Welding International

ISSN: 0950-7116 (Print) 1754-2138 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/twld20

Joint microstructures, mechanical properties and

fatigue behaviour of ferritic stainless steel SUS 430
welds with different filler metals

Masayuki Akita, Yoshihiko Uematsu, Toshifumi Kakiuchi, Masaki Nakajima,

Yukio Agata & Kohei Takino

To cite this article: Masayuki Akita, Yoshihiko Uematsu, Toshifumi Kakiuchi, Masaki Nakajima,
Yukio Agata & Kohei Takino (2018) Joint microstructures, mechanical properties and fatigue
behaviour of ferritic stainless steel SUS 430 welds with different filler metals, Welding International,
32:6, 427-435

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2017.1346860

Published online: 23 Oct 2018.

Submit your article to this journal

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=twld20
WELDING INTERNATIONAL
2018, VOL. 32, NO. 6, 427–435
https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2017.1346860

ARTICLE

Joint microstructures, mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour of ferritic

stainless steel SUS 430 welds with different filler metals
Masayuki Akitaa, Yoshihiko Uematsub, Toshifumi Kakiuchib, Masaki Nakajimac, Yukio Agatad
and Kohei Takinoe
a
Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University; bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University; cToyota
College, National Institute of Technology; dNippon Welding Rod Co. Ltd.; eNTN Corporation

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Joint microstructures, mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of ferritic stainless steel Ferritic stainless steel; MIG
SUS430 welds with different filler metals were investigated. Two filler metals with different weld; microstructure; fatigue
chemical compositions, Filler I and II, had been used for the MIG butt welding of SUS430. strength; hardness
Filler I showed coarser grains in the microstructure than Filler II including Al and Ti. In both
welded joints, the hardness of heat affected zone (HAZ) was the highest due to the formation
of hard needle-like martensite. The welding heat input of Filler I welded joint was higher than
that of Filler II. Consequently, martensite content of Filler I was more numerous and bigger
than the Filler II. Fully reversed axial fatigue tests had been performed using smooth speci-
mens of welded joints and base-metal specimens at ambient temperature in laboratory air. In
both welded joints, fatigue fracture took place at base metal region due to the higher
hardness in weld metals and HAZ regions than the base metal.

1. Introduction metal, it is accompanied by structural changes such

as coarsening of the microstructure and particles in
Because of its excellent corrosion resistance and oxi-
the peripheral region of the weld [10–15]. If the
dation resistance at high temperatures, stainless steel
welding conditions are inappropriate, weld defects
is used for applications where thermal resistance is
such as penetration failure and blowholes may occur
required, such as boilers, electricity generation plant
and there are many factors that affect mechanical
and chemical plants [1]. Since among these stainless
characteristics. Since, improved ferritic stainless steel
steels, ferritic stainless steel has better stress corrosion
weld materials have been developed in recent years, it
cracking (SCC) resistance characteristics, smaller
is necessary to gain an understanding of the depen-
coefficient of linear expansion and better thermal
dency on filler metals and also to understand the
conductivity than austenitic steel, it is widely used
hardness, tensile strength and fatigue strength and
for boilers, heaters and other combustion devices
other physical properties of joints. The present
and motor vehicle exhaust systems [2–4]. When fer-
authors, in previous studies, have investigated MIG
ritic stainless steel is used as automotive exhaust
welding of the ferritic stainless steel SUS444 (19Cr–
members, SUS409 (13Cr–Ti) is generally used but
2Mo) with ferritic stainless welding materials with
internal corrosion of exhaust system members due
two different chemical compositions, inspected the
to exhaust condensates means that SUS430 (18Cr)
microstructure of the weld region and investigated
and other high-chromium ferritic stainless steels
the mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour
(16%–19% Cr) have come into use because of their
[16]. As a result they found that the weld microstruc-
excellent corrosion resistance [5].
ture differed greatly depending on the weld metals.
Welding is widely used in the fabrication of auto-
Since, however, there were weld defects such as
motive exhaust systems but since they are parts used
incomplete penetration and intergranular precipita-
at high temperatures, ferritic stainless steel of the
tion in the same joint it was not possible to go on to
same type as the base metal is used as welding
evaluate the mechanical properties of a sound joint.
metal [6,7] with the principal aim of high-tempera-
In the present study, SUS430, which is widely used
ture crack prevention [8]. On the other hand, in
in automotive exhaust system parts and has a Cr
almost all cracking failures of welded structures the
content lower than SUS444 and therefore is more
cracks initiate from the weld and then propagate until
effective in terms of cost reduction, was MIG welded
final failure [9] so a grasp of the mechanical charac-
with ferritic stainless steel filler metals of two differ-
teristics is an engineering requirement. Since welding
ent chemical compositions and a detailed examina-
is a joining technique which involves localized melt-
tion made of the microstructural appearance of the
ing and solidification of base metal and welding
weld region. The welding conditions were optimized
© 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
428 A. MASAYUKI ET AL.

