Solucionario Calculo Trascendentes Tempranas 4 Edic Dennis Warren Cap12

Chapter 12
Vector-Valued Functions
12.1 Vector Functions

2
S is only defined for nonnegative values, we must have t − 9 ≥ 0.
1. Since the square root function
So the domain is (−∞, −3) [3, ∞).
2. Since the natural logarithm is only defined for positive values, we must have 1 − t2 > 0. So
the domain is (−1, 1).
3. Since the inverse sine function is only defined for values between -1 and 1, the domain is
[−1, 1].
4. The vector function is defined for all real numbers.
5. r(t) = sin πti + cos πtj − cos2 πtk
6. r(t) = cos2 πti + 2 sin2 πtj + t2 k
7. r(t) = e−t i + e2t j + e3t k
8. r(t) = −16t2 i + 50tj + 10k
9. x = t2 , y = sin t, z = cos t
10. r(t) = t sin t(i + k) = t sin ti + 0j + t sin tk so x = t sin t, y = 0, z = t sin t
11. x = ln t, y = 1 + t, z = t3
12. x = 5 sin t sin 3t, y = 5 cos 3t, z = 5 cos t sin 3t
48
12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 49
13. 14. 15.

z z
z
y
4 y
y
x
x x
16. 17. y 18.

z y
2 x
y
2 x
x
19. 20. z
y
y
x x
21.
z
Note: the scale is distorted in this graph. For t = 0, the graph starts at (1, 0, 1). The upper
loop shown intersects the xz-plane at about (286751, 0, 286751).
50 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
22. 23.
z
z
10 x
10 10 y
x
24.
25. r(t) = h4, 0i + h0 − 4, 3 − 0it = (4 − 4t)i + 3tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

y
26. r(t) = h0, 0, 0i + h1 − 0, 1 − 0, 1 − 0it = ti + tj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

27. x = t, y = t, z = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ; r(t) = ti + tj + 2t2 k
√ √ √
28. x = t, y = 2t, z = ± t2 + 4t2 + 1 = ± 5t2 − 1; r(t) = ti + 2tj ± 5t2 − 1k
29. x = 3 cos t, z = 9 − 9 cos2 t = 0 sin2 t; y = 3 sin t; r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj + 9 sin2 tk
30. x = sin t, z = 1, y = cos t; r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + k

31. x = t, y = t, z = 1 − 2t; r(t) = ti + tj + (1 − 2t)k
32. x = 11, y = t, z = 3 + 2t; r(t) = i + tj + (3 + 2t)k
y
x
33. (b); Notice that the y and z values consistently increase while the x values oscillate rapidly
between -1 and 1. The only vector fucntion that describes this behavior is (b).
34. (c); The trace of the graph on the xy−plane would look like a circle, while the z value oscillates
between 0 and 1. The only vector function that describes this behavior is (c).
35. (d); Notice that the z value is contant. The only vector function that satisfies this constraint
is (d).
36. (a); Notice that the x values consistently increase while the trace of the graph on the yz-plane
would look like a circle. The only vector function that describes this behavior is (a).
37. Letting x = at cos t, y = bt sin t, and z = ct, we have

z2 c2 t 2
2
= 2 = t2 = t2 cos2 t + t2 sin2 t
c c
a2 t2 cos2 t b2 t2 sin2
= +
a2 b2
x2 y2
= 2 + 2
a b
38.
z
39. Letting x = aekt cos t, y = bekt sin t, and z = cekt , we have

z2 c2 ekt
= = e2kt = e2kt cos2 t + e2kt sin2 t
c2 c2
a2 e2kt cos2 t b2 e2kt sin2 t
= +
a2 b2
2 2
x y
+ 2
a2 b
40.
z
41. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 sin2 kt cos2 t + a2 sin2 kt sin2 t + a2 cos2 kt

= a2 sin2 kt + a2 cos2 kt
= a2
42. k=1 k=2 k=3

z
z z
y
y y
x
x x
k=4 k = 10 k = 20
z
z z
y y
y
x x
x
43. (a)
(b) r1 (t) = ti + tj + (4 − t2 )k
r2 (t) = ti − tj + (4 − t2 )k
(c)
z
44. C lies on the surface of the sphere of radius a.

12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 55
45.
46. k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.3
z
z z
y
y y
x
x x
47. k=2 k=4
z z
y y
x x
1
48. k= 10 k=1
z z
y y
x x
12.2 Calculus of Vector Functions

1. lim [t3 i + t4 j + t5 k] = 23 i + 24 j + 25 k = 8i + 16j + 32k
t→2
sin 2t ln t
2. r(t) = i + (t − 2)5 k + k. Using L’Hôpital’s Rule,
t 1/t

2 cos 2t 1/t
lim+ r(t) = i + (t − 2)5 j + k = 2i − 32j
t→0 1 −1/t2
3. Using
L’Hôpital’s Rule, we have
t2 − 1 5t − 1 2et−1 − 2 2t 5t − 1 2et−1

lim , , = lim = , , i = h2, 2, 2
t→1 t−1 t+1 t−1 t→1 1 t+1 1
π
4. Since lim tan−1 t = , we have
t→∞ 2
e2t e−1

−1 1 1 −1
lim , , tan t = lim , , tan t
t→∞ 2e2t + t 2e−t + 5 t→∞ 2 + te−2t 2 + 5et

1 π
= , 0,
2 2
The last equality follows from using L’Hôpital’s Rule to get
t 1
lim te−2t = lim = lim =0
t→∞ t→∞ e2t t→∞ 2e2t
5. lim [−4r1 (t) + 3r2 (t)] = −4(i − 2j + k) + 3(2i + 5j + 7k) = 2i + 23j + 17k
t→α
6. lim r1 (t) · r2 (t) = (i − 2j + k) = (i − 2j + k) · (2i + 5j + 7k) = −1

t→α
7. Notice that the k component ln(t − 1) is not defined at t = 1. Therefore, r(t) is not continuous
at t = 1.
8. Notice that sin πt, tan πt, and cos πt are each continuous at t = 1 since the sine, cosine, and
tangent function are continuous on their domains. Therefore, since each of the component
functions are continuous at t = 1, we know that r(t) is continuous at t = 1.
9. r0 (t) = 3i + 8tj + (10t − 1)k

so r0 (1) = 3i + 8j + 9k = h3, 8, 9i
r(1.1) − r(1) h3(1.1) − 1, 4(1.1)2 , 5(1.1)2 − (1.1)i − h3(1) − 1, 4(1)2 , 5(1)2 − (1)i
while =
0.1 0.1
h2.3, 4.84, 4.95i − h2, 4, 4i
=
0.1
h0.3, 0.84, 0.95i
= = h3, 8.4, 9.5i
0.1
−5
10. r0 (t) = i + (6t + 1)j − 3(1 − t)2 k
(1 + 5t)2
−5
so r0 (0) = i + j + 3k = h−5, 1, −3i
1

