Flow rate and pressure loss

1. Manning equation
(usually applied for open channels)
The Maning equation relates the velocity of a fluid in an open channel, to
properties of the open channel.
It is presented a Darcy-Weisbach equation adapted to match the structure
of Manning's equation.
This equation defines a Manning's coefficient that makes that the
Manning's equation is equivalent to the Darcy-Weisbach equation

1a. Manning application

Flow rate according Manning, using a calculated Manning coefficient
Result compared with tabulated Manning coefficient

2. Hazen Williams equation

(usually applied in potable water systems)
Hazen Williams empirical equation for friction head loss
The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water at temperatures normally
experienced in potable water systems, for pipe diameters d >= 50 mm and
within a moderate range of water velocity v <= 3 m/s.

3. Darcy
(analytical equation with an experimental coefficient)
Darcy-Weisbach equation for pressure loss
Deduction of equation
 Rev. cjc. 10.07.2017

4. Channels
Flow velocity in channels according Manning
and Darcy-Weisbach

5. Friction factors
Visual Basic functions for:
- Serghides equation
- Swamee-Jain equation
- Colebrook equation

6. Colebrook
Colebrook equations for Darcy-Weisbach and
Fanning friction factors, using natural and decimal
logarithmus

www.piping-tools.net
Pipes. Flow rate and pressure loss equations.xls
cjcruz@piping-tools.net
 The Maning equation relates the velocity of a fluid in an open channel, to properties of the open channel.

It was introduced by the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889 as an alternative to the Chezy Equation.
The Mannings equation is an empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in open channels and is a
function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope.

Manning equation
1
A
Q= ⋅R 2⋅S 2
N 3 h

Q: flow rate (m³/s)

Rh: hydraulic radius (m)
Rh = A/P
A: area of fluid section (m²)
P: wetted perimeter (m)
S: slope (-)
N: Manning coefficient
This coefficient is a function of
the channel material

Darcy-Weisbach equation adapted to match the structure of Manning's equation

Darcy-Weisbach Friction force Angle

2
L v
H m=f⋅ ⋅ (m) Eq .(3 ) F f = A⋅ΔH Pa sin(α )=
H
d 2⋅g L ρ⋅v 2 √ L2 +H 2
where f is the Darcy friction factor ΔH Pa=f⋅ ⋅ Eq .(4 )
H
d 2
and d the interior pipe diameter
L ρ⋅v 2 sin(α )=
L
F f = A⋅f⋅ ⋅ Eq . (5 )
The pressure expressed in d 2 L2 H 2
Pascal is
ΔH Pa=γ⋅H m Microsoft Equation
3.0 Slope
√ 2
L L
+ 2

L v2 H
ΔH Pa=γ⋅f⋅ ⋅ S=
d 2⋅g L
2
 sin(α )=
The pressure expressed in L2 H 2
Pascal is
ΔH Pa=γ⋅H m Microsoft Equation
3.0 Slope
√ 2
L L
+ 2

2
L v H
ΔH Pa=γ⋅f⋅ ⋅ S=
d 2⋅g L
L v2 S
ΔH Pa= ρ⋅g⋅f⋅ ⋅ sin(α )=
d 2⋅g √1+S 2
L ρ⋅v 2
ΔH Pa=f⋅ ⋅ (4 ) Microsoft Equation
d 2 3.0

From For example,

1/2
-1/2 1/2 S 1
v =f ⋅( 2⋅d⋅g ) ⋅ 1 /4 Eq .(7) for S=2 %, 1/4
= 0 . 9999
( 1+S 2 ) ( 1+S2 )
Q= A⋅v 1
1/2 for S=4 % , = 0 . 9996
1/2 S 1 /4
-1/2
Q= A⋅f ⋅( 2⋅d⋅g ) ⋅ Eq .(8 ) ( 1+S 2 )
( 1+S 2 ) 1/4 1
for S=8 %, = 0 . 9984
1 ( 1+S2 )1/4
The fraction has a value
( 1+S 2 )1/4 1
close to 1 for most usual values of the for S=10 %, = 0 . 9975
( 1+S 2 ) 1/4
slope S.