Table 1. Chemical compositions of the base metal and filler metals (wt. %).
Material C Si Mn P S Ni Nb Cr Mo Al Ti Fe
SUS430 0.04 0.24 0.67 0.31 0.05 0.17 – 16.3 – – – Bal.
Filler I 0.016 0.43 0.45 0.016 0.002 0.35 0.44 17.69 0.25 – – Bal.
Filler II 0.017 0.39 0.39 – – 0.4 0.45 19.23 0.34 Inc. Inc. Bal.

so that there were no welding defects and the
mechanical properties of a sound joint, not only the
joint hardness and tensile strength but also the fati-
gue strength and fatigue strength mechanism were
discovered and compared to the base metal.
2. Materials and experimental methods
2.1 Specimens
The specimens were 4-mm thick ferritic stainless steel
SUS430 (18Cr). No prior heat treatment had been
carried out on the specimens and they were welded
in their as-received state. The filler metals used were
Fillers 1 and 2, ferritic stainless steel welding wires of
different chemical compositions. Both of the welding
wires were developed for the welding of automotive
exhaust system parts. Their chemical compositions
(mass%) are shown in Table 1. Both of the fillers
have added Nb to inhibit sensitization [17,18] caused
by welding [19]. Since Filler II (Cr content: 19.23%)
had a greater Cr content than Filler I (Cr content:
17.69%), it had superior heat resistance and corrosion
resistance [20]. The filler metals design also involved
the addition of Al and Ti to ensure minutely stabi-
lized weld compositions [4,21].
2.2 Welding conditions and experimental
methods
MIG welding was used, and a V-shaped groove was
made at the ends of 4-mm thick sheets before one-
pass welding was then carried out (Figure 1). In the
previous report [16], on SUS444 the sheet thickness
Figure 1. Dimensional details of welding groove.
Table 2. Welding parameters.
Welding Welding
Welding Welding average Root
Filler current voltage speed gap input
metal (A) (V) (mm/sec) (mm) (J/mm)
Filler I 180 24 9.2 0 470
Filler II 200 22 10 0.4
was 6 mm with X-shaped groove and two passes of
welding were performed, which resulted in weld
defects. Accordingly in this study, the sheet thickness
was reduced slightly and one pass welding performed
so that a sound weld without defects was achieved.
The welding conditions and welding heat inputs are
shown in Table 2. Welding heat input was found
using the following equation [22]:
Welding heat input
current ½A  voltage½V 
½J=mm ¼   (1)
welding speed mm s
It can be found by using this equation that the
welding heat input when welding was performed
with Filler I (470 J/mm) was slightly higher than
with Filler 2 (440 J/mm); the difference was
approximately 7%.
Tensile tests and fatigue tests were conducted
using specimens as shown in Figure 2 to investigate
the physical properties of the joints. The specimens
were sheets with a parallel section length of 30 mm.
The welding line was normal to the axis of the
specimen and the specimen was taken from the
welded sheet so that this line was at the centre of
the parallel section. Specimens were also taken
from unwelded base metal. The reinforcement was
machined off the welded joint specimens to pro-
duce smooth specimens with no stress concentra-
tion at the weld toe. This is because when there is
stress concentration at the weld toe, the stress con-
centration dependent on the toe shape becomes
one of the principal affectors on fatigue strength
[16]. The surfaces of fatigue specimens from which
the reinforcement had been removed were polished
with #2000 emery paper and then buffed to a mir-
ror finish before being used in the tests. Below, the
welded joint specimens welded using Filler I and
Filler 2 are referred to, respectively, as Filler I joint
and Filler II joint.
SEM was used for the inspection of the micro-
structures of the weld regions. Hardness was mea-
sured using a microVickers gauge (test force 4.9 N,
hold time 30s). A universal tensile tester was used
for tensile tests. A 49-kN fatigue tester with an
electrohydraulic servo was used for fatigue tests
and the load waveform was a sine wave with a
heat frequency f = 10 Hz and stress ratio R = −1. The
test environment was the laboratory atmosphere.
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to mea-
440 sure residual stress.