1 1
, 3(0.05)2 + (0.05), (1 + 0.05)3 − , 3(0)2 + (0), (1 − 0)3
r(0.05) − r(0) 1 + 5(0.05) 1 + 5(0)
while =
0.05 0.05
h0.8, 0.0575, 0.857375i − h1, 0, 1i
=
0.05
h−0.2, 0.0575, −0.142625i
=
0.05
= h−4, 1.15, −2.8525i
1 1 1 2
11. r0 (t) = i − 2 j; r00 (t) = − i + 3j
t t t2 t
12. r0 (t) = h−t sin t, 1 − sin ti; r00 (t) = h−t cos t − sin t, − cos ti
13. r0 (t) = h2te2t + e2t , 3t2 , 8t − 1i; r00 (t) = h4te2t + 4e2t , 6t, 8i
1 2t
14. r0 (t) = 2ti + 3t2 j + k; r00 (t) = 2i + 6tj − k
1 + t2 (1 + t2 )2
15. r0 (t) = −2 sin ti +√6 cos tj 16. r0 (t) = 3t2 i + 2tj

r0 (π/6) = −i + 3 3j r0 (−1) = 3i − 2j
y y
8t
17. r0 (t) = j − k 18. r0 (t) = −3 sin√ti + 3 cos√tj + 2k
(1 + t2 )2
0 −3 2 3 2
r (−1) = j − 2k r0 (π/4) = i+ j + 2k
2 2
z z
y y
x x
1 1 8
19. r(t) = ti + j + t3 k; r(2) = 2i + 2j + k; r0 (t) = i + tj + t2 k; r0 (2) = i + 2j + 4k
2 3 3
Using the point (2, 2, 8/3) and the direction vector r0 (2), we have x = 2 + t, y = 2 + 2t, z =
8/3 + 4t.
6t 6
20. r(t) = (t3 −t)i+ j+(2t+1)2 k; r(1) = 3j+9k; r0 (t) = (3t2 −1)i+ j+(8t+4)k;
t+1 (t + 1)2
3
r0 (1) = 2i + j + 12k. Using the point (0, 3, 9) and the direction vector r0 (1), we have x =
2
2t, y = 3 + 23 , z = 9 + 12t.
p √
21. r0 (t) = het + tet , 2t + 2, 3t2 − 1i so r0 (0) = h1, 2, −1i and |r0 (0)| = 12 + 22 + (−1) 2 = 6
r0 (0)

h1, 2, −1i 1 2 −1
The unit tangent vector at t = 0 is given by 0 = √ = √ ,√ ,√
|r (0)| 6 6 6 6
To find the parametric equations of the tangent line at t = 0, we first compute r(0) =
1 2 −1
h0, 0, 0i. The tangent line is then given in vector form as p(t) = h0, 0, 0i + t √ , √ , √ =
6 6 6
1 2 −1 1 2 −1
√ t, √ t, √ t or in parametric form as x = √ t, y = √ t, z = √ t.
6 6 6 6 6 6
p √
22. r0 (t) = h3 cos 3t, 2 sec2 2t, 1i so r0 (π) = h−3, 2, 1i and |r0 (π)| = (−3) 2 + (2)2 + (1)2 = 14.
r0 (π)

h−3, 2, 1i −3 2 1
The unit tangent vector at t = π is given by 0 = √ = √ ,√ ,√
|r (π)| 14 14 14 14
To find the parametric equations of the tangent line at t = π, we first compute r0 (π) = h1, 0, πi.
The tangent line is then given in vector form as
−3 2 1
p(t) = h1, 0, πi + t √ , √ , √
14 14 14

−3 2 1
= 1 − √ t, √ t, π + √ t
14 14 14
−3 2 1
or in parametric form as x = 1 − √ t, y = √ t, z = π + √ t
14 14 14
* √ +
1 3 π
23. r(π/3) = , ,
2 2 3
r0 (t) = h− *sin t, cos t, 1i+
√
3 1
r0 (π/3) = − , ,1
2 2
so the tangent
* √ line+is given * by
√ +
1 3 π 3 1
p(t) = , , +t − , ,1
2 2 3 2 2
* √ √ +
1 3 3 1 π
= − t, + t, + t
2 2 2 2 3
24. r(0) = h6, 1, 1i

r0 (t) = h−3e−t/2 , 2e2t , 3e3t i
r0 (0) = h−3, 2, 3i So the tangent line is given by

r(t) = h6, 1, 1i + th−3, 2, 2i
= h6 − 3t, 1 + 2t, 1 + 3ti
d
25. [r(t) × r0 (t)] = r(t) × r00 (t) + r0 (t) × r0 (t) = r(t) × r00 (t)
dt
d d
26. [r(t) · (tr(t))] = r(t) · (tr(t))+ = r(t) · (tr0 (t) + r(t)) + r0 (t) · (tr(t))
dt dt
= r(t) · (tr0 (t)) + r(t) · r(t) + r0 (t) · (tr(t)) = 2t(r(t) · r0 (t)) + r(t) · r(t)
d d
27. [r(t) · (r0 (t) × r00 (t))] = r(t) · (r0 (t) × r00 (t)) + r0 (t) · (r0 (t) × r00 (t))
dt dt
= r(t) · (r0 (t) × r000 (t) + r00 (t) × r00 (t)) + r0 (t) · (r0 (t) × r00 (t))
= r(t) · (r0 (t) × r000 (t))
d d
28. [r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))] = r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t)) + r0 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
dt dt
= r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r03 (t) + r02 (t) × r3 (t) + r01 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
= r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r03 (t)) + r1 (t) × (r02 (t) × r3 (t)) + r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
d 1
29. [r1 (2t) + r2 ( 1t )] = 2r0 (2t) − 2 r02 ( 1t )
dt t
d 3 2
30. [t r(t )] = t3 (2t)r0 (t2 ) + 3t2 r(t2 ) = 2t4 r0 (t2 ) + 3t2 r(t2 )
dt
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 3
31. r(t)dt = tdt i + 3t dt j + 4t dt k = t i + t3 −1 j + t4 −1 k = i + 9j + 15k
3
−1 −1 −1 −1 2 −1 2
Z 4 √
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4
√

32. r(t)dt = 2t + 1dt i + − tdt j + sin πtdt k
0 0 0 0
4 4 4
1 3/2
2 3/2 1 26 16
= (2t + 1) i − t j − cos πt k = i− j
3 0 3 0 π 0 3 3
Z Z Z Z
2
33. r(t)dt = tet dt i + −e−2t dt j + tet dt k

1 −2t 1 t2 1 1 2
t t
= [te − e + c1 ]i + e + c2 j + e + d3 k = et (t − 1)i + e−2t j + et k + c,
2 2 2 2
where c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.
t2
Z Z Z Z
1 t
34. r(t)dt = dt i + dt j + dt k
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Z
−1 1 2 1
= [tan t + c1 ]i + ln(1 + t ) + c2 j + 1− k
2 1 + t2

1
= [tan−1 t + c1 ]i + ln(1 + t2 ) + c2 j + [t − tan−1 t + c3 ]k
2
1
= tan−1 ti + ln(1 + t2 )j + (t − tan−1 t)k + c,
2
where c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.
35. r(t) = r0 (t)dt =

R R R
6dt i + 6tdt j + 3t2 dt k = [6t + c1 ]i + [3t2 + c2 ]j + [t3 + c3 ]k
R
Since r(0) = i + 2j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 − 1, c2 = −2, and c3 = 1. Thus,
r(t) = (6t + 1)i + (3t2 − 2)j + (t3 + 1)k
36. r(t) = r0 (t)dt = t sin t2 dt i + − cos 2tdt j = − 21 cos t2 + c1 i + − 21 sin 2t + c2 j

R R R
Since r(0) = 32 = (− 12 + c1 )i + c2 j, c1 = 2, and c2 = 0. Thus,

1 2 1
r(t) = − cos t + 2 i − sin 2tj.
2 2
37. r0 (t) = r00 (t)dt = −3t−1/2 dt j +

R R R
2dt k = [6t2 + c1 ]i + [−6t1/2 + c2 ]j +
R
12tdt i +
[2t + c3 ]k
Since r0 (1) = j = (6 + c1 )i + (−6 + c2 )j + (2 + c3 )k, c1 = −6, c2 = 7, and c3 = −2. Thus,
r0 (t) = (6t2 − 6)i + (−6t1/2 + 7)j + (2t − 2)k.

Z Z Z Z
0 2 1/2
r(t) = r (t)dt = (6t − 6)dt i + (−6t + 7)dt j + (2t − 2)dt k
= [2t3 − 6t + c4 ]i + [−4t3/2 + 7t + c5 ]j + [t2 − 2t + c6 ]k.

Since
r(1) = 2i − k = (−4 + c4 )i + (3 + c5 )j + (−1 + c6 )k,
c4 = 6, c5 = −3, and c6 = 0. Thus,
r(t) = (2t3 − 6t + 6)i + (−4t3/2 + 7t − 3)j + (t2 − 2t)k.

