LEVEL I

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, GCD, LCM and Divisibility

1. Which of the following numbers is a perfect square?
14!15! 15!16! 16!17! 17!18!
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
2. Give two different prime numbers p and q. find the number of different divisors of the number
(a) pq; (b) p2q; (c) p2q2
3. A standard six-sided die is rolled, and P is the product of the five numbers that are visible.
What is the largest number that is certain to divide P?
4. The product of any two of the positive integers 30, 72 and N is divisible by the third. What is
the smallest possible value of N?
5. Find all solutions in natural numbers of the equations : x2 - y2 = 303.
6. Let (a,b) denote the greatest common factor of a and b, and let [a,b] denote the least common
multiple of a and b. Evaluate the following expressions
(a) (15,20) (b) (66,121) (c) (126,184) (d) (2143567, 2143369)
7. Given a prime number P, find the number of natural numbers which are
(a) Less than P and relatively prime to it
(b) Less than P2 and relatively prime to it.
8. The numbers a and b satisfy the equation 56a = 65b. Prove that a + b is composite.
Division Algorithm
9. Given natural numbers a, b, and c such that a +b+ c is divisible by 6, prove that a3 + b3+ c3 is
also divisible by 6.
10. Prove that n3 + 2 is not divisible by 9 for any integer n
11. The natural numbers x, y, and z satisfy the equation x2 +y2 = z2. Prove that at least one of them
is divisible by 3.
12. Prove that n5 + 4n is divisible by 5 for any integer n.
13. (a) Given that p, p + 10, and p + 14 are prime numbers,find p
(b) Given that p, 2p + 1, and 4p + 1 are prime numbers, find p.
14. Given the pair of prime numbers p and p2 + 2, prove that p3 + 2 is also a prime number.
15. Prove that the sum of the squares of five consecutive natural numbers cannot be a perfect
square.
16. Prove that p2 – q2 is divisible by 24 if p and q are prime numbers greater than 3.
17. Find all integers which leave remainder 1 when divided by 3, remainder 2 when divided by
10
18. Find all primes p such that both p and p2 + 8 are primes
Units Digit & Last two digits
19. Last digit of 77777
20. What is the units digit of 31999  7 2000  17 2001 ?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7 (e) 9
21. Find the unit’s digit of the expression 256251 + 36528 + 7354
(a). 4 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 5
22. Find the remainder when the number 31989 is divided by 7.
23. Find the units digit of 3100
24. The unit’s digit in the expression 36234 33512. 39180 – 5429. 25123 31512 will be
(a)8 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 5
25. 1255/ 311 + 848/ 1618 will give which digit at unit’s place?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 0
26. Find the last two digits of the following number
101 x 102 x 103 x 197 x 198 x 199
(a) 54 (b) 74 (c) 64 (d) 84
27. Find last two digits of 6100 + 781.
Euclidean Algorithm
28. The greatest number that divides 22176 and 22396 without leaving any remainder is.
(a). 48 (b) 42 (c) 38 (d) 52 (e) None of these
29. Find all integers x and y such that (x, y) = 8 and |x, y| = 64
30. The product of two positive integers is 9984 and the greatest common factor of those integers
equals that difference between them. What are the two integers?
Congruence
31. Prove that for any natural number n the expression A = 2903n – 803n – 464n + 261n is divisible
by 1897
32. Show that the square of an odd integer is  1 (mod 8)
33. Show that the square of an integer is  0 or 1 (mod 3)
34. Show that the square of an integer is  0,1, – 1 (mod 5)
35. If an integer n is co-prime to 6 then show that n2 1 (mod 24)
36. Prove that n2 +1 is not divisible by 3 for any integer n
37. Find the remainder when the number 1010 + 10100 + 101000 + … + 10100000000 is divided by 7.
38. What is the remainder of 1234567894 when it is divided by 8?
39. What is the remainder when 91990 is divided by 11?
40. (i) Find the remainders when 250 and 4165 are divided by 7.
(ii) Find the remainder when 1373 + 143 is divided by 11.
41. (a) Find all positive integers n for which 2n– 1 is divisible by 7.
(b) Prove that there is no positive integer n for which 2n + 1 is divisible by 7.
42. Find the last two digits of 2999.
43. The six digit number abcdef satisfies the property that def  abc is divisible 7. Prove that the
number itself is divisible by 7. Using this information attempt the following:
(a) State and prove a test for divisibility by 7
(b) State and prove a test for divisibility by 13
44. Is it possible for the sum of the first several natural numbers to be 1989?
45. Prove that if you reverse the order of the digits in any natural number and subtract the result
from the initial number, then the difference is divisible by 9.
46. Prove that a power of 2 cannot end with four equal digits.
Divisibility Tests
47. Find the last two digits of the following number 75 x 35 x 47 x 63 x 71 x 87 x 82
(a)50 (b) 70 (c) 30 (d) 90
48. Tom multiplied two two-digit numbers on the blackboard. Then he changed all the digits to
letters (different digits were changed to different letters, and equal digits were changed to the
same letter). He obtained AB⤫CD =EEFF Prove that Tom made a mistake somewhere.
49. Find at least one 100 digit number without zeroes in its decimal representation, which is
divisible by the sum of its digits.
50. How many four digit numbers with the two middle digits 97 are divisible by 45?
51. Find the smallest number written only with ones which is divisible by 333…33 (one hundred
3’s in the representation).
52. Prove that the number a1a 2 ....a n a n .....a 2 a1 is composite.
Perfect Square Numbers
53. In the following listed numbers, the one which must not be a perfect square is
(a) 3n 2  3n  3 (b) 4n 2  4n  4
(c) 5n 2  5n  5 (d) 7n 2  7n  7
(e) 11n 2  11n  11
54. The last digit of the square of a natural number is 6. Prove that its next to last digit is odd.
55. The next to last digit of the square of a natural number is odd. Prove that its last digit is 6
56. Is it possible to write a perfect square using only the digits (a) 2,3,6; (b) 1,2,3 exactly 10 times
each?
57. Can the sum of the digit of a perfect square be equal to 1970?
58. Is there a three digit number abc  where a  c  such that abc  cba is a perfect square?