Figure 2. Configuration of fatigue specimen.
Figure 3. Microstructures in SUS430 welded joint using Filler
I: (a) macroscopic appearance, (b) base metal, (c) HAZ and (d)
fusion zone.
3. Experimental results
3.1 Microstructure of the welds
The cross-sectional surfaces of Fillers I and II joints
were polished and then etched with etchant (distilled
water: hydrochloric acid: nitric acid = 5:5:1) for inspec-
tion of their microstructure. The results are shown in
Figures 3 and 4. In all joints, the average crystal grain
size of the base metal d was approximately 30 µm
(Figure 3(b), Figure 4(b)). When the crystal grains
are not uniaxial, the average value for the projected
area diameter of the crystal grains was taken as the
average crystal grain size. It was clear that the crystal
grains were coarsened by the heat input at the heat-
affected zone (HAZ) during welding. The crystal grain
size d in Filler I joint (Figure 3(c)) and in Filler II joint
(Figure 4(c)) was, respectively, approximately 100 µm
and approximately 110 µm. In the fusion zone where
fusion and resolidification occur, the microstructure
had a very different appearance depending on the filler
WELDING INTERNATIONAL 429
Figure 4. Microstructures in SUS430 welded joint using Filler
II:(a) macroscopic appearance, (b) base metal, (c) HAZ and (d)
fusion zone.
metal used. In the fusion zone of Filler I joint, a coarse
(d = approximately 180 µm or greater) columnar
microstructure was observed. No such columnar
microstructure was observed in the Filler II joint;
instead, there was a structure of uniaxial particles
(Figure 4(d)) and d was approximately 120 µm,
which was smaller than that in Filler I joint
(d = approximately 180 µm or greater). This is thought
to be due to the Al and Ti added to Filler II [4,21].
3.2 Hardness distribution and tensile strength of
the weld region
The average hardness of the base metal was 161HV for an
average of 20 points. Figure 5 shows the lateral sectional
surface hardness distributions of the weld zone regions
(measured at a position 1mm from the upper surface).
With the weld centre line originating on the x-axis,
hardness was measured at 0.25-mm intervals over a
range of 7 mm to one side of the weld centre. Dotted
430 A. MASAYUKI ET AL.
Figure 5. Vickers hardness distributions of welded joints: (a)
welded joint using Filler I and (b) welded joint using Filler II.
Dotted lines show the average of base-metal specimen and
grey area indicate scatter of the hardness.
lines in the figure show the average hardness (161 HV) of
the base metal and the grey strips give the variations in
hardness in the base material. Due to the differences in
the welding conditions (Table 2), the fusion zone of Filler
I joint is narrower than that of Filler II joint and the HAZ
is wider. In both of the joints the HAZ is hardest, fol-
lowed by the fusion zone and the base metal. The max-
imum hardness (275 HV) of the Filler I joint HAZ was
greater than that of the Filler II joint (240 HV).
Tensile tests of the base metal and both welded
joints were performed three times for each and the
tensile strength was obtained as an average value. The
resulting σB was 481 MPa for the base metal, 450
MPa for Filler I joint and 448 MPa for Filler II
joint, showing a tendency for the σB of the welded
joints to be slightly lower than that of the base metal.
The fracture site of the joints was the base metal,
which has lower hardness than the fusion zone and
Figure 6. S–N diagrams.
the HAZ. Specifically, the fracture site is near the
boundary between the parallel section and the R
section and, as shown in Figure 2, at a position at
some distance from the fusion zone and HAZ.
3.3 Fatigue strength and fracture surface
observations
The S–N curve is shown in Figure 6. The results for the
base metal specimen are also shown as a comparison.
The fatigue strength of the Filler I joint and the Filler II
joint were approximately the same as that of the base
metal and the fatigue limits σw were, respectively,
200MPa and 220Mpa, thus rising to slightly higher
than that of the base metal (180 MPa). SEM micrographs
of the fracture surfaces near the crack initiation site in the
base metal specimen, Filler I joint and Filler II joint are
shown in Figure 7(a)–(c). In the base metal specimen
(Figure 7(a)), as in the results for other ferritic stainless
steels, cracking initiates from the surface by repeated
sliding deformation [23–27]. On the other hand, in all
welded joint specimens (Figure. 7(b), (c)), like the base
metal specimen, cracking initiates in the specimen sur-
face by repeated sliding deformation from the base metal.
3.4 Residual stress
The residual stress caused by welding is thought to be
one factor that affects the strength characteristics of the
welded joint [28,29]. The longitudinal residual stress of
Filler I joint and of Filler II joint, the reinforcement
having been removed from both, were measured by
XRD. The spot diameter was 0.5mm and the surface of
the measured specimen was machined and then buffed.
The residual stress distributions are shown in Figure 8.
In the weld region where the measurements were
made, compressive residual stress of −280 to −105
MPa was identified in the Filler I joint and −280 to
−155 MPa in the Filler II joint. Generally, marked
residual stress is created in the weld region when