Z Z Z Z
38. r0 (t) = r00 (t)dt = sec2 tdt i + cos tdt j + − sin tdt k
= [tan t + c1 ]i + [sin t + c2 ]j + [cos t + c3 ]k

Since r0 (0) = i + j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 = 1, c2 = 1, and c3 = 0. Thus,
r0 (t) = (tan t + 1)i + (sin t + 1)j + cos tk.

Z Z Z Z
r(t) = r0 (t)dt = (tan t + 1)dt i + (sin t + 1)dt j + cos tdt k.
= [ln | sec t| + c4 ]i + [− cos t + t + c5 ]j + [sin t + c6 ]k

Since r(0) = −j + 5k = (−1 + c5 )j + (c6 )k, c4 = 0, c5 = 0, and c6 = 5. Thus,
r(t) = (ln | sec t| + t)i + (− cos t + t)j + (sin t + 5)k.

p √
39. r0 (t) = −a sin ti + a cos tj + ck; |r0 (t)| = (−a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 + c2 = a2 + c2
R 2π √ √ 2π √
s= 0 a2 + c2 dt = a2 + c2 t0 = 2π a2 + c2
40. r0 (t) = i +
p(cos t − t sin t)j + (sin t + t cos t)k √
|r0 (t)| = 12 + (cos t − t sin t)2 + (sin t + t cos t)2 = 2 + t2
Rπ√ √ √ π √ √ √
s = 0 2 + t2 dt = 2t 2 + t2 + ln |t + 2 + t2 | 0 = π2 2 + π 2 + ln(π + 2 + π 2 ) − ln 2

41. r0 (t) = (−2e t t t

+ et sin 2t)j + et k
p sin 2t + e cos 2t)i + (2e cos 2t √
0 2
√
|r (t)| = 5e cos 2t + 5e sin 2t + e = 6e2t = 6et
2t 2 2t 2t
R 3π √ t √ 3π √

s= 0 6e dt = 6et = 6(e3π − 1)
0
√ q √ √
42. r0 (t) = 3i + 2 3tj + 2t2 k; |r0 (t)| = 32 + (2 3t)2 + (2t2 )2 = 9 + 12t2 + 4t4 = 3 + 2t2
R1 1
s = 0 (3 + 2t2 )dt = 3t + 23 t3 = 3 + 23 = 11
3
0
Rt s
43. From r0 (t) = h9 cos t, −9 sin ti, we find |r0 (t)| = 9. Therefore, s = 0 9du = 9t so that t = . By
9 E
D s sE D s s
substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = 9 sin , 9 cos . Note that r0 (s) = sin , cos
r 9 9 9 9
s s
so that r0 (s) = sin2 + cos = 1.

9 9
√ Rt
44. From r(t) = h−5 sin t, 12, 5 cos ti, we find |r0 (t)| = 169 = 13. Therefore, s = 0 13du = 13t
s s 12 5 s
so that t = . By substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = h5 cos 13 , 13 s, 13 cos 13 i.
13
0 5 s 12 5 s

Note that r (t) = − 13 sin 13 , 13 , 13 cos 13 so that
r
0 25 25 144 25 s
|r (s)| = sin + 169 + cos2 13 =1
169 13 169
√ Rt√ √
45. From r0 (t) = h2, −3, 4i, we find |r0 (t)| = 29. Therefore, s = 0 29du = 20t so that
s 2 3 4
t = √ . By substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = 1 + √ s, 5 − √ s, 2 + √ s .
29 r 29 29 29
D E 4 9 16
Note that r0 (s) = √29 , − √29 , √29 so that r0 (s) =
2 3 4
+ + = 1.
29 29 29
46. From r0 (t) t t t t
p= he cos t − e sin t, e sin t + e cos t, 0i we find √ √
|r0 (t)| = e2t cost −2e2t cos t sin t + e2t sin2 t + e2t sin2 t + 2e2t sin t cos t + e2t cos2 t = 2e2t = et 2.
Rt √ √
Therefore, s = 0 eu 2du = 2(et − 1) so that t = ln √s2 + 1 . By substituting for t in r(t),
we obtainD E
r(s) = √s + 1 cos(ln √s + 1 , √s + 1 sin ln √s + 1 , 1 Note that
D 2 2 2 2 E
r0 (s) = √12 cos ln √s2 + 1 − √12 sin ln √s2 + 1 , √12 sin ln √s2 + 1 + √12 cos ln √s2 + 1 , 0
so that v
u
u 1 cos2 ln √s + 1 − cos ln √s + 1 sin ln √s + 1 + 1 sin2 ln √s + 1
u 2 2
|r0 (s)| = t 2 2 2 2
+ 12 sin2 ln √s2 + 1 + sin ln √s2 + 1 cos ln √s2 + 1 + 21 cos2 ln √s2 + 1
s
s s
= cos2 ln √ + 1 + sin2 ln √ + 1 =1
2 2
d d d
47. Since (r · r) = |r|2 = c2 = 0 and d
dt (r · r) = r · r0 + r0 · r = 2r · r0 , we have r · r0 = 0.
dt0 dt dt
Thus, r is perpendicular to r.
48. Let v = ai + bj and r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then

Z b Z b Z b Z b Z b
v · r(t)dt = [ax(t) + by(t)]dt = a x(t)dt + b y(t)dt = v · r(t)dt.
a a a a a
Rt
49. From r(t) = r0 + tv, we get r0 (t) = v so that |r0 (t)| = |v|. Therfore s = 0 |r0 (t)|du =
Rt s
0
|v|du = |v|t which gives t = . Substituting for t in r(t), we have r0 (s) = r0 +
|v|
s 0 v 0 |v|
v . Note that r (s) = |v| so that |r (s)| = |v| = 1.
|v|v = r0 + s
|v|

p s 3 −4
50. (a) |h3, −4i| = 32 + (−4)2 = 5 so r(s) = h1, 2i + h3, −4i = h1, 2i + s ,
5 5 5
√ √
= h1, 1, 10i
(b) r(t) + th1, 2, −1i and |h1, 2, −1i| = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6 so r(s) = h1, 1, 10i +
1 2 −1
s √ ,√ ,√
6 6 6
12.3 Motion on a Curve

√ √
1. v(t) = 2ti + t3 j; v(1) = 2i + j; |v(1)| = 4+1= 5; y
a(t) = 2i + 3t2 j; a(1) = 2i + 3j
a
2 √ √
2. v(t) = 2ti − j; v(1) = 2i − 2j; |v(1)| = 4 + 4 = 2 2;
t3 y
6
a(t) = 2i + 4 j; a(1) = 2i + 6j a
t
x
v
12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 63
3. v(t) = −2 sinh 2ti + 2 cosh 2tj; v(1) = 2j; |v(0)| = 2;

y
a(t) = −4 cosh 2ti + +4 sinh 2tj; a(0) = −4i
a x
√ 1
4. v(t) = −2 sin ti + cos tj; v(π/3) = − 3i + j; y
p √ 2
|v(π/3)| = 3 + √ 1/4 = 13/2; a(t) = −2 cos ti − sin tj; v
3
a(π/3) = −i − j
2 a
√ √
5. v(t) = (2t − 2)i + k; v(2) = 2j + k; |v(2)| = 4+1= 5; z
a(t) = 2j; a(2) = 2j
a
y
x
√ √
6. v(t) = i + j; v(2) = i + j + 12k; |v(2)| = 1 + 1 + 144 = 146; z
a(t) = 6tk; a(2) = 12k a
v
x
7. v(t) = i + 2tj + 3t2 k; √ √