59. Determine if there is a natural number k such that the sum of the two numbers
3k 2  3k  4 and 7k 2  3k  1 is a perfect square.
60. If (x – 1) (x + 3) (x–4) (x – 8) + m is a perfect square, then m is
(a) 32 (b) 24 (c) 98 (d) 196
61. If n + 20 and n – 21 are both perfect squares, where n is a natural number, find n.
62. Find the maximum integer x such that 427+ 410000 + 4x is a perfect square
63. Prove that there is no three digit number abc , such that abc  bca  cab is a perfect square.
64. Prove that the equation a2 + b2 – 8c = 6 has no integer solution
Diophantine Equation
65. (CHINA/1990) An integer solution of the equation 1990x –1989y = 1991 is
(A) x = 12785; y = 12768; (B) x = 12785; y = 12770;
(C) x = 11936; y = 11941; (D) x = 13827; y = 12623.
A B 17
66. (SSSMO(J)/2002) Two positive integers A and B satisfy   Find the value of
11 3 33
A2 + B2.
67. A dragonfly has six feet and a spider has 8 feet. Given that a certain group of dragonflies and
spiders have in total 46 feet, find the number of dragonflies and the number of spiders.
68. If a four digit number and the sum of its all digits have a sum 2006, find the four digit number.
69. (Ancient Question) In an ancient chicken market, each rooster is sold for 5 coins, each hen
for 3 coins and each chick for 1/3 coins. Someone has 100 coins to buy 100 chickens, how
many roosters, hens and chicks can a man purchase out of a total cost of 100 coins?
70. Solve the equation 3x + 5y = 7 in integers.
71. Solve the equation 1990x – 173y = 11 in integers.
72. Find all integer roots of the equations 21x + 48y = 6.
73. Find all integer roots of the equation x2 + y2 =4z – 1
74. Solve for integer values of the variables: x3 + 21y2 + 5 = 0
75. Solve for integer values of the variables: 15x2 – 7y2 = 9
76. Solve for integer values of the variables: x2 – y2 = 1988
77. (CHINA/2003)) Find the integer solutions of the equation 6xy + 4x – 9y – 7 = 0.
78. (KIEV/1962) Prove that the equation x2 + y2 = 3z2 has no integer solution (x; y; z) ≠ (0; 0; 0).
1260
79. (CHINA/2003) Given that is a positive integer, where a is a positive integer. Find
a a6
2