Figure 7. SEM micrographs of fracture surface near crack
initiation site (a) base-metal (σa= 280MPa, Nf = 2.0 × 104)
and (c) Filler II welded joint (σa= 240MPa, Nf= 4.2 × 105).
Arrows indicate crack initiation site.
welding is carried out. In the residual stress distribu-
tions shown in Figure 8, however, almost completely
uniform compressive residual stress was detected in
the fusion zone, HAZ and base metal with no great
difference found between the amounts of residual
stress in the various zones. As a comparison, the resi-
dual stress was measured in the specimen parallel sec-
tion region using the base metal specimen.
Compressive residual stress of −60 to −30 MPa was
detected at the surface of the base metal specimen.
Since the surface of the base metal sample had not
been ground, as in reinforcement removal, this was
compressive residual stress introduced by the surface
WELDING INTERNATIONAL 431
Figure 8. Residual stress distributions of SUS430 welded
joints: (a) Filler I welded joint, (b) Filler II welded joint.
polishing and the value of this was smaller than that of
the welded joint specimens.
4. Discussion
4.1 Microstructure and mechanical properties of
the heat-affected zone
As shown in Figure 5, the hardness of the weld regions
of each of the welded joints was greatest in the HAZ
followed by the fusion zone, and the base metal was
least hard. Detailed structural inspections of the weld
regions were carried out to investigate the causes of
distribution of different hardness. Figure 9 shows the
results of optical microscopy of the microstructure
around the boundary between the fusion zone and
HAZ. Figure 10 shows the results of SEM microscopy
of the different HAZs. In the optical micrographs of the
Filler I joint (Figure 9(a)) and the Filler II joint
(Figure 9(b)), in the HAZ enclosed by the broken
lines there are black parts principally along the grain
boundaries. Figure 10 shows enlargements of these, in
432 A. MASAYUKI ET AL.
Figure 9. Microstructures of fusion zone and HAZ: (a) Filler I
welded joint and (b) Filler II welded joint. The black lines
indicate needle-like martensite in HAZ. The width of distribu-
tion of needle-like martensite (dotted line) in Filler I welded
joint is wider than in Filler II welded joint.
which it is evident that this black part is an acicular
martensitic structure. As can be seen from Figures 9(a)
and 10(a), the acicular structure in the Filler I joint
was greater in quantity than in the Filler II joint
(Figures 9(b) and 10(b)) and the range of distribution
was greater. Also, there was much acicular martensite
in the particles as well as in the particle boundaries in
the Filler I joint. Alizadeh-Sh et al.[14] and Zheng et al.
[15] have reported that, when ferritic stainless steel is
welded, and the ferrite factor (FF) is lower than 17(%),
acicular martensite is precipitated in the HAZ. The FF
is as follows [14,15]:
FF ¼ %Cr þ 6%Si þ 8%Ti þ 4%mo þ 2%Al
þ 4%Nb  2%Mn  4%Ni  40% ðC þ N Þ
(2)
SUS430: 16.3 + 6 × 0.24 – 2 × 0.67 – 4 × 0.17 –
40 × 0.04 = 14.12
Filler I: 17.69 + 6 × 0.43 + 4 × 0.25 + 4 × 0.44 – 2 × 0.45 –
4 × 0.35 – 40 × 0.016 = 20.09
Filler II: 19.23 + 6 × 0.39 + 8× Inc. + 4 × 0.34 + 2× Inc.
+ 4 × 0.45 – 2 × 0.39 – 4 × 0.4 × 0.017 > 21.67
Strictly speaking, the chemical composition in the
fusion zone is thought to change in a graduated
manner from the filler to the base metal but it was
calculated with the assumption that the FF in the
Figure 10. Magnified views of HAZ: (a) Filler I welded joint
and (b) Filler II welded joint. Arrows indicate needle-like
martensite.
fusion zone was the same as in the filler. Since the
FF of the SUS430, which is the base metal, was 14.12
(%), and thus < 17(%), it is thought that acicular
martensite has been precipitated into the HAZ, as
shown in Figures 9 and 10. As shown in Figure 9,
on the other hand, there is no martensitic structure in
the weld metal. This indicates that it is because the
filler FF is adequately large and the ferrite phase is
stable. Also Zheng et al.[15] have reported that when
low C· 12% Cr stainless steel is welded, and the
welding heat input is high, a large quantity of acicular
martensite is precipitated. The fact that, although the
base metal is the same, the quantity of acicular mar-
tensite in Filler I joint is greater than that in Filler II
is thought to be, as described in Section 2.2, the
welding heat input when welding was performed
with Filler I (470 J/mm) was higher than with Filler
2 (440 J/mm).
The hardness of the HAZ region is correlated
with the weld structure described above. It can
thus be concluded that the hardness of the HAZ
is higher than in the base metal and the weld, as
shown in Figure 5, because hard acicular marten-
site is precipitated. Alizadeh-Sh et al.[14] and
Ramkurar et al.[30] have reported that when mar-
tensite is precipitated into the HAZ of a weld of
ferritic stainless steel, the hardness of the HAZ