mathbf v(1) = i + 2j + 3k; |v(1)| = 1 + 1 + 9 = 14; z
a(t) = 2j + 6tk; a(1) = 2j + 6k
a
8. v(t) = i + 3t2 j + k; x
√ √ z
v(1) = i + 3j + k; |v(1)| = 1 + 9 + 1 = 11;
a(t) = 6tj; a(1) = 6j
v
y
x
9. The particle passes through the xy-plane when z(t) = t2 −5t = 0 or t = 0, 5 which gives us the
points (0, 0, 0) and (25, 115, 0). v(t) = 2ti + (3t2 − 2)j + (2t − 5)k; v(0) = −2j − 5k, v(5) =
10i + 73j + 5k; a(t) = 2i + 6tj + 2k; a(0) = 2i + 30j + 2k
10. If a(t) = 0, then v(t) = c1 and r(t) = c1 t + c2 . The graph of this equation is a straight line.
√
11. Initially we are given s0 = 0 and v0 = (480 cos 30◦ )i + (480 cos 30◦ )j = 240 3i + 240j. Using
a(t) = −32j we find
Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = −32tj + c
√
240 3i + 240j = v(0) = c
√ √
v(t) = −32tj + 240 3i + 240j = 240 3i + (240 − 32t)j
Z √
r(t) = v(t)dt = 240 3ti + (240t − 16t2 )j + b
0 = r(0) = b.
√ √
(a) The shell’s trajectory is given by r(t) = 240 3ti + (240t − 16t2 )j or x = 240 3t, y =
240 − 16t2 .
(b) Solving dy/dt = 240 − 32t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 900 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = 240t − 16t2 = 16t(15 − t) = 0, we see that the√ shell is at ground level
when t = 0 and t = 15. The range of the shell is s(15) = 3600 3 ≈ 6235 ft.
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 15. The speed at impact is

√ p
|v(15)| = |240 3i + (240 − 32 · 15)j| = 2402 · 3 + (−240)2 = 480 ft/s.
√
12. Initially we are given s0 = 1600j and v0 = (480 cos 30◦ )i + (480 sin 30◦ )j = 240 3i + 240j.
Using a(t) = −32j we find Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = −32tj + c
√
240 3i + 240j = v(0) = c
√ √
v(t) = −32tj + 240 3i + 240j = 240 3i + (240 − 32t)j
Z √
r(t) = v(t)dt = 240 3ti + (240t − 16t2 )j + b
1600j = r(0) = b.
√ √
(a) The shell’s trajectory is given by r(t) = 240 3ti+(240t−16t2 +1600)j or s = 240 3t, y =
240t − 16t2 + 1600.
(b) Solving dy/dt = 240 − 32t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 2400 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = −16t2 + 240t + 1600 = −16(t − 20)(t + 5) = 0, we
√ see that the shell hits
the ground when t = 20. The range of the shell is x(20) = 4800 3 ≈ 8314 ft.
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 20. The speed at impact is
√ p √
|v(20)| = |240 3i + (240 − 32 · 20)j| = 2402 · 3 + (−400)2 = 160 13 ≈ 577 ft/s.
13. We are given s0 = 81j and v0 = 4i. Using a(t) = −32j, we have
Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = −32tj + c
4i = v(0) = c
v(t) = 4i − 32tj
Z
r(t) = v(t)dt = 4ti − 16t2 j + b
81j = r(0) = b
r(t) = 4ti + (81 − 16t2 )j.
Solving y(t) = 81 − 16t2 = 0, we see that the car hits the water when t = 9/4. Then
p √
|v(9/4)| = |4i − 32(9/4)j| = 42 + 722 = 20 13 ≈ 72.11ft/s.
14. Let θ be the angle of elevation. Then v(0) = 98 cos θi + 98 sin θj. Using a(t) = −9.8j, we have
Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = −9.8tj + c
98 cos θi + 98 sin θj = v(0) = c

v(t) = 98 cos θi + (98 sin θ − 9.8t)j
r(t) = 98t cos θi + (98t sin θ − 4.9t2 )j + b.
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = 98t cos θi + (98t sin θ − 4.9t2 )j. Setting y(t) = 98t sin θ −
4.9t2 = t(98 sin θ − 4.9t) = 0, we see that the projectile hits the ground when t = 20 sin θ.
Thus, using x(t) = 98t cos θ, 490 = s(t) = 98(20 sin θ) cos θ or sin 2θ = 0.5. Then 2θ = 30◦ or
150◦ . The angles of elevation are 15◦ and 75◦ .
√ √
s 2 s 2
15. Let s be the initial speed. Then v(0) = s cos 45◦ i + s sin 45◦ j = i+ j. Using a(t) =
2 2
−32j, we have Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = −32j + c
√ √
s 2 s 2
i+ j = v(0) = c
2 2
√ √ !
s 2 s 2
v(t) = i+ − 32t j
2 2
√ √ !
s 2 s 2
r(t) = ti + t − 16t2 j + b.
2 2
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and

√ √ !
s 2 s 2 2
r(t) = ti + t − 16t j.
2 2
√ 2
√
√ y(t) = s 2t/2 − 16t = t(2 √2/2 − 16t) = 0 we see that the ball hits the ground when
Setting
t√
= 2s/32. Thus, using x(t) = s 2t/2 and the fact that 100 yd = 300 ft, 300 = x(t) =
s 2 √ s2 √
( 2s/32) = and s = 9600 ≈ 97.98 ft/s.
2 32
16. Let s be the initial speed and θ the initial angle. Then v() = s cos θi + s sin θj. Using a(t) =
−32j, we have Z
v(t) = a(t)dt = −32tj + c
s cos θi + s sin θj = v(0) = c

v(t) = s cos θi + (s sin θ − 32t)j
r(t) = st cos θi + (st sin θ − 16t2 )j + b.
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = st cos θi + (st sin θ − 16t2 )j. Setting y(t) = st sin θ −
16t2 = t(s sin θ − 16t) =, we see that the ball hits the ground when t = (s sin θ)/16. Using
x(t) = st cos θi, we see that the range of the ball is
s2 sin θ cos θ s2 sin 2θ

s sin θ
x = = .
16 16 32
◦ 2 ◦
√ 2 ◦ 2 ◦
√ θ2 = 30 , the range is s sin 60 /32 = ◦3s /64 and for θ = 60 the range is s sin 120 /32 =
For
3s /64. In general, when the angle is 90 − θ then range is
[s2 sin 2(90◦ − θ)]/32 = s2 [sin(180◦ − 2θ)]/32 = s2 (sin 2θ)/32.
Thus, for angles θ and 90◦ − θ, the range is the same.
q
17. r0 (t) = v(t) = −r0 ω sin ωti + r0 ω cos ωtj; v = |v(t)| = r02 ω 2 sin2 ωt + r02 ω 2 cos2 ωt = r0 ω
00 2 2
q = r (t) = −r0 ω cos ωti − r0 ω sin ωtj
ω = v/r0 ; a(t)
a = |a(t)| = r02 ω 4 cos2 ωt + r02 ω 4 sin2 ωt = r0 ω 2 = r0 (v/r0 )2 = v 2 /r0 .
p √
18. (a) v(t) = −b sin ti + b cos tj + ck; |v(t)| = b2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 = b2 + c2
Rt Rt√ √ ds √ 2
(b) s = 0 |v(t)|du = 0 b2 + c2 du = t b2 + c2 ; = b + c2
dt
d2 s p
(c) 2
= 0; a(t) = −b cos ti−b sin tj; |a(t)| = b2 cos2 t + b2 sin2 t = |b|. Thus, d2 s/dt2 =
6
dt
|a(t)|.
19. Let the initial speed of the projectile be s and let the target be
at (x0 , y0 ). Then vp (0) = s cos θi + s sin θj and vt (0) = 0. Using y
a(t) = −32j, we have (x0,y0)
R
vp (t) = a dt = −32tj + c
x0 tan θ
s cos θi + s sin θj = vp (0) = c
vp (t) = s cos θi + (s sin θ − 32t)j θ
rp (t) = st cos θi + (st sin θ − 16t2 )j + b. x0 x
Since rp (0) = 0, b = 0 and rp (t) = st cos θi + (st sin θ − 16t2 )j. Also, vt (t) = −32tj + c and since
vt (0) = 0, c = 0 and vt (t) = −32tj. Then rt (t) = −16t2 tj + b. Since rt (0) = x0 i + y0 j, bx0 i + y0 j
and rt (t) = x0 i+(y0 −16t2 )j. Now, the horizontal component of rp (t) will be x0 when t = x0 /s cos θ
at which time the vertical component of rp (t) will be
(sx0 /s cos θ) sin θ − 16(x0 /s cos θ)2 = x0 tan θ − 16(x0 /s cos θ)2 = y−) − 16(x0 /s cos θ)2 .
Thus, rp (x0 /s cos θ) = rt (x0 /s cos θ) and the projectile will strike the target as it falls.
20. The initial angle is θ = 0, the initial height is 1024 ft, and the initial speed is s = 180(5280)/3600 =
264 ft/s. Then x(t) = 264t and y(t) = −16t2 + 1024. Solving y(t) = 0 we see that the pack
hits the ground at t = 8 seconds. The horizontal distance tranvelled is x(8) = 2112 feet. From
the figure in the text, tan α = 1024/2112 = 16/33 and α ≈ 0.45 radian or 25.87◦ .
21. By Problem 17, a = v 2 /v0 = 15302 /(4000 · 5280) ≈ 0.1108. We are given mg = 192, so
m = 192/32 and we = 1192 − (192/32)(0.1108) ≈ 191.33 lb.
22. By problem 17, the centripetal acceleration is v 2 /r0 . Then

