5. Cellular level
6. Macromolecular level
Micromolecular level
Glucose, galactose
Amino acid
Nitrogenous bases
Fatty acids

Macromolecules Proteins - 20 species of AA Codons :

Nucleic acids - 8 types of UGA
nucleotides UAG
Polysaccharides - 8 common
sugars Glucose – starch (plants)
Lipids - fatty acids Fructose – table salt
Palmitic acid - saturated long-chain fatty
acid with a 16-carbon backbone
Eukaryotic vs.
prokaryotes

Why study  Leads us to a fundamental understanding of life

 Has a profound impact on our understanding of medicine, health and the
environment
Biotech will also advance from biochemical studies

Biochem > Nucleic acid – Genetic dse.

Medicine Proteins – sickle anemia
Lipids – Atherosclerosis
CHO - DM
Importance of Human nutrition
biochem in Diagnosis of disease
medicine Tx of dse states
Creation of designer drugs

definition Study of life at the molecular level

Subdivisions  Structural and functional biochem
/primary areas  Informational biochem
 bioenergetics
Water and its Universal solvent Non-covalent bonding formed by water
properties Attracts electrons 5. Hydrogen bonds
6. Electrostatic interactions
7. Van der Waals Forces
8. Hydrophobic interactions
Types of Van der Dipole-dipole interactions ;
Waals Forces Dipole-induced dipole interactions De bye
Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions – London dispersion forces
Thermal Hydrogen bonding is responsible for One atmosphere – 760 mercury (at sea level-
properties of h20 this property measurement)
Each water molecule can form
hydrogen bonds with four other water
molecules

Heat of vaporization
Heat capacity

Solvent - Water is a remarkable solvent bec. Of its dipolar structure and its capacity to
properties of form H bonds
water - Organic molecules with ionisable groups and neutral molecules dissolves in
water
- Nonpolar compounds are not soluble in water
- Amphipathic molecules, those that contain both polar and nonpolar form
micelles when mixed with water
How life started The big bang theory
Primeval EXPLOXTION
Condensation of matter
1st gen. of stars – hydrogen and helium
Thermonuclear reactions
Heavier elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc (periodic table manner)
Maturation
Instability
Explosion
Novas and super novas
Condense
2nd gen - planetary
Elements found in First tier elements – carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen All living organism
organism 2nd- calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, na, has carbon- readily to
sulfur form FOUR bonds
3rd – cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc Cobalt part of vit b
4th aluminium, arsenic, boron, bromine, chromium, fluorine, Copper synthesize
gallium, iodine, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tungsten, ATP
vanadium
Approx.
elementary
composition of
the HM
Attributes of  Capacity to extract energy from molecules called nutrients
living things  Power to actively respond to changes in their environment
 Display the attributes of growth, differentiation, and reproduction (most important
Hierarchical 7. Organizational level
8. System level
9. Organ level
10. Tissue level
11. Cellular level
12. Macromolecular level
Micromolecular level
Glucose, galactose
Amino acid
Nitrogenous bases
Fatty acids

Macromolecules Proteins - 20 species of AA Codons :

Nucleic acids - 8 types of UGA
nucleotides UAG
Polysaccharides - 8 common
sugars Glucose – starch (plants)
Lipids - fatty acids Fructose – table salt
Palmitic acid - saturated long-chain fatty
acid with a 16-carbon backbone
Eukaryotic vs.
prokaryotes

Nucleus Found in all cells except RBC and platelets

Largest subcellular organelle
3 constituents:
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus – pacemaker of the cell: site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
Chromatin – fine fibers made up
Mitochondrion Cristae
Matrix
Intramembranous space
Elementary bodies – complex 5 / ATP synthase

Inner membrane:
With infoldings
Elementary bodies with headpiece, stalk and basepiece
- Headpiece – contains f1 subunit which contains ATP synthase
- Stalk – attach f1 subunit to basepiece; contains OSCP
- Basepiece – contains fo subunit which contains enzymes of respiratory chain in
association with enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation

High selective permeability

- Has transport systems for specific substances: ATP, ADP, pyruvate, succinilate, a-
 ketoglutarate,

Exception to highly selective permeability:

- Embedded in the inner leaflet
intramembranou Sucrose space
s Contains: creatine kinase
Adenylate kinase
NAD+
CoA pool
Mitochondrial Contains: DNA
matrix Ribosome
Enzymes of kerb cycle
Enzymes of b oxidation of FA
Enzymes of ketogenesis
Calcium PO4 granules

Function:
Responsible for aerobic biochemical processes such as: Kreb cycles

Oxidation:
Involves: oxidation of pyruvate or other metabolites to co2 coupled to reduction of electron
carriers: NAD+. FAD
Electron transfer from NADH and FADH2 to O2
Utilization of energy stored in the transmembrane proton concentration gradient for ATP
synthase

Sperm cell:
Tissue with a especially heavy demand of ATP as an
Endoplasmic SER- lipids and steroids
Reticulum

Ribosomes Bonded > A site + P site Prokaryotic Eukaryotes ribosomes

ribosomes
A site means exit Contains 65% RNA
and 35% proteins
making up 70s
Smooth ER No ribosomes
Synthesize steroids, phospholipids, TAGs
Synthesize CHO to conjugate with proteins to form glycoproteins
Microsomes ER fragmented into small closed
vesicles

Golgi complex Stalk flattened vesicle

Functions:
Location:
- Usually located near the cell nucleus
- In animal cells, its close to centrosome or cell center

2 types:
1. Non clathrin- coated vesicles for unselected(constitutive)transport – ALWAYS
THERE!
2. Clathrin-coated vesicle for signal-mediated(inducible) transport – if only
 needed, then transport vesicle is utilized

Process:
1. Process N linked oligosaccharide chains
- 2 broad classes:
Complex oligosaccharides
High mannose oligosaccharide
- Provide resistance to protease digestion
2. Assemble proteoglycans

Lysosomes Membrane bounded vesicle involved in intracellular digestion carried put by hydrolytic
enzymes active under acidic ph

Digestive functions:
1. Intra and extracellular debris
2. Phagocytosed microorganism
3. Even cell nutrition-principal site of cholesterol assimilation from LDL

3 pathways for obtaining

Peroxisomes  Microbodies
 Surrounded by only a single membrane
 Do not contain DNA nor ribosomes

Approx.
elementary
composition of
the HM
Attributes of  Capacity to extract energy from molecules called nutrients
living things  Power to actively respond to changes in their environment
 Display the attributes of growth, differentiation, and reproduction (most important
Hierarchical 13. Organizational level
14. System level
15. Organ level
16. Tissue level
17. Cellular level
18. Macromolecular level
Micromolecular level
Glucose, galactose
Amino acid
Nitrogenous bases
Fatty acids

Macromolecules Proteins - 20 species of AA Codons :

Nucleic acids - 8 types of nucleotides UGA
Polysaccharides - 8 common sugars UAG
Lipids - fatty acids
Glucose – starch (plants)
Fructose – table salt
Palmitic acid - saturated long-chain
 fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone
Eukaryotic vs.
prokaryotes

Subcellular Usual process by which as organelle is

fractional isolated for study 1. Differential centrifugation
Method involves: essentially the 2. Isopycnic (sucrose-density) centrifugation
homogenization or destruction of cell
boundaries by different mechanical or
chemical procedures
Then separation of the subcellular
fractions according to mass, surface and
specific gravity
Generally entails 3 phases:
Extraction / cell Blending
disruption - Grinding
methods Sonication
Osmotic shock
High pressure extrusion
Tx. With Lysozyme
Homogenization/ hemoginate
Centrifugation:Differential-velocity
Equilibrium density=gradient centrifugation
Purity of organelle preparation is assessed by the ff:
Methods:
1. Morphology
2. Content of marker molecules(enzymes and chemicals)
3. Immunological Techniques
Cell Universal unit of life
2 types:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

definition Study of life at the molecular level

Subdivisions  Structural and functional biochem
/primary areas  Informational biochem
 bioenergetics
Water and its Universal solvent Non-covalent bonding formed by water
properties Attracts electrons 9. Hydrogen bonds
10. Electrostatic interactions
11. Van der Waals Forces
12. Hydrophobic interactions
Types of Van der Dipole-dipole interactions ;
Waals Forces Dipole-induced dipole interactions De bye
Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions – London dispersion forces
Thermal Hydrogen bonding is responsible for One atmosphere – 760 mercury (at sea level-
properties of h20 this property measurement)
Each water molecule can form
hydrogen bonds with four other water
molecules

Heat of vaporization
 Heat capacity

Solvent - Water is a remarkable solvent bec. Of its dipolar structure and its capacity to
properties of form H bonds
water - Organic molecules with ionisable groups and neutral molecules dissolves in
water
- Nonpolar compounds are not soluble in water
- Amphipathic molecules, those that contain both polar and nonpolar form
micelles when mixed with water
How life started The big bang theory
Primeval EXPLOXTION
Condensation of matter
1st gen. of stars – hydrogen and helium
Thermonuclear reactions
Heavier elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc (periodic table manner)
Maturation
Instability
Explosion
Novas and super novas
Condense
2nd gen - planetary
Elements found in First tier elements – carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen All living organism
organism 2nd- calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, na, has carbon- readily to
sulfur form FOUR bonds
3rd – cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc Cobalt part of vit b
4th aluminium, arsenic, boron, bromine, chromium, fluorine, Copper synthesize
gallium, iodine, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tungsten, ATP
vanadium
Approx.
elementary
composition of
the HM
Attributes of  Capacity to extract energy from molecules called nutrients
living things  Power to actively respond to changes in their environment
 Display the attributes of growth, differentiation, and reproduction (most important
Hierarchical 19. Organizational level
20. System level
21. Organ level
22. Tissue level
23. Cellular level
24. Macromolecular level
Micromolecular level
Glucose, galactose
Amino acid
Nitrogenous bases
Fatty acids

Macromolecules Proteins - 20 species of AA Codons :

Nucleic acids - 8 types of UGA
nucleotides UAG
Polysaccharides - 8 common
sugars Glucose – starch (plants)
 Lipids - fatty acids Fructose – table salt
Palmitic acid - saturated long-chain fatty
acid with a 16-carbon backbone
Eukaryotic vs.
prokaryotes