increases in comparison with the base metal. The
fact that the weld hardness is higher than the base
metal hardness is because there is a large quantity
of solid solution strengthening elements such as
Ni and Nb in the weld metal. Tensile strength is
slightly lower in the joint than in the base metal.
On the other hand, the tensile strength of a
welded joint where the weld is harder and stron-
ger than the base metal is sometimes greater than
that of the base metal. This is thought to be
because the deformation of the contiguous low-
hardness metal is constrained by the high-strength
weld and enters a multiaxial stress state that
requires a deformational stress greater than that
required by the base metal alone requires [31]. In
the present tensile tests also, the fracture site was
the base metal. However, the parallel section of
the tensile test specimen is 30 mm (Figure 2) and
if the HAZ, strengthened by the precipitation of
acicular martensite, is also included in the weld,
the parallel section is comparatively short. As a
result, there is what is known as an R section
fracture, in which tensile fracture occurs around
the boundary between the parallel section and the
R section, and the tensile strength of the joint
specimen is thus a little lower than that of the
base metal. In tensile tests of the base metal speci-
mens, fracture occurred at the centre of the gauge.
4.2 Fatigue behaviour of the welded joint
specimen
The fatigue test results showed that fatigue cracking,
leading to fracture, occurred in the base metal of all the
welded joint specimens (Figure 7). Generally, fatigue
strength is more sensitive to welding defects than tensile
strength. However, the fact that fatigue cracking
occurred in the base metal, unlike the previously
reported [16] SUS444, indicates that a sound joint
with no weld defects has been fabricated whatever the
filler. Also, unlike tensile strength, the fatigue strength
of the joint has become slightly higher than the base
metal, despite the fact that fracture occurs in the base
metal. Generally, when welding is carried out, a com-
plex residual stress is created in the weld region.
However, Figure 8 shows the detection of almost com-
pletely uniform compressive residual stresses in the
stress distributions in the fusion zone, HAZ and base
metal with no great difference found between the
amounts of residual stress in the various zones. From
these findings it is thought that, as shown in Figure 8,
almost completely uniform compressive residual stress
has been introduced due to the effect of grinding and
surface polishing to remove the reinforcement of the
specimens. The welded joint specimens had higher
compressive residual stress than the base metal speci-
men, which only underwent surface polishing. Since
WELDING INTERNATIONAL 433
fatigue strength is sensitive to residual stress, the
strength of Filler I and Filler II joints was a little higher
than the base metal, despite the fact that fracture
occurred in the base metal.
In the present tests, the parallel section of the welded
joint specimen was elongated and each of the welded
joints fractured at the base metal. The fatigue strength
of the joints had increased slightly more than the base
metal, due to effect of the residual stress noted above,
but the effect of the filler on the tensile strength and
fatigue strength remains obscure. However, if the joint
is sound, it is important in the engineering context that,
whatever the weld metal, a strength similar to that of the
base metal should be achieved. As described in Section
4.1, when the ferritic stainless steel SUS430 is welded
with different fillers, there are differences in the micro-
structure of the weld region which are dependent on the