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Microsoft Equation
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1/2 1/ 2
From the modified Darcy 2 ⋅g The Manning equatio
v= ⋅2⋅R3/6
h ⋅S
1/2
velocity is
equation f 1/2 1
A 1/2 1/2 1/2 R1/6 1
v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2
Q= 1/2 ⋅( 2⋅d⋅g ) ⋅S1/2 Eq .( 9) v=
2 ⋅2⋅g h
⋅ 1/6 ⋅R 3/6 1/2
N
f h ⋅S
f 1/2 R 3 h
 1/2 1/ 2
From the modified Darcy 2 ⋅g The Manning equatio
v = 1/2 ⋅2⋅R3/6
h ⋅S
1/2
velocity is
equation f 1
A 1/6
21/2⋅2⋅g 1/2 Rh
1
Q= 1/2 ⋅( 2⋅d⋅g )1/2⋅S1/2 Eq .( 9) v = 1/2 ⋅ 1/6 ⋅R 3/6 1/2 v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2
N
f h ⋅S
f Rh 3h
The velocity is 3/2
2 ⋅g 1/ 2 Thus, a full equivalenc
2/3 1/2
( 2⋅g )1/2 1 /2 1/2 v= 1/2 1/6
⋅R h ⋅S Equation (12 ) and (1
v = 1/2 ⋅( d ) ⋅S f ⋅R h N =N D
f 1 Therefore, the Mannin
v = 1/2 1/6 ⋅R2/3
h ⋅S
1/2
For a circular pipe f ⋅R h equivalent to the Darc
d the Manning's coeffici
Rh = 23/2⋅g 1/ 2
4 to
Defining
and f 1/2⋅R 1/6
f 1/2⋅R1/6 N=N D= 3/ 2 1 /2
h
d =4⋅Rh N D = 3/2 h1/2 Eq . (11) 2 ⋅g
2 ⋅g
( 2⋅g )1/2 f⋅R 1/3
f
1 /2
v = 1/2 ⋅( 4⋅R h ) ⋅S1/2 Eq .(10 ) 1
v= ⋅R 2/3
ND h
⋅S 1/2 Eq .(12) N=N D=
√ 23⋅g
h

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Manning's coefficient for a

circular pipe, full, required
in the Manning's equation, to An equation defining the Manning's coefficient and tha
be equivalent with the Darcy- Manning's equation is equivalent to the Darcy-Weisbac
Weisbach equation
1/3
f⋅Rh
N=
√ f⋅R1/3
2 ⋅g3
h
Eq . (11)

For a circular pipe, full

N =N D=
√ 23⋅g
Eq .( 11 )

Rh =
d Flow velocity derived from Darcy
4
equation
1
d
N=
√ ()
f⋅
3
2 ⋅g
4

1
3 1
v= ⋅R 2/3
ND h ⋅S
1/2
Eq .(12)

√
3
d
f⋅ 1 For a circular pipe, full
3
4
N= 1

√
3
2 ⋅g
f⋅d 3
1 N= Eq .( 14 )

√
11
3
f⋅d 2 ⋅g
3
N= 2
3
2 ⋅2 ⋅g
3
 1

N=
√ d3
f⋅ 1
43
23⋅g
1 N=
√ f⋅d
1
3
Eq .( 14 )

√
11
3
f⋅d 2 ⋅g
3
N= 2
3
2 ⋅2 ⋅g 3

N=
√ f⋅d
11

2 ¿g
3
3
Eq .(14 ) Microsoft Equation
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 [3]

erties of the open channel.

ve to the Chezy Equation.

open channels and is a

Manning's equation

Angle Component of gravity force Equating equations

H in the pipe direction L ρ⋅v 2
sin(α )= F f = A⋅f ⋅ ⋅ Eq . (5 )
2 2 F g = A⋅L⋅γ⋅sin(α ) d 2
√ L +H and
H with
S
S F g = A⋅L⋅γ⋅ Eq .(6 )
L sin(α )= √1+S 2
sin(α )=
L2 H 2 √1+S 2