<mv2/r0, 32 m> < 0, 32m>
the horizontal force is mv 2 /r0 . The vertical force is 32m.
The resultant force is U = (mv 2 /r0 )i + 32mj. From the
figure, we see that tan φ = (mv 2 /r0 )/32m = v 2 /32r0 . Using
r0 = 60 and v = 44 we obtain tan φ = 442 /32(60) ≈ 1.0083
φ
and φ ≈ 45.24◦ .
<mv2/r0, 0>
23. Solving x(t) = (v0 cos θ)t for t and substituting into y(t) − 21 gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t + s0 we obtain
2
1 x x g
y=− g + (v0 sin θ) + s) = − 2 x2 + (tan θ)x + s0 ,
2 v0 cos θ v0 cos θ 2v0 cos2 θ
which is the equation of a parabola.
24. Since the projectile is launched from ground level, s0 = 0. To find the maximum height
we maximize y(t) = − 21 gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t. Solving y 0 (t) = −gt + v0 sin θ = 0, we see that
t = (v0 /g) sin θ is a critical point. Since y 00 (t) = −g ≤ 0,
1 v02 sin2 θ v02 sin2 θ

v0 sin θ v0 sin θ
H=y = g + v 0 sin θ =
g 2 g2 g 2g
is the maximum height. To find the range we solve y(t) = − 21 gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t = t(v0 sin θ −
1
2 gt) = 0. The positive solution to this equation is t = (2v0 sin θ)/g. The range is thus
2v0 sin θ v 2 sin 2θ

x(t) = (v0 cos θ) = 0 .
g g
25. Letting r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, the equation dr/dt = v is equivalent to dx/dt =
6t2 x, dy/dt = −4ty 2 , dz/dt = 2t(z + 1). Separating the variables and integrating, we
obtain x/x = 6t2 dt, dy/y 2 = −4tdt, dz/(z + 1) = 2tdt, and ln x = 2t3 + c1 , −1/y =
2t2 + c2 , ln(z + 1) + t2 + c3 . Thus,
3 1 2
r(t) = k1 e2t i + j + (k3 et − 1)k.
2t2 + k2
26. We require the fact that dr/dt = v. Then
dL d dp dr
= (r × p = r + × p = τ + v × p = τ + v × mv = τ + m(v × v) = τ + 0 = τ.
dt dt dt dt
27. (a) Since F is directed along r we have F = cr for some constant c. Then
τ = r × F = r × (cr) = c(r × r) = 0.
(b) If τ = 0 then dL/dt = 0 and L is constant.

12.4. CURVATURE AND ACCELERATION 69
28. (a) Since the cannon is pointing directly to the left, tha parmetric equations describing the
path of the cannon ball are given by
1
x(t) = v0 t, y(t) = − gt2 + s0
2
r
2s0
The cannon ball will touch the groun when y = 0, which occurs at t = . At that
r r g
2s0 2s0
time, x is given by x = = −v0 . Notice that this x value will be farther
g g
to the left with increasing values of v0 . Therefore, the cannon ball travels farther with
more gunpowder.
r
2s0
(b) As shown in part (a), the cannon ball will touch the groun when t = . This value
g
of t is independent of v0 . This occurs because v0 has no vertical component.
(c) If the cannon ball is dropped, we have v0 = 0. Therefore, the parametric equations
describing the cannon ball motion are given by
1
x(t) = 0, y(t) = − gt2 + s0 .
2
r
2s0
As before, y = 0 when t = . Therefore the cannon ball touches the ground at the
g
same time regardless of whether it is fired or dropped.
12.4 Curvature and Acceleration

p √
1. r0 (t) = −t sin ti + t cos tj + 2tk; |r0 (t)| = t2 sin2 t + t2 cos2 t + 4t2 = 5t;
sin t cos t 2
T=− √ i+ √ j+ √ k
5 5 5
√
2. r0 (t) = et (− sin t + cos t)i + et (cos t + sin t)i + 2et k, √
|r0 (t)| = [et (sin2 t−2 sin t cos t+cos2 t)+e2t (cos2√t+2 sin t cos t+sin2 t)+2e2t ]1/2 = 4e2t = 2et ;
1 1 2
T(t) = (− sin t + cos t)i + (cos t + sin t)j + k
2 2 2
p
We assume a > 0. r0 (t) = −a sin ti + a cos tj + ck; |r0 (t)| = a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t + c2 =
3. √
a2 + c2 ;
a sin t a cos t c dT a cos t a sin t
T(t) − √ i+ √ j+ √ k; = −√ i− √ j,
s a 2 + c2 a 2 + c2 a2 + c2 dt a 2 + c2 a2 + c2
2 2 2 2

dT
= a cos t + a sin t = √ a ; N = − cos ti − sin tj;
dt a2 + c
2 a2 + c2 a2 + c2

i j k

a sin t a cos t c = √c sin t i − √c cos t + √ a

B = T × N = − √ 2 2
√
2 2
√
2 2
k;
a + c a + c a + c
a2 + c2 a2 + c2 a2 + c2
− cos t − sin t 0
√
|dT/dt| 2
a/ a + c 2 a
κ= = √ = 2
r0 (t) 2
a +c 2 a + c2
√ √
4. r0 (t) = i + tj + t2 k; |r0 (t)| = 1 + t2 + t4 , |r0 ; (1)| = 3;
1
T(t) = (1 + t2 + t4 )−1/2 (i + tj + t2 k), T(1) √ (i + j + k);
3
dT 1 4 −3/2 t
= − (1 + t + t )2
(2t + 4t )i + [(1 + t + t)−1/2 − (1 + t2 + t)−3/2 (2t + 4t3 )]j
3 2
dt 2 2
2
2 4 −1/2 t 2 4 −3/2 3
[2t(1 + t + t ) (1 + t + t ) (2t + 4t )]k;
2 r √
d 1 1 d 1 1 2 1
T(1) = − √ i + √ k, T(1) = + = √ ; N(1) = − √ (i − k)k,
dt 3 3 dt 3 3 3 2
i
√ j
√ k√