chemical composition and a correlation between hard-
ness distribution and structure also becomes apparent.
This is because in the joint part of the two different
joints, there may be differences not only in fatigue
strength but also in other phenomena such as cracking
initiation and propagation behaviour and the fatigue
fracture surface. It can also be anticipated that marten-
site content of the HAZs will differ and that environ-
mental sensitivity may also differ in the base metal,
fusion zone and HAZ. There is therefore a need to
investigate the failure mode in welds in a structure
where the distance from the base metal is short and
fracture occurs in the weld metal and a detailed study of
this will be made in the future.
5. Conclusion
In the present study SUS430 ferritic stainless steel was
MIG welded using two ferritic stainless steel fillers
with different chemical constituents and detailed
study was made of the differences in the weld region
microstructures thus obtained. The mechanical prop-
erties and fatigue behaviour under an axial load were
also investigated using specimens where the reinfor-
cement had been machined off. The following con-
clusions were made.
(1) The microstructure of the fusion zone made with
Filler I was a coarse structure of columnar crystal
grains. In the Filler II joint, coarsening of the
grains was inhibited so that, compared to Filler I
joint, the grains were uniaxial and fine. This was
thought to result from the addition of Al and Ti
to Filler II.
(2) In the HAZ of each of the welded joints the
crystal grains were coarsened due to the welding
heat input. With SUS430, which has a low FF, an
acicular martensitic structure was precipitated
along the grain boundaries of the HAZ but in
the weld metal, since the FF is high and the
434 A. MASAYUKI ET AL.
ferrite phase is stable, the martensite was not
precipitated. Since, although the base metal is
the same, the heat input during welding was
higher with Filler I joint than with Filler II
joint, a greater quantity of acicular martensite
structure was precipitated.
(3) The hardness of the weld region was greatest
in the HAZ in all welded joints, followed by
the fusion zone and the base metal. The
increase in hardness in the HAZ is caused by
the precipitation of acicular martensite. The
Filler I joint, where acicular martensite preci-
pitation was greater, showed markedly greater
hardness than Filler II joint.
(4) The tensile strength of the joint was slightly
lower than the base metal and, since the
solidified region was relatively greater than
in the specimen parallel section, tensile frac-
ture occurred near the boundary between the
parallel section and the R section. It was
thought that the tensile strength of the base
metal and of the joints were basically the
same.
(5) The fatigue strength of the joint was slightly
higher than the base metal. Also, fatigue crack-
ing occurred at the base metal where hardness
was low, and a sound joint with no defects had
been obtained. A greater compressive residual
stress was imparted to the surface than to the
base metal by the machining to remove the
reinforcement and the fatigue strength of the
welded joint was slightly increased to higher
than that of the base metal.
References
[1] Kikuchi: M. Properties of stainless steel at elevated tem-
perature. Sanyo Tech Rep. 2014;21(1): 11–27. in
Japanese.
[2] Fujita N, Ohmura K, Yamamoto: A. Changes of micro-
structures and high temperature properties during
high temperature service of niobium added ferritic
stainless steels. Mater Sci Eng. 2003;351(1–2):272–281.
[3] Sim. GM, Ahn JC, Hong SC, et al. Effect of nb
precipitate coarsening on the high temperature
strength in nb containing ferritic stainless steels.
Mater Sci Eng. 2005;396(1–2):159–165.