the value of a
80. (CHINA/2001) How many number of pairs (x; y) of two integers satisfy the equation x2 –y2
= 12?
81. (SSSMO(J)/2004) Let x; y; z and w represent four distinct positive integers such that
x 2  y2  z 2  w 2  81 . Find the value of xz + yw + xw + yz.

82. (CHINA/2003) Find the number of non-zero integer solutions (x; y) to the equation
15 3 2
2
  2
x y xy x
x 14
83. CHINA/2001) Find the number of positive integer solutions to the equation  3
3 y
2 3 1
84. (CHINA/2001) Find the number of positive integer solutions of the equation  
x y 4

85. (SSSMO/2003) Let p be a positive prime number such that the equation x 2  px  580p  0
has two integer solutions. Find the value of p.
86. (CHINA/1993) The number of positive integer solutions (x, y, z) for the system of
xy  xz  255
simultaneous equations  is:
xy  yz  31
(A) 3; (B) 2; (C) 1; (D) 0.
Some Important Theorems
87. Find the smallest multiple of 10 which has remainder 2 when divided by 3, and remainder 3
when divided by 7.
88. (CHINA/2002) When a positive integer n is divided by 5, 7, 9, 11, the remainders are 1, 2, 3,
4 respectively. Find the minimum value of n.
89. Prove that the number 30239 + 23930 is not prime.
90. Let p be a prime number and suppose a and b are arbitrary integers. Prove that (a + b)p ≡ ap +
bp (mod p)
91. Let p and q be different primes. Prove that pq + qp ≡ p + q (mod pq)
 pq  q p 
92. Let p and q be different primes, Prove that   is even if p, q ≠ 2, where [x] denotes
 pq 
the integral part of x.
93. Let p be prime, and suppose p does not divide some number a. Prove that there exists a natural
number b such that ab  1 (mod p).
n 3
94. Show that  r  r ! is divisible by n if and only if n is prime.
r 1

95. Let n be a natural number not divisible by 17. Prove that either n8 + 1 or n8 – 1 is divisible by
17.
Since (n8 + 1) (n8 –1) = n16 – 1
By Fermat theorem, n16  1 (mod 17)
⇒ One of the factors must be divisible by 17
96. (a) Let p be a prime not equal to 3. Prove that the number 111….11 (p ones) is not divisible
by p.
(b) Let p > 5 be a prime. Prove that the number 1111.11 (p–1 ones) is divisible by p.
97. \Show that, 11|  510  310  . More generally, if p is a prime such that p∤a and p∤b, then show

that p |  a p 1  b p 1  .

98. Prove that and (i) 7 | 111333  333111  (ii) 39 |  53103  10353  .

99. If p and q are distinct primes, show that pq-1 + qp-1  1 (mod pq)
100. Find the remainder when 7200 + 11800 is divided by 101.
101. Show that 89 |  2 44  1 and 97|  248  1

LEVEL II
102. The sum of two positive integers is 52 and their LCM is 168. Find the numbers.
103. An infinite sequence of positive integers (an) is such that for any two positive integers i  j