1
B(1) = 1/ √3 1/ 3 1/√3 = √ (i − 2j + k);
−1/ 2 0 1/ 2 6
√ √ √
d 2/ 3 2
κ = T(1) = |r0 (1)| = √ =
dt 3 3
1
√
5. From Example 1 in the text, a normal to the osculating plane is B(π/4) = 26 (3i − 3j + 2 2k).
√ √
The point on√the curve
√ √ when t = π/4 is ( 2, 2, 3π/4). √ √ of the√plane is 3(x −
An equation
2) − 3(y − 2) + 2 2(z − 3π/4(= 0, 3x − 3y + 2 2z = 3π/2, or 3 2x − 3 2y + 4z = 3π.
6. From Problem 4, a normal to the osculating plane is B(1) = √16 (i − 2j + k). The point on the
curve when t = 1 is (1, 1/2, 1/3). An equaiton of the plane is (x−1)−2(y −1/2)+(z −1/3) = 0
or x − 2y + z = 1/3.
√
7. v(t) = j + 2tk, |v(t)| = 1 + 4t2 ; a(t) = 2k; v · a = 4t, v × a = 2i, |v × a| = 2;
4t 2
aT = √ , aN = √
1 + 4t 2 1 + 4t2
8. v(t) = −3 psin ti + 2 cos tj + k, p √ p
|v(t)| = 9 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t = 1 = 5 sin2 t + 4 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1 = 5 sin2 +1;
a(t) = −3 cos ti − 2 sin tj; v · a = 9 sin t cosqt − 4 sin t cos t = 5 sin t√
cos t,
2
√
v × a = 2 sin ti − 3 cos tj + 6k, |v × a| = 4 sin +(cos2 t + 36 = 5 cos2 t + 8;
√ s
5 sin t cos t cos2 t + 8
aT p , aN =
sin2 t + 1 sin2 t + 1
√
9. v(t) = 2ti + 2tj + 4tk, |v(t)| = 2 6t, t > 0; a(t) = 2i + 2j + 4k; v · a = 24t, v × a = 0;
24t √
aT = √ = 2 6, aN = 0, t > 0
2 6t
√
10. v(t) = 2ti − 3t2 j = 4t3 k, |v(t)| = t 4 + 9t2 + 16t4 , t >); a(t) = 2i −√ 6tj + 12t2 k;
3 5 4 3 2 2
v · a = 4t + 18t + 48t ; v × a =√−12t i − 16t j − 6t k, |v × a| = 2t 36t4 + 64t2 + 9;
4 + 18t2 + 48t4 2t 36t4 + 64t2 + 9
aT = √ , aN = √ t>0
4 + 9t2 + 16t4 4 + 9t2 + 16t4
√
11. v(t) = 2i + 2tj, |v(t)| = 2 1 + t2 ; a(t) = 2j; v × a = 4k, |v × a| = 4;
2t 2
aT = √ , aN = √
1+t 2 1 + t2
12.4. CURVATURE AND ACCELERATION 71
√
1 t 1 + t2 2t 1 − t2
12. v(t) = 2
i+ 2
j, |v(t)| = 2
; a(t) = − 2 2
i+ j;
1+t 1+t 1+t (1 + t ) (1 + t2 )2
2t t − t3 1 1
v·a=− + ; v×a= k, |v × a| = ;
(1 + t2 )3 (1 + t2 )3 (1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
2 3 2 2
t/(1 + t ) t a/(1 + t ) 1
aT = − √ =− 2
, aN = √ =
2
1 + t )/(1 + t 2 (1 + t )3/2 2
1 + t /(1 + t )2 (1 + t2 )3/2
13. v(t) = −5 sin ti + 5 cos tj, |v(t)| = 5; a(t) = −5 cos ti − 5 sin tj; v · a = 0,
v × a = 25k, |v × a| = 25; aT = 0, aN = 5
p 0
14. v(t) = sinh ti + cosh tj, |v(t)| = sinh t2 + cosh2 t a(t) = cosh ti + sinh tj
v · a = 2 sinh t cosh t; v × a = (sinh2 t − cosh2 t)k = −k, |v × a| = 1;
2 sinh t cosh t 1
aT = p , aN = p
2 2
sinh + cosh sinh + cosh2
2
√
15. v(t) = et (i + j + k), √|v(t)| = 3e−t ; a(t) = e−t (i + j + k); v · a = −3e−2t ; v × a = 0,
|v × a| = 0; aT = − 3e−t , aN = 0
√
16. v(t) = i + 2j + 4k, |v(t)| = 21; a(t) = 0; v · a = 0, v × a = 0, |v × a| = 0; aT =
0, aN = 0
p
17. v(t) = −a sin ti + b cos tj + ck, |v(t)| = a2p sin2 t + b2 cos2 +c2 ; a(t) = −a cos ti − b sin tj;
v × a = bc sin tip− ac cos tj + abk, |v × a| = b2 c2 sin2 t + a2 c2 cos2 t + a2 b2
|v × a| b2 c2 sin2 t + a2 c2 cos2 t + a2 b2
κ= =
|v|3 (a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 )3/2
p
18. (a) v(t) = −a sin ti + b cos tj, |v(t)| = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t; a(t) = −a cos ti − b sin tj;
ab
v × a = abk; |v × a| = ab; κ = 2 2
(a sin t + b2 cos2 t)3/2
(b) When a = b, |v(t)| = a, |v × a| = a2 , and κ = a2 /a3 = 1/a.
19. The equation of a line is v(t) = b + tc, when b and c are constant vectors.
v(t) = c, |v(t)| = |c|; a(t) = 0; v × a = 0; κ = |v × a|/|v|3 = 0
20. v(t) = a(1 − cos t)i + a sin tj; v(π) = 2ai, |v(π)| = 2a; a(t) = a sin ti + a cos tj,
i j k
|v × a| 2a2 1
a(π) = −aj; |v × a| = 2a 0 0 = −2a2 k; |v × a| = 2a2 ; κ =

3
= 3
=
0 −a 0 |v| 8a 4a
p
21. v(t) = f 0 (t)i + g 0 (t)j, |v(t)| = [f 0 (t)]2 + [g 0 (t)]2 ; a(t) = f 00 (t)i + g 00 (t)j;
v × a = [f 0 (t)g 00 (t) − g 0 (t)f 00 (t)]k, |v × a| = |f 0 (t)g 00 (t) − g 0 (t)f 00 (t)|;
|v × a| |f 0 (t)g 00 (t) − g 0 (t)f 00 (t)|
κ= =
|v|3 ([f ”(t)]2 + [g 0 (t)]2 )3/2
22. For y = F (x), r = xi + F (x)j. We identify f (x) = x and g(x) = F (x) in Problem 21. Then
f 0 (x) = 1, f 00 (x) = 0, g 0 (x) = F 0 (x), g 00 (x) = F 00 (x), and κ = |F 00 (x)|/(1 + [F 0 (x)]2 )3/2 .
23. F (x) = x2 , F (0) = 0, F (1) = 1; F 0 (x) = 2x,F 0 (0) = 0, F 0 (1) = 2;

2 1
F 00 (x) = 2, F 00 (0) = 2, F 00 (1) = 2; κ(0) = 2 3/2
= 2; ρ(0) = ;
(1 + 0 ) 2
2 2
κ(1) = 2 3/2
= √ ≈ 0.18;
(1√+ 2 ) 5 5
5 5 √
ρ(1) = ≈ 5.59; Since 2 > 2/5 5, the curve is ”sharper” at (0, 0).
2
24. F (x) = x3 , F (−1) = −1, F (1/2) = 1/8; F 0 (x) = 3x2 , F 0 (−1) = 3,

|−6| 6
F 0 (1/2) = 3/4; F 00 (x) = 6x, F 00 (−1) = −6, F 00 (1/2) = 3; κ(−1) = (1+32 )3/2
= √ =
10 10
3
√ ≈ 0.19;
5 10 √
5 10
ρ(−1) = ≈ 5.27;
3
3 3 125
κ( 12 ) = = ≈ 1.54; ρ( 21 ) = ≈ 0.65
[1 + (3/4)2 ]3/2 125/64 192
Since 1.54 > 0.19, the curve is ”sharper” at (1/2, 1/8).
|F 00 (x)|
25. Letting F (x) = x2 , we can use Problem 22 to get κ(x) = .
|1 + (F 0 (x))2 |3/2
2
Now, F 0 (x)2x, F 00 (x) = 2, and (F 0 (x))2 = 4x2 so that κ = .
(1 + 4x2 )3/2
As x → ±∞, the denominator grows without bound. Therefore, κ(x) → 0 as x → ±∞.
26. (a)
√
2t(t2 + 2) 3t(2t2 + 1) t4 + 4t2 + 1
(b) κ0 (t) = √ − ;
(t4 + t2 + 1)3/2 t4 + 4t2 + 1 (t4 + t2 + 1)5/2
critical numbers occur at t = −.271469, t = 0, and t = .271469.
(c) Maximum of 1.017182 occurs at t = −.271469 and t = .271469.
27. Since (c, F (c)) is an inflection point and F 00 exists on an interval containg c, we must have
F 00 (c) = 0. Therefore, using the formula from Problem 22, we see that the curvature is zero.
28. We use the fact that T · N = 0 and T · T = N · N = 1. Then

|a(t)|2 = a · a = (an N + at T) · (an N + at T) = a2N N · N + 2an at N · T + a2T T · T = a2N + a2T .
CHAPTER 12 IN REVIEW 73
Chapter 12 in Review
A. True/False
√
1. True; |v(t)| = 2
2. True; the curvature of a circle of radius a is κ = a1 .
3. True
4. False; consider r(t) = t2 i. In this case, v(t) = 2ti and a(t) = 2i. Since v · a = 4t, the velocity
and acceleration vectors are not orthogonal for t 6= 0.
5. True
6. False; see Problem 20c in Section 14.2
7. True
8. True
9. False; consider r1 (t) = r2 (t) = i.
d d dr dr dr
10. True, |r(t)|2 = (r · r) = r · + · r = 2r · .
dt dt dt dt dt
B. Fill in the Blanks