[4] Inui K, Nagata: M. Development of the ferritic stain-
less steel welding wire for automotive exhaust sys-
tems. Electric Furnace Steel. 2001;72(3): 155–162. in
Japanese.
[5] Ujiro T, Kitazawa M, Satoh: S. Corrosion resistance
of muffler materials in automotive exhaust gas con-
densates. J Soc Mater Sci. 1996;45(11): 1192–1197. in
Japanese.
[6] Murata: Y. Welding consumables of stainless steels
for automotive exhaust system components. J Japan
Welding Soc. 2003;72(7):561–565.
[7] Nemoto: R. ステンレス鋼の基礎と上手な使い方.
in Japanese. Japan Industrial Publishing; 2009. 96.
[8] Japan Welding Society:. 溶接・接合技術特論.
Sampo Publications; 2005. 181. in Japanese.
[9] Wang X, Ishii H, Sato: K. Fatigue and microstructure
of welded joints of metal sheets for automotive
exhaust system. JSAE Rev. 2003;24(3):295–301.
[10] Villaret V, Deschaux-Beaume F, Bordreuil C, et al.
Influence of filler wire composition weld microstruc-
tures of a 444 ferritic stainless steel grade. J Mater
Process Technol. 2013;213(9):1538–1547.
[11] Bayraktar E, Moiron J, Kaplan: D. Effect of welding
conditions on the formability characteristics of thin
sheet steels: mechanical and metallurgical effects. J
Mater Process Technol. 2006;175(1–3):20–26.
[12] Taban E, Deleu E, Dhooge A, et al. Laser welding of
modified 12% cr stainless steel: strength, fatigue,
toughness, microstructure and corrosion properties.
Mater Des. 2009;30(4):1193–1200.
[13] Lakshminarayanan AK, Shanmugam K,
Balasubranian: V. Effect of autogenous arc welding
processes on tensile and impact properties of ferritic
stainless steel joints. Journal of Iron and Steel
Research, International. 2009;16(1):62–68.
[14] Alizadeh-Sh M, Marashi SPH, Pouranvari M.
Resistance spot welding of aisi 430 ferritic stainless
steel: phase transformations and mechanical proper-
ties. Mater Des. 2014;56:258–263.
[15] Zheng H, Ye X, Jiang L, et al. Study on microstruc-
ture of low carbon 12% chromium stainless steel in
high temperature heat-affected zone. Mater Des.
2010;31(10):4836–4841.
[16] Akita M, Uematsu Y, Kakiuchi T, et al. Effect of weld
metal and test temperature on fatigue behavior in
type 444 stainless steel welds. Transaction Japan
Society Mechanical Engineers, Series. 2012;78(788):
432–441. in Japanese.
[17] Hodges: RJ. Intergranular Corrosion in High
Purity Ferritic Stainless Steels: effect of Cooling
Rate and Alloy Composition. Corrosion-NACE.
1971;27(3):119–127.
[18] Bond: P. mechanisms of intergranular corrosion in
ferritic stainless steels. Trans Metallurgical Soc
AIME. 1969;245(10):2127–2134.
[19] Siqueira RP, Sandim HRZ, Oliveira: TR. Texture
evolution in nb-containing ferritic stainless steels
during secondary recrystallization. Mater Sci Eng.
2008;497(1–2):216–223.
[20] Kim JK, Kim YH, Lee JS, et al. Effect of Chromium
Content on Intergranular Corrosion and
Precipitation of Ti-stabilized Ferritic Stainless
Steels. Corrosion Sci. 2010;52(5):1847–1852.
[21] Villaret V, Deschaux-Beaume F, Bordreuil C, et al.
Characterization of Gas Metal arc welding welds
obtained with new high Cr-Mo ferritic stainless
steel filler wires. Mater Des. 2013;51:474–483.
[22] Japan Welding Society:. 新版 溶接 • 接合技術
入門. Sampo publications; 2008. 89. in Japanese.
[23] Nakajima M, Akita M, Tokaji K, et al. Fatigue crack
initiation and early growth behavior of ferritic stain-
less steel in laboratory air and 3%NaCl solution.
Trans Japan Soc Mechanical Engineers, Ser. 2002;68
(671): 1085–1091. in Japanese.
[24] Uematsu Y, Akita M, Nakajima M, et al. Effect of
Temperature on High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour in
18Cr-2Mo Ferritic Stainless Steel. Int J Fatigue.
2008;30(4):642–648.
[25] Akita M, Nakajima M, Uematsu Y, et al. Effects of
annealing and quenching on fatigue behaviour in