gcd a i , a j   gcd i, j . Show that a i  i for alli

104. The sum of the squares of three natural numbers is divisible by 9. Prove that we can choose
two of these numbers such that their difference is divisible by 9
105. Three prime numbers p, q, and r, all greater than 3, form an arithmetic progression: p, q = p +
d, and r = p + 2d. Prove that d is divisible by 6.
106. Prove that the number 100…00500..001 (100 zeros in each group) is not a perfect cube.
107. Prove that the number 6n3 + 3 cannot be a perfect sixth power of an integer for any natural
number n.
108. If a nine-digit number is formed by the nine non-zero digits, and its unit digit is 5, prove that
it must not be perfect square.
109. For any n > 1 prove that the sum of any n consecutive odd natural numbers is a composite
number
110. Prove that if (n - 1)!+ 1 is divisible by n. then n is a prime number.
111. Prove that there exists a natural number n such that the numbers n + 1, n+ 2, ...., n + 1989 are
all composite
112. Prove that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
113. (a) If it is known that a + 1 is divisible by 3, prove that 4 +7a is also divisible by 3.
b) It is known that 2 + a and 35 – b are divisible by 11. Prove that a + b is also divisible by 11
7
114. Find the last digit of the number 77
14
115. Find the last two digits of 1414
116. (SSSMO(J)/2001) Write down the last four digits of the number 7128
117. If p and q are primes such that p = q + 2, prove that pp + qq is a multiple of p + q

If a, b are integers, p a prime , then show that  a  b   a p  b p (mod p)

p
118.

119. Let ‘a’ be a rational number. Show that if 11  11 11a 2  1 is an odd integer, then it must be a
perfect square.
120. Prove that 2p + 3p is not a perfect power (i.e. a perfect square, cube etc.) if p is a prime number
121. Let f(m, n) = 36m – 5n, where m, n are natural numbers. Find the smallest value of |f(m,n)|.
Justify your answer.
122. Prove that 103n+1 cannot be represented as a sum of the cubes of two integers.
123. A three digit number was decreased by the sum of its digits. Then the same operation was
carried out with the resulting number, et cetera, 100 times in all. Prove that the final number
is zero
124. Let A be the sum of the digits of 44444444, and B the sum of the digits of A. Find the sum of
the digits of B
125. Let a, b, c, d be distinct digits. Prove that cdcdcdcd is not divisible by aabb
126. Prove that if p is a prime and a, b are any positive integers, then
(i)    2  mod p 
2p
p (ii)    2  mod p  ,
2P
p
2

(iii)       mod p  ,
pa
pb
a
b (iv)      mod p  ,
pa
pb
a
b
2

127. (CHINA/1992) If x and y are positive integers, prove that the values of x2 + y + 1 and y2 + 4x
+ 3 cannot both be perfect squares at the same time.
128. (SSSMO(J)/1997) Suppose x; y and z are positive integers such that x > y > z > 663 and x; y
and z satisfy the following:
 x + y + z = 1998
2x + 3y + 4z = 5992:
Find the values of x; y and z.
129. (ASUMO/1988) Prove that there are infinitely many positive integer solutions (x; y; z) to the
equation x - y + z = 1, such that x; y; z are distinct, and any two of them have a product which
is divisible by the remaining number.
130. Prove that for relatively prime two positive integers a and b, the equation
ax + by = c must have non-negative integer solution if c > ab – a – b.

Find integer solution of 3  2  1  n

rn 2
131.
132. 1/a+ 1 /b + 1/c = 1
133. x3 + 3 = 4y (y + 1)
134. x2 – 2y2 = 1(Pell’s equation )
1 1 1
135. (USSR) Solve, in integers,   (find the formula for general solution)
x y z
136. Find the last three digits of the 100th powers of the first 100 natural numbers
137. (CHNMOL/2005) p, q are two integers, and the two roots of the equation in x
p 2  11 15
x2  x   p  q   16  0 are p and q also. Find the values of p and q.
9 4
138. (CHNMO(P)/2002) A positive integer is called a “good number” if it is equal to four times of
the sum of its digits. Find the sum of all good numbers.
139. (ASUMO/1988) There are two piles of pebbles, pile (A) and pile (B). When 100 pebbles are
moved from (A) to (B), then the number of pebbles in (B) is double of that in (A). However,
if some are moved from (B) to (A), then the number of pebbles in (A) is five times more than
that in (B). What is the minimum possible number of pebbles in (A), and find the number of
pebbles in (B) in that case.
140. Show that if x and y are positive integers such that x 2  y2  x is divisible by 2xy, then x is a
perfect square.