1. y = 4
2. 0
3. r0 (t) = h1, 2t, t2 i so r0 (1) = h1, 2, 1i
4. r00 (t) = h0, 2, 2ti so r00 (1) = h0, 2, 2i

i j j
√
5. r0 (1) × r00 (1) = 1 2 1 = h2, −2, 2i so r0 (1) × r00 (1) = 12.
0 2 2
√ √
√ r0 (1) × r00 (1) 12 2
Since r0 (1)| = 6, we have κ(1) = = √ = .
|r0 (1)|3 6 6 6
r0 (1)

h1, 2, 1i 1 2 1
6. T(1) = 0 = √ = √ ,√ ,√
|r (1)| 6 6 6 6
0 2
t2

r (t) h1, 2t, t i 1 2t
7. T(t) = 0 =√ = √ ,√ ,√
|r (t)| 1 + 4t2 + t4 1 + 4t2 + t4 1 + 4t2 + t4 1 + 4t2 + t4
2 4
2t(2t2 + 1)

−2(t + 2) −2(t − 1)
So T0 (t) = 4 2 3/2
, 4 2 3/2
, 4 .
(t + 4t + 1) (t + 4t + 1) (t + 4t2 + 1)3/2
−6 6 −1 1 q 1
This gives T0 (1) = , 0, = √ , 0, √ and |T0
(1)| = 1 1
6 + 6 =
√ .
63/2 6
D
3/2
E 6 6 3
−1 √1
0
T (1) √
6
, 0, 6 −1 1
Therefore N(1) = 0 = 1 = h √ , 0, √ i.
|T (1)| ( 3)
√ 2 2
i j k

1
√2 1 1 −1 1
8. B(1) = T(1) × N(1) = √6 6
√ =
6 √ ,√ ,√
−1
√ 0 √1 3 3 3
2 2
D E
9. A normal to the normal plane is T(1) = √1 , √2 , √1 so we can use n = h1, 2, 1i as a vector
6 6 6
1
normal to the plane. Since r(1) = h1, 1, the point (1, 1, 13 ) lies on the normal plane at t = 1.
3 i,
Thus an equation of the normal plane is (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) + (z − 13 ) = 0 or x + 2y + z = 1) 3
or 3x + 6y + 3z = 10
D E
−1 √1
10. A normal to the osculating plane is B(1) = √13 , √ 3
, 3
. So we can use n = h1, −1, 1i as a
normal vector. Using the point (1, 1, 31 ), an equation of the osculating plane is (z − 1) − (y −
1) + (z − 13 ) = 0 or x − y + z = 31 or 3x − 3y + 3z = 1.
C. Exercises
Rπp Rπ√ √
1. r0 (t) = cos ti + sin tj + k; s= cos2 t + sin2 +1dt = 0 2dt = 2π
0
Rt√ √ √ √ √
2. r0 (t) = 5i + j + 7k; s(t) = 0 25 + 1 + 49du = 5 3t; s(3) = 15 3. Solving 5 3t = 80 3,
√
we see that the distance traveled will be 80 3 when t = 16 or at the point (80, 17, 112).
2
3. r(3) = −27i + 8j + k; r0 (t) = −6ti = √ + k; r0 (2) = −18i + j + k. The tangent line
t+1
is x = −27 − 18t, y = 8 + t, z = 1 + t.
4. 5.
z z
y
x y
x
d d d
6. [r1 (t) × r2 (t)] = r1 (t) × r2 (t) + r1 (t) × r2 (t)
dt dt dt
= (t2 i + 2tj + t3 k) × (−i + 2tj + 2tk) + (2ti + 2j + 2t2 k) × [−ti + t2 j + (t2 + 1)k]
= (4t2 − 2t4 )i − 3t3 j + (2t3 + 2t)k + (2t2 + 2 − 3t4 )i − (5t3 + 2t)j + (2t3 + 2t)k
= (2 + 6t2 − 5t4 )i − (8t3 + 2t)j + (4t3 + 4t)k
d d
[r1 (t) × r2 (t)] = [(2t3 + 2t − t5 )i − (2t4 + t2 )j + (t4 + 2t2 )k]
dt dt
= (2 + 6t2 − 5t4 )i − (8t3 + 2t)j + (4t3 + 4t)k
CHAPTER 12 IN REVIEW 75
d d d
7. [r1 (t) · r2 (t)] = r1 (t) · r2 (t) + r1 (t) · r2 (t)
dt dt dt
= (cos ti − sin tj + 4t3 k) · (2ti + sin tj + 2e2t k)
(− sin ti − cos tj + 12t2 k) · (t2 i + sin tj + e2t k)
= (2t cos t − sin t cos t + 8t3 e2t − t2 sin t − sin t cos t + 12t2 e2t
= 2t cos t − t2 sin t − 2 sin t cos t + 8t3 e2t + 12t2 e2t
d d
[r1 (t) · r2 (t)] = [t2 cos t − sin2 t + 4t3 e2t ] = −t2 sin t + 2t cos t − 2 sin t cos t + 8t3 e2t + 12t2 e2t
dt dt
d d
8. [r1 (t) · (r2 (t) × r3 (t))] = r1 (t) · [r2 (t) × r3 (t)] + r0 (t) · [r2 (t) × r3 (t)]
dt dt
= r1 (t) · [(r2 (t) × r03 (t)) + (r02 (t) × r3 (t))] + r01 (t) · (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
= r1 (t) · (r2 (t) × r03 (t)) + r1 (t) · r02 (t) × r3 (t)) = r01 (t) · (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
9. We are given F = ma = 2j; v(0) = i + j + k. and r(0) = i + j. Then

Z Z
2 2
v(t) = a(t)dt = jdt = tj + c
m m
i = j + k = v(0) = c

2
v(t) = i + t+1 j+k
m

1 2
r(t) = ti + t + t j + tk + b
m
i + j = r(0) = b

1 2
r(t) = (t + 1)i + t + t + 1 j + tk
m
1 2
The parametric equations are x = t, y = t + t + 1, z = t.
m
10.
y
x
v
v(t) = i − 3t2 j, v(1)