Slope
√ 2
L L
+ 2
F g = A⋅L⋅γ⋅

.
S
√ 1+S 2
(6 ) A⋅f ⋅ ⋅

f v2
L ρ⋅v 2
d 2
= A⋅L⋅ρ⋅g⋅
S
√ 1+S 2
S
H ⋅ =g⋅
S= d 2 √1+S2
L
S
v 2 =f -1⋅2⋅d⋅g⋅
 sin(α )=
2
L H 2 √1+S 2

Slope
√ 2
L L
+ 2
F g = A⋅L⋅γ⋅

.
S
√1+S 2
(6 ) A⋅f ⋅ ⋅

f v2
L ρ⋅v 2
d 2
= A⋅L⋅ρ⋅g⋅
S
√ 1+S 2
S
H ⋅ =g⋅
S= d 2 √1+S2
L
S
S Microsoft Equation v 2 =f -1⋅2⋅d⋅g⋅
sin(α )= 3.0
√1+S2
√1+S 2 1/2 S
v =f -1/2⋅( 2⋅d⋅g ) ⋅
1/2
Eq .(7 )
( 1+S 2 )1 /4
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Thus equation Manning's equation

1/2
= 0 . 9999 -1/2 1/2 S 1
Q= A⋅f ⋅( 2⋅d⋅g ) ⋅ Eq .(8 ) A
( 1+S 2 )
1/4 Q= ⋅R 2⋅S 2 ( 1)
N 3
= 0 . 9996 can be writen with high approximation as h
1/2 R
Q= A⋅f -1/2⋅( 2⋅d⋅g ) ⋅S 1/2 2
1
3
h 2
= 0 . 9984 Q= A⋅ ⋅S ( 15 )
Modified Darcy equation N
2⋅d⋅g 1/2 1/2
= 0 . 9975 Q= A⋅
f ( ) ⋅S Eq . (9)
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The Manning equation for the Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
velocity is equation velocity is
1 1
1 1 1
v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2 Eq . (13 ) v= ⋅R 2/3 1/2
Eq .(12) v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2 Eq . (13 )
N h ⋅S N
3 h
ND 3
 The Manning equation for the Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
velocity is equation velocity is
1 1
1 1 1
v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2 Eq . (13 ) v= ⋅R 2/3 1/2
Eq .(12) v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2 Eq . (13 )
N h ⋅S N
3 h
ND 3h
Thus, a full equivalence between where Thus, a full equivalence between
Equation (12 ) and (13 ) requires that f 1/2⋅R1/6 Equation (12 ) and (13 ) requires that
N =N D N D = 3/2 h1/2 N =N D
2 ⋅g
Therefore, the Manning equation is Therefore, the Manning equation is
f⋅R1/3
equivalent to the Darcy equation if
the Manning's coefficient is equivalent
to
ND=
√ h
23⋅g
Eq .(11)
equivalent to the Darcy equation if
the Manning's coefficient is equivalent
to
f 1/2⋅R 1/6
f 1/2⋅R 1/6
h h
N=N D= 3/2 1 /2 Eq .(11) N=N D= 3/2 1 /2
2 ⋅g 2 ⋅g
f⋅R 1/3
N=N D=
√ f⋅R 1/3
3
2 ⋅g
h N=N D=
√ 23⋅g
h
Eq .(11)

Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation

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he Manning's coefficient and that makes that the

equivalent to the Darcy-Weisbach equation

1/3
Rh N: Manning's coefficient
Eq .( 11 ) Microsoft Equation
⋅g 3.0
ND: Manning's coefficient required to make
that the Manning's equations is equivalent
erived from Darcy to the Darcy-Weisbach equation

Thus, when using the Manning's equation with

/2
Eq .(12) a Manning's coefficient defined with Eq. (11),
the obtained result wil be the same as the one
obtained when using the Darcy-Weisbach
equation.

Eq .( 14 )
Eq .( 14 )
 Page 1 of 5

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Page 2 of 5

Eq . (5 )

Eq .(6 )

S2
S2

Eq .(7 )

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Page 4 of 5

Darcy-Weisbach
quation for the
L v2
H m=f⋅ ⋅
Eq . (13 ) d 2⋅g
 Darcy-Weisbach
quation for the
L v2
H m=f⋅ ⋅
Eq . (13 ) d 2⋅g
ivalence between
Manning
and (13 ) requires that 1
A 2
Q m ³/ s = ⋅R 2 ⋅S
Manning equation is
e Darcy equation if
N 3 h
oefficient is equivalent
1
1 2
1/6
h v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S
1 /2
N 3
/3 h
Eq .(11)
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Manning equation
Page 5 of 5 A
Q= 1/2 ⋅( 2⋅d⋅g )1/2⋅S1/2 Eq .( 9)
f
1
1 2
v = ⋅R 2⋅S
N
h3
Flow rate according Manning, using a calculated Manning coefficient Reynolds number
Re =
Fluid: water Liquid properties v=
t= 10 ºC t= 10 ºC d=
Pipe n=
d= 300 mm Dynamic viscosity Re =
Rabs = 0.15 mm m = SaturatedWaterAbsoluteViscosity_t
L= 300 m m= #VALUE! Pa s Friction factor
Elevation difference Density RabsMM =
DH = 10 m r = SaturatedWaterDensity_t dMM =
r= #VALUE! kg/m³ Rrel =
d= 0.3 m Kinematic viscosity Re =
Rabs = 0.00015 m n= m/ r f=
m= #VALUE! Pa s
Flow rate initially assumed r= #VALUE! kg/m³ Kinematic pressure
Qass = 856.38 m³/h n= #VALUE! m²/s Pk =
Qass = 0.24 m³/s v=
Flow velocity Pk =
Pipe section area v= Q/A
A= (p/4) * d^2 Q= 0.24 m³/s Hydraulic radius
d= 0.3 m A= 0.0707 m² Rh =
A= 0.0707 m² v= 3.37 m/s d=
Rh =

g= 9.80665 m/s²

From [3], the Manning coefficient for a new unlined steel is 0.001

[3]
Reynolds number Slope Flow rate according Mannings
v* d/n S= DH / L A
1
2
3.37 m/s DH = 10.00 m Q= ⋅R 2⋅S
N
0.3 m L= 300 h3

#VALUE! m²/s S= 0.0333 Qcalc = (A / N) * Rh^(2/3) * S^(1/2)

#VALUE! - A= 0.0707 m³
Circular pipe, full N= #VALUE! -
Friction factor Rh = 0.0750 m
1
0.15
300
0.0005 -
#VALUE! -
mm
mm
N=
√ f⋅d 3
11
2 3 ⋅g
Mannings' coefficient
S=
Qcalc =
Qcalc =
0.0333
#VALUE! m³/s
#VALUE! m³ /h
-

#VALUE! N = ( f * d^(1/3) / (2^(11/3) * g) )^0.5 DQ = Qass - Qcalc

f= #VALUE! Qass = 856.38 m³ /h
Kinematic pressure d 0.3 Qcalc = #VALUE! m³ /h
v^2 /( (2*g) N= #VALUE! DQ = #VALUE! m³ /h
3.37 m/s
0.577447 m V.B. function for full circular pipe
N= N(t, d, Rabs, Qass) #VALUE!
Hydraulic radius
d/4
0.3 m
0.075 m

From [3], the Manning coefficient for a new unlined steel is 0.0110
That is, a value 15.5 % greater than the calculated value
 Page 1 of 2

Page 2 of 2
Hazen Williams equation Hazen Williams equation for the
flow velocity
v=0 . 85⋅C⋅R0h .63⋅S 0. 54 Eq .(a

Hazen Williams equation for the

(-)
velocity, for a circular pipe
v=0 .355⋅C⋅d 0. 63⋅S 0. 54 Eq . (b)
R= A/P Hazen Williams equation for friction
A: area of fluid section (m²)
P: wetted perimeter (m)
loss in a circular pipe
L
h f =10. 626 1. 85 4 .867 ⋅Q 1 .85 Eq .(c
C ⋅d
Hazen Williams empirical equation for friction head loss

The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water at Hazen Williams equation for friction loss
temperatures normally experienced in potable water L
h f =1. 35⋅ 1. 85 1. 85 1. 166 ⋅Q1. 85 Eq .(
systems, for pipe diameters d >= 50 mm and within a A ⋅C ⋅R h
moderate range of water velocity v <= 3 m/s.

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Hazen Williams equation For a circular pipe

π 2
⋅d
v =0 . 85⋅C⋅R0h .63⋅S 0. 54 Eq . (a) A 4
Rh = =
m P π⋅d
v:flow velocity
s() Rh =
d
C:Hazen William coefficient 4
Rh :hydraulic radius (m ) v =0 . 85⋅C⋅R0h .63⋅S 0. 54 Eq .(a )
0 .63
A d
Rh =
P
v =0 . 85⋅C⋅
4() ⋅S 0 .54 Eq .(b )

A:area of fluid section (m²) hf

and replacing S=
P:wetted perimeter (m) L
0 . 54
S:Slope of EGL d 0 .63 h f

S= f
h
(−)
v =0 . 85⋅C⋅
4() ( ) ⋅
L
 A d
Rh =
P
v =0 . 85⋅C⋅ () 4
⋅S 0 .54 Eq .(b )

A:area of fluid section (m²) hf

and replacing S=
P:wetted perimeter (m) L
0 . 54
S:Slope of EGL d 0 .63 hf

S= f
h
(−)
v =0 . 85⋅C⋅
4 ( ) ⋅( L )
0 .54
L v hf
h f : pressure loss (m)
=
d 0 . 63 L ( )
L: conduit length (m) ()
0 . 85⋅C⋅
4

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Hazen Williams equation 0 .54

hf Q
v=0 . 85⋅C⋅R 0. 63 0 . 54
h ⋅S Eq .(a ) () L
=
C⋅0 . 2787⋅d 2 . 63
Q= A⋅v 1
0. 54
Q=0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R 0. 63 0. 54
h ⋅S
Q
0. 54
hf =L⋅ 1
π 2 d 0. 63 hf
Q=0 . 85⋅ ⋅d ⋅C⋅
4 () ( )
4
⋅
L ( C⋅0. 2787⋅d 2. 63 0. 54
)
hf 0 .54
Q
Q 1. 85
hf =L⋅
( )
L
=
π 1
C⋅0 . 85⋅ ⋅ 0. 63 ⋅d 2⋅d 0 . 63 ( C⋅0. 2787⋅d 2. 63 )
1 . 85

4 4 L
hf 0 .54 hf = 1. 85 1 . 85 2 .63⋅1. 85
⋅
Q
( )
L
=
π
C⋅0 . 85⋅ 1 .63 ⋅d 2. 63
C ⋅0 . 2787 ⋅d
1 L 1. 85
4 hf = 1 . 85 4 . 8674 ⋅Q
0 . 0941 C ⋅d
π
0. 85⋅ 1. 63 =0 .2787 L 1. 85
4 hf =10 . 626 1 . 85 4 . 867 ⋅Q
hf 0 .54
Q C ⋅d
( )
L
=
C⋅0 . 2787⋅d 2 . 63
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From Hazen Williams equation for friction loss

v=0 . 85⋅C⋅R 0.h 63⋅S0 . 54 Eq .(a )
L
Q= A⋅v h f =1. 35⋅ 1. 85 1. 85 1. 166 ⋅Q1. 85 Eq .(d )
Q=0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R 0.h 63⋅S 0. 54 A ⋅C ⋅R h
From Hazen Williams equation for friction loss
v=0 . 85⋅C⋅R 0.h 63⋅S0 . 54 Eq .(a )
L
Q= A⋅v h f =1. 35⋅ 1. 85 1. 85 1. 166 ⋅Q1. 85 Eq .(d )
Q=0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R 0.h 63⋅S 0. 54 A ⋅C ⋅R h
0 .54
0. 63 h f
Q=0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R h ⋅
0 .54
L ()
hf Q
()
L
=
0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R0h .63
1
hf Q 0. 54
= 1
L 0. 63 0. 54
( 0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R h )
L⋅Q 1. 85
hf =
( 0 . 85⋅A⋅C⋅R 0.h 63 )1 . 85
L⋅Q 1. 8
hf =
0 . 851 . 85⋅A 1 .85⋅C1 .85⋅R 0h .63⋅1. 85
L
hf = 1. 85 1. 85 1 . 166
⋅Q 1. 85
0 . 740⋅A ⋅C ⋅R h
L
hf =1 . 35⋅ 1 . 85 1 . 85 1 .166 ⋅Q1 .85 Eq .( d )
A ⋅C ⋅Rh
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ms equation for the
[3]

0 .63 0.54
h ⋅S Eq .(a )

ms equation for the

circular pipe
0.63 0.54
⋅S Eq . (b)
s equation for friction
r pipe

85 4 .867
⋅Q1 .85 Eq .(c )
⋅d

equation for friction loss

1. 85 1. 166
⋅Q1. 85 Eq .(d )
⋅C ⋅R h

0 .54
hf v Hazen Williams equation for the
()
L
= 0. 63
0 . 85⋅C⋅ (d4 ) flow velocity
1 v=0 . 85⋅C⋅R0h .63⋅S 0. 54 Eq .(a )
hf v 0 . 54
=
L 0. 63 1
d Hazen Williams equation for the
( 0 . 85⋅C⋅ () )
4
0 . 54

flow velocity, for a circular pipe .

v 1 .85 d 0 .63 0 .54
hf =L⋅
( 0 .85⋅C⋅( 0.25⋅d )0. 63 )
v
1 .85
1 . 85 v=0 . 85⋅C⋅ ()
4
⋅S Eq .(b)
hf =L⋅
( 0 .85⋅C⋅0 .25 0. 63⋅d 0. 63 )1 .85
1 .85
v
hf =L⋅
0. 85 1. 85⋅C1 . 85⋅0 . 250 .63⋅1. 85⋅d 0 . 63⋅1 .85
v 1 .85
hf =L⋅
0. 74⋅C1 . 85⋅0 . 199⋅d 1 .166
v 1 .85
 ( 0 .85⋅C⋅ 0.25⋅d )
1 .85
v
hf =L⋅
( 0 .85⋅C⋅0 .25 0. 63⋅d 0. 63 )1 .85
1 .85
v
hf =L⋅
0. 85 1. 85⋅C1 . 85⋅0 . 250 .63⋅1. 85⋅d 0 . 63⋅1 .85
v 1 .85
hf =L⋅
0. 74⋅C1 . 85⋅0 . 199⋅d 1 .166
v 1 .85
hf =L⋅
0. 74⋅0 . 199⋅C1 . 85⋅d 1 .166
v 1 .85
hf =L⋅ 1 .85 1. 166
0. 147⋅C ⋅d

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Hazen Williams equation for friction

loss in a circular pipe
⋅0 . 2787⋅d 2 . 63 L
h f =10. 626 1. 85 4 .867 ⋅Q1 .85 Eq .(c )
C ⋅d
1
2. 63 0. 54
. 2787⋅d )
1 . 85
. 2787⋅d 2. 63 )

1 . 85 2 .63⋅1. 85
⋅Q1 . 85
. 2787 ⋅d
L 1. 85
1 . 85 4 . 8674 ⋅Q
C ⋅d
L 1. 85
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/william-hazens-equation-d_645.html

1 . 85 4 . 867
⋅Q Eq .(c )
C ⋅d In the equation of the reference, the diameter indicated is not
the hydraulic diameter. It is the interior pipe diameter.

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on for friction loss

⋅Q1. 85 Eq .(d )
R 1.h 166
on for friction loss 0 .63 0. 54
1. 85
v =0 . 85⋅C⋅Rh ⋅S Eq .(a )
⋅Q Eq .(d )
1. 166
Rh For a circular pipe
d 0 .63 0 .54
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v =0 . 85⋅C⋅ ()
4
⋅S
0 . 85 0 .63 0. 54
v = 0. 63 ⋅C⋅d ⋅S
4
0 . 85 0 .63 0. 54
v= ⋅C⋅d ⋅S
2. 39
v =0 .355⋅C⋅d 0. 63⋅S 0. 54 Eq . (b) Microsoft Equation
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Hazen Williams equation for the

velocity, for a circular pipe
v=0.355⋅C⋅d 0. 63⋅S 0.54 Eq . (b)
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Page 3 of 4

Page 4 of 4
Darcy-Weisbach equation for pressure loss

For a conduit of constant section, Equating both forces

the net force resulting from the τ w⋅P⋅L=Δp⋅A
pressure difference upstream
thus
and downstream is
F p = p1⋅A-p2⋅A Δp A
τ w= ⋅
F p =Δp⋅A (a ) L P
Defining the hydraulic radius as
The force resulting from the shear
stress on the walls of the fluid A
R h=
element is P
F s =τ w⋅P⋅L (b ) Δp
τ w= ⋅R h (c )
where P is the wetted perimeter . L
Microsoft Equation
Microsoft Equation 3.0
3.0

Pressure loss in laminar flow Hagen-Poiseuille equation

Valid for laminar flow

The pressure loss in a circular pipe Δp Pa =

32⋅μ⋅L⋅v
ρ⋅g⋅d 2
in laminar flow is given by the 64 L v2
equation of Hagen-Poiseuille Δp Pa = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
v⋅d⋅ρ d 2⋅g
32⋅μ⋅L⋅v μ
Δp= 2 ( Pa ) Eq . (d ) 64 L v 2
d Δp Pa = ⋅ ⋅
v⋅d d 2⋅g
or ν
2
64 L v
32⋅μ⋅L⋅v Δp Pa = ⋅ ⋅
Δp= 2
(m) Eq .(e ) Re d 2⋅g
ρ⋅g⋅d where the term
64
is
Re
the friction factor in
 v⋅d d 2⋅g
or ν
2
64 L v
32⋅μ⋅L⋅v Δp Pa = ⋅ ⋅
Δp= (m) Eq .(e ) Re d 2⋅g
ρ⋅g⋅d 2 where the term
64
is
Re
Microsoft Equation
3.0
the friction factor in
laminar flow
64
f=
Re
Thus,
L v2
Δp Pa =f⋅ ⋅ Eq .(f )
d 2⋅g Microsoft Equation
3.0

p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz P Replacing equation

−τ w⋅ =0 (g ) A
L A Rh = (i)
P
p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz τ w into equation
− =0
L A p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz τ w
− =0 ( g)
P L A
The first term represents the piezometric P
head loss of the length L one gets
The piezometric head is p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz τ w
− =0 ( j)
¿
p = p+ ρ⋅g⋅z (h) L Rh
The ratio A/P is defined as the Hidraulic that can be writen
¿ ¿
radius or Hydraulic mean depth p1 - p 2 τ w
− =0 (k )
Area A L Rh
Rh = = (i) and for a length element dx
Wetted perimeter P
dp τ w
¿
− =0 ( L)
Microsoft Equation
3.0
dx R h
thus
¿
dp
τ w=R h⋅ (m )
dx

In equation Darcy-Weisbach friction loss

L ρ L ρ
p1 - p 2 = f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 + ρ⋅g⋅Δz (o ) Δp= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 (p)
Rh 2 Rh 2
In equation Darcy-Weisbach friction loss
L ρ L ρ
p1 - p 2 = f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 + ρ⋅g⋅Δz (o ) Δp= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 (p)
Rh 2 Rh 2
L ρ f F : Fanning friction factor
the term f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v2 corresponds to
Rh 2
Using ther Darcy-friction factor f
the friction loss
f = 4 ⋅f F
L ρ 2
Δp= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v (p) f
Rh 2 f F=
4
L ρ
Darcy-Weisbach friction loss Δp= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 (q )
L ρ 4⋅Rh 2
Δp= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 (p)
Rh 2
Microsoft Equation

f F : Fanning friction factor 3.0

Note: this equation is valid also

for the case of free a surface flow .
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Darcy-Weisbach friction loss, Replacing the Fanning friction

valid also for the free surface case coefficient by the Darcy-Weisbach
L ρ friction coefficient as
hPa = f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 ( p)
Rh 2 f
f F=
hPa 4
hm = f L⋅v 2
g⋅1000 hm = ⋅
1 L ρ 2 4 2⋅g⋅R h
hm = f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v
g⋅1000 R h 2 L⋅v 2
hm=f⋅ (s )
For water, ρ=1000 kg/m³ 8⋅g⋅R h
thus
1 L 1000 2
hm = f F⋅ ⋅
Microsoft Equation

⋅v 3.0

g⋅1000 R h 2
L⋅v 2
hm= f F⋅
2⋅g⋅R h
 thus
1 L 1000 2
hm = f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v
g⋅1000 R h 2
L⋅v 2
hm= f F⋅
2⋅g⋅R h

Microsoft Equation
3.0

From sheet 1. Manning equation

Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
equation velocity is
1 1
v= ⋅R 2/3 h ⋅S
1/2
Eq .(12) 1
v = ⋅R 2 ⋅S 2 Eq . (13 )
ND N 3
where h

f 1/2⋅R1/6 Thus, a full equivalence between

h
N D = 3/2 1/2 Equation (12 ) and (13 ) requires t
2 ⋅g N =N D
f⋅R1/3
ND=
√ 3
h
2 ⋅g
Eq .(11)
Therefore, the Manning equation i
equivalent to the Darcy equation if
the Manning's coefficient is evalua
Microsoft Equation
3.0 according
f⋅R1/3
N=
√ 3
h
2 ⋅g
Eq .(11)
 Average Average
pressure pressure
p1 Flow direction p2

Figure 1
Pressures acting on both ends of
a fluid element
radius as

(c ) A
P

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Figure 2
Shear stress acting on the exterior
surface of the fluid element

Pressure loss in turbulent flow

For pressure loss in turbulent

there is not an analytical solution
available .
From Figure 3
p1⋅A- p2⋅A - τ w⋅L⋅P+W⋅sin ( ϑ )=0
with
W =ρ⋅g⋅A⋅L
and
Δz
sin (ϑ )=− Fluid element with uniform flow, in a conduit with
L constant section. Thus A1 = A2
Δz Let: A1 = A2 = A
p1⋅A- p2⋅A - τ w⋅L⋅P−ρ⋅g⋅A⋅L⋅ =0 Considering p1 and p2 the average pressures
L acting on sides 1 and 2 , the analysis is valid also
τ w⋅L⋅P for a fluid element with a free surface.
A⋅ p - p - −ρ⋅g⋅Δz =0
 and
Δz
sin (ϑ )=− Fluid element with uniform flow, in a conduit with
L constant section. Thus A1 = A2
Δz Let: A1 = A2 = A
p1⋅A- p2⋅A - τ w⋅L⋅P−ρ⋅g⋅A⋅L⋅ =0 Considering p1 and p2 the average pressures
L acting on sides 1 and 2 , the analysis is valid also
τ w⋅L⋅P for a fluid element with a free surface.
(
A⋅ p1 - p 2 -
A
−ρ⋅g⋅Δz =0 )
τ ⋅L⋅P
p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz- w =0
A
p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz P
−τ w⋅ =0 Eq .( g )
L A Microsoft Equation
3.0

In turbulent incompressible flows in steady state Replacing equation

through uniform cross-section ducts, the shear ρ
(i)
stress on the walls is approximately proportional τ w=f F⋅ ⋅v 2 ( Pa ) (n)
2
to the square of the average velocity into equation
ρ
( g) τ w=f F⋅ ⋅v 2 ( Pa ) Eq .(n) p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz τ w
2 − =0 ( j)
τ w : shear stress at the wall ( Pa )
L Rh
f F :Fanning friction factor (−) one obtains
ρ
ρ :fluid density ( kg/m³) f F⋅ ⋅v 2
( j) p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz 2
v:flow velocity (m/s) − =0
L Rh
L ρ
p1 - p 2 −ρ⋅g⋅Δz= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
Microsoft Equation
3.0

(k ) Rh 2
L ρ
dx p1 - p 2 = f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 + ρ⋅g⋅Δz (o )
Rh 2
( L)
Microsoft Equation
3.0

(m ) Microsoft Equation
3.0

ss L ρ Darcy-Weisbach friction loss for any type

Δp= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 (q )
4⋅Rh 2 of section, valid also for a free surface case .
(p)
L ρ
Δp Pa= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 ( p)
ss L ρ Darcy-Weisbach friction loss for any type
Δp= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 (q )
4⋅Rh 2 of section, valid also for a free surface case .
(p)
L ρ
For a circular pipe with full Δp Pa= f F⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 ( p)
r Rh 2
flow section L ρ
actor f π 2 Δp Pa= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v2 (q )
⋅d 4⋅Rh 2
4 d
Rh = =
π⋅d 4
Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equation
f L ρ
Δp= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