(i) Find the remainder of  25733  46 

26
141. when it is divided by 50
27
(ii) Find the remainder of 4737 when it is divided by 11.
142. Prove that the product of the last digit of the number 2n and of the sum of all its digit but the
last is divisible by 3.
143. Prove that for any positive integer n, n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 + 2n + 1 is not a perfect square
144. Show that if 2n + 1 and 3n + 1 are both perfect squares then 40|n.
145. Call a natural number n “convenient”, if n2+ 1 divisible by 1000001. Prove that among the
number 1,2,……1000000 there are evenly many “convenient” numbers.
146. The sum of the numbers a, b and c is divisible by 30. Prove that a5 + b5 + c5 is also divisible
by 30.
147. Prove that for each prime p the difference
111…11222…2233…33…88…88999…99 – 123456789 (in the first number each non-zero
is written exactly p times) is divisible by p.
LEVEL III
148. (USSR/1962) Prove that the only solution in integers of the equation x 2  y2  z 2  2xyz is x
= y = z = 0.
149. (MOSCOW/1940) Find all three-digit numbers such that each is equal to the sum of the
factorials of its own digits.
150. (SSSMO/2005) How many ordered pairs of integers (x; y) satisfy the equation
x 2  y 2  2  x  y   xy?

151. (BMO/1991) Prove that the number 3n + 2 × 17n, where n is a non-negative integer, is never
a perfect square.
152. (IMO/1986) Let d be any positive integer not equal to 2, 5, or 13. Show that one can find
distinct a, b in the set {2, 5, 13, d} such that ab – 1 is not a perfect square.
Thus, in any case at least one of three numbers 2d –12, 5d –1, 13d –1 is not a perfect square
153. (KIEV/1980) Multiply some natural number by 2 and then plus 1, and then carry out this
operation on the resultant number, and so on. After repeating 100 times of such operations,
whether the resulting number is divisible by (i) 1980? (ii) 1981?
154. (AIME II 2012). For a positive integer p, define the positive integer n to be p-safe if n differs
in absolute value by more than 2 from all multiples of p. For example, the set of
10-safe numbers is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,23 …… Find the number of positive integers
less than or equal to 10,000 which are simultaneously 7-safe, 11-safe, and 13-safe.
155. (AIME/1986) In a parlor game, the magician asks one of the participants to think of a three
digit number abc where a; b, and c represent digits in base 10 in the order indicated. The
magician then asks this person to form the numbers acb, bca, bac, cab and cba to add these
five numbers, and to reveal their sum, N . If told the value of N , the magician can identify the
original number, abc . Play the role of the magician and determine the abc if N = 3194.
156. With each entry 1 submit, I have to write a different pair of positive integers whose greatest
common factor is 1 and whose sum is 2000. (Pairs differing only in the order of addition are
counted as 1 pair, NOT two different pairs) For example, I submitted the pair (1,1999) with
my first entry. With these restrictions, at most how many entries can one person submit?
157. Let [r, s] denote the least common multiple of positive integers r and s. Find the number
ordered triples (a, b, c) of positive integers for which [a, b] = 1000, [b, c] = 2000, and [c, a]
=2000
158. Given natural numbers x, y. and z such that x2 + y2 = z2. Prove that xy is divisible by 12.
n3  1
159. (IMO/1994) Determine all ordered pairs (m; n) of positive integers such that is an
mn  1
integer.
160. (USAMO/1975) Determine all integral solutions of a 2  b 2  c 2  a 2 b 2
161. (IMO/Shortlist/1989) Given the equation
4x 3  4x 2 y  15xy 2  18y3  12x 2  6xy  36y 2  5x  10y  0 find all positive integer
solutions.
162. (RMO 2016) For any natural number n, expressed in base 10, let S(n) denote the sum of all
digits of n. Find all natural numbers n such that n3 = 8S(n)3 + 6nS(n) + 1.
163. (RMO 2016) How many 6-digit natural numbers containing only the digits 1, 2, 3 are there in
which 3 occurs exactly twice and the number is divisible by 9?
164. (RMO 2015) Find all integers a, b, c such that a2 = bc + 1, b2 = ca + 1.
165. (RMO 2018)For a rational number r, its period is the length of the smallest repeating block in
its decimal expansion. For example, the number r = 0.123123123…… has period 3. If S
denotes the set of all rational number r of the form r  abcdefgh having period 8, find the sum
of all the elements of S.
166. (RMO 2015) Find all three digit natural numbers of the form (abc)10 such that (abc)10, (bca)10
and (cab)10 are in geometric progression. (Here {abc)10 is representation in base 10.
167. (2020 PRMO KV) If x and y are positive integers such that (x – 4)(x – 10) = 2y, find the
maximum possible value of x + y.
168. (2020 PRMO KV) Find the largest positive integer N such that the number of integers in the
set {1,2,3……..N} which are divisible by 3 is equal to the number of integers winch are
divisible by 5 or 7 (or both).
 ANSWERS KEY
LEVEL I
1. d 2. (a) 4, (b) 6, (c) 9 3. 12 4. 60
5. (x, y) = (52, 49), (151, 151) 6. (a) 5, (b) 11, (c) 2436, (d) 1
7. (a) P-1, (b) P2 – P 10. (a) 13. (a) 3 (b) 3
17. x = 22 +30 k; K  Z 18. 3 19. 7 20. E
21. b 22. 6 23. 1 24. B 25. D
26. 64 27. 63 28. E 29. (x, y) = (64,8), (8,64)
30. 104, 96 37. 4 38. 1 39. 1