√ = i − 3j;
√ a(t) = −6tj, a(1) = −6j
|v(1)| = |i − 3j| = 1 + 9 = 10
11. v(t) = 6i + j + 2tk; a(t) = 2k. To find when the particle passes through the plane, we solve
−6t + t + t2 = −4 or t2 − 5t + 4 = 0. This gives t = 1 and t = 4. v(1) = 6i + j + 2k, a(1) = 2k;
v(4) = 6i + j + 8k, a(4) = 2k
12. We are given r(0) = i + 2j + 3k.
Z Z
r(t) = v(t)dt = (−10ti + (3t2 − 4t)j + k)dt = −5t2 i + (t3 − 2t2 )j + tk + c
i + 2j + 3k = r(0) = c
r(t) = (1 − 5t2 )i + (t3 − 2t2 + 2)j + (t + 3)k
r(t) = −19i + 2j + 5k
R R √ √ √ √
13. v(t) = a(t)dt = ( 2 sin ti + 2 cos tj)dt = − 2 cos √ ti + 2 sin √tj + c;
−i + j + √k = v(π/4) √ = −i + j + c, c = k; v(t) = − 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + k;
r(t) = − 2 sin
√ ti− 2 cos tj+tk+b;
√ i+2j+(π/4)k = r(π/4) = −i−j+(π/4)k+b, b = 2i+3j;
r(t) = (2 − 2 2 sin t)i + (3 − 2 cos t)j + tk; r(3π/4) = i + 4j + (3π/4)k
√
14. v(t) = ti + t2 j − tk; |v| = t t2 + 2, t > 0; a(t) = i + 2tj − k; v · a = t + 2t 3 3
√ + t = 2t√+ 2t ;
√ 2t + 2t 3
2 + 2t 2 2
t 2 2t
v × a = t2 bi + t2 k, |v × at2 2; aT = √ = √ , aN = √ = √ ;
2
t t +2 2
t +2 2
t t +2 2
t +2
√ √
t2 2 2
κ= 3 2 3/2
=
t (t + 2) t(t + 2)3/2
2
15. r0 (t) = sinh 0

p ti + cosh tj + k, r (1)√ = sinh 1i + cosh 1j + k;
√ √
|r (t)| = sinh t + cosh t + 1 = 2 cosh2 t = 2 cosh t; |r0 (1)| = 2 cosh 1;
0 2 2
1 1 1 1
T = √ tanh ti + √ j + √ sech tk, T(1) = √ (tanh 1i + j + sech 1k);
2 2 2 2
dT 1 2 1 d 1 1
= √ sech ti − √ sech t tanh tk; T(1) = √ sech2 1i − √ sech 1 tanh 1k,
dt 2 2 dt 2 2
d sech 1 p
2 2 1
T(1) == √ sech 1 + tanh +1 = √ sech 1; N(1) = sech 1i − tanh 1k;
dt 2 2
1 1 1
B(1) = T(1) × N(1) = − √ tanh 1i + √ (tanh2 1 + sech2 1)j − √ sech 1k
2 2 2
1
= √ (− tanh 1i + j − sech 1k)
2 √
d (sech 1)/ 2 1
= sech2 1

κ = T(1) /|r0 (1)| = √
dt 2 cosh 1 2
16. The parametric equations describing the path of the ball are
√
x(t) = 66 cos(30◦ )t = 33 3ty(t) = −16t2 + 66 sin(30◦ )t + 148 = −16t2 + 33t + 148
The ball touches the ground when y(t) = 0 or −16t2 + 33t + 148 = 0. This occurs when
t ≈ 4.243. The ball therefore strikes the ground √
at x(4.243) = 242.52 ft.
The velocity of the √ball at time t is v(t) = h33 3, −32t + 33i. The impact velocity is given
by v(4.243) = h33 3, −32(4.243) + 33i ≈ h57.158, −102.776i. The impact speed is then
|v(4.243)| ≈ 117.6 ft/s.

Solucionario Calculo Trascendentes Tempranas 4 Edic Dennis Warren Cap12

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solucionario Calculo Trascendentes Tempranas 4 Edic Dennis Warren Cap12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 12

12.1 Vector Functions

4. The vector function is defined for all real numbers.

5. r(t) = sin πti + cos πtj − cos2 πtk

6. r(t) = cos2 πti + 2 sin2 πtj + t2 k

7. r(t) = e−t i + e2t j + e3t k

8. r(t) = −16t2 i + 50tj + 10k

10. r(t) = t sin t(i + k) = t sin ti + 0j + t sin tk so x = t sin t, y = 0, z = t sin t

12. x = 5 sin t sin 3t, y = 5 cos 3t, z = 5 cos t sin 3t

13. 14. 15.

16. 17. y 18.

25. r(t) = h4, 0i + h0 − 4, 3 − 0it = (4 − 4t)i + 3tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

26. r(t) = h0, 0, 0i + h1 − 0, 1 − 0, 1 − 0it = ti + tj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

27. x = t, y = t, z = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ; r(t) = ti + tj + 2t2 k

29. x = 3 cos t, z = 9 − 9 cos2 t = 0 sin2 t; y = 3 sin t; r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj + 9 sin2 tk

30. x = sin t, z = 1, y = cos t; r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + k

31. x = t, y = t, z = 1 − 2t; r(t) = ti + tj + (1 − 2t)k

32. x = 11, y = t, z = 3 + 2t; r(t) = i + tj + (3 + 2t)k

37. Letting x = at cos t, y = bt sin t, and z = ct, we have

39. Letting x = aekt cos t, y = bekt sin t, and z = cekt , we have

41. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 sin2 kt cos2 t + a2 sin2 kt sin2 t + a2 cos2 kt

42. k=1 k=2 k=3

44. C lies on the surface of the sphere of radius a.

46. k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.3

47. k=2 k=4

12.2 Calculus of Vector Functions

6. lim r1 (t) · r2 (t) = (i − 2j + k) = (i − 2j + k) · (2i + 5j + 7k) = −1

9. r0 (t) = 3i + 8tj + (10t − 1)k

15. r0 (t) = −2 sin ti +√6 cos tj 16. r0 (t) = 3t2 i + 2tj

24. r(0) = h6, 1, 1i

r0 (0) = h−3, 2, 3i So the tangent line is given by

35. r(t) = r0 (t)dt =

Since r(0) = i + 2j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 − 1, c2 = −2, and c3 = 1. Thus,

r(t) = (6t + 1)i + (3t2 − 2)j + (t3 + 1)k

36. r(t) = r0 (t)dt = t sin t2 dt i + − cos 2tdt j = − 21 cos t2 + c1 i + − 21 sin 2t + c2 j

Since r(0) = 32 = (− 12 + c1 )i + c2 j, c1 = 2, and c2 = 0. Thus,

37. r0 (t) = r00 (t)dt = −3t−1/2 dt j +

r0 (t) = (6t2 − 6)i + (−6t1/2 + 7)j + (2t − 2)k.

= [2t3 − 6t + c4 ]i + [−4t3/2 + 7t + c5 ]j + [t2 − 2t + c6 ]k.

r(t) = (2t3 − 6t + 6)i + (−4t3/2 + 7t − 3)j + (t2 − 2t)k.

= [tan t + c1 ]i + [sin t + c2 ]j + [cos t + c3 ]k

r0 (t) = (tan t + 1)i + (sin t + 1)j + cos tk.

= [ln | sec t| + c4 ]i + [− cos t + t + c5 ]j + [sin t + c6 ]k

r(t) = (ln | sec t| + t)i + (− cos t + t)j + (sin t + 5)k.

41. r0 (t) = (−2e t t t

48. Let v = ai + bj and r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then

12.3 Motion on a Curve

3. v(t) = −2 sinh 2ti + 2 cosh 2tj; v(1) = 2j; |v(0)| = 2;

7. v(t) = i + 2tj + 3t2 k; √ √

(d) From (c), impact is when t = 15. The speed at impact is

98 cos θi + 98 sin θj = v(0) = c

Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and

s cos θi + s sin θj = v(0) = c

22. By problem 17, the centripetal acceleration is v 2 /r0 . Then

which is the equation of a parabola.

1 v02 sin2 θ v02 sin2 θ

2v0 sin θ v 2 sin 2θ

26. We require the fact that dr/dt = v. Then

(b) If τ = 0 then dL/dt = 0 and L is constant.

12.4 Curvature and Acceleration

23. F (x) = x2 , F (0) = 0, F (1) = 1; F 0 (x) = 2x,F 0 (0) = 0, F 0 (1) = 2;

24. F (x) = x3 , F (−1) = −1, F (1/2) = 1/8; F 0 (x) = 3x2 , F 0 (−1) = 3,

28. We use the fact that T · N = 0 and T · T = N · N = 1. Then

B. Fill in the Blanks