type 444 ferritic stainless steel. Fatigue & Fracture of
Engineering Materials & Structures. 2008;31
(11):959–966.
[26] Akita M, Uematsu Y, Tokaji K, et al. Aging and
fatigue behaviour at elevated temperatures in ferritic
stainless steels with different Cr contents. J Soc
Mater Sci. 2009;58(12): 962–968. in Japanese.
[27] Akita M, Uematsu Y, Kakiuchi T, et al. Fatigue beha-
vior of laves-phase-precipitated nb-containing ferritic
stainless steel JFE429EX in laboratory air and in 3%
NaCl solution. Transactions JSME (Solid Mechanics
Materials Engineering). 2015;81(830). in Japanese.
[28] Cheng X, Fisher JW, Prask HRJ, et al. Residual stress
modification by post-weld treatment and its
WELDING INTERNATIONAL 435
beneficial effect on fatigue strength of welded struc-
tures. Int J Fatigue. 2003;25(9–11):1259–1269.
[29] Nyuyen TN, Wanab: MA. The effect of weld geome-
try and residual stresses on the fatigue of welded
joints under combined loading. J Mater Process
Technol. 1998;77(Issues 1–3):201–208.
[30] Ramkumar KD, Chandrasekhar A, Singh AK, et al.
Comparative studies on the weldability, microstruc-
ture and tensile properties of autogenerous TIG
welded AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel with and with-
out flux. J Manuf Process. 2015;20(1):54–69.
[31] Ohata: M. Strength of welded joint, journal of man-
ufacturing processes. J Japan Welding Soc. 2008;77
(7): 678–684. in Japanese.