40. 6, 2 41. n = 3k, Not possible 42. 88

44. No 47. A 49. 111……..11599125

50. 2970, 6975 51. Three hundred l's 53. B 56. No

57. No 58. No 59. Not possible

60. D 61. 421 62. 1972 65. C

66. 5 67. 5 dragonflies and 2 spiders or one dragonfly and 5 spiders

68. 1984, 2002 69. (0, 25, 75), (4, 18, 78), (8, 11, 81), (12, 4, 84)

70. x  1  5k, y  2  3k where k is any integer

71. x = x0 + 173k = 22 + 173k, y = y0 + 1990k= 253 + 1990k, where k is any integer

72. x = 16k –2, y = –7k + 1 73. No Solution

74. No Solution 75. No Solution 76. x = ±498, y = ±496 and x = ±78, y = ±64

77. x = 1, y = –1 79. a = 3,4,6,9,11 80. (4, 2): (4,–2) ; (–4,–2) and (–4,2)

81. 2187 82. x = 3, y = 1 83. 5 84. 5

85. p = 29 86. B 87. 80 88. 1731

100. 2
LEVEL II
102. 24, 28 114. 3 115. 36 116. 6801

121. 11 124. 7 128. x = 667, y = 666, z = 665

131. n = 2, m = 1; n = 5, m = 3; n = 7, m = 4

132. (1, a, –a), (b, 1, -b), (c, –c, 1), where a, b and c arbitrary integers. (1, 2, 3), (2, 4, 4), (3, 3, 3)
133. No Solution 134. (3a + 4b, 2a + 3b)
135. x = m(m+n)t, y = ±n(m+n)t, z = mnt, where m, n, t are arbitrary integers
136. 000,001,625 and 376 137. (p; q) is (13; 7).
138. 120 139. 170, 40 141. 29, 5

LEVEL III
149. 145 150. 6 153. No, Yes 154. 958

155. 358 156. 400 157. 70

159. (2,2), (2,1) (3,1), (5,2), (5,3), (1,2), (1,3) (2,5), (3,5)

160. a = b = c = 0 161. {(1,1)}  {(k,2k) :  k   } 162. 17

163. Zero 164. (a, b, c) = (1, –1, 0), (–1,1, 0), (1,0, -1), (–1.0, 1), (0,1, -1), (0, –1, 1)

165. 49995000 166. 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, 999,432,864.

167. 16 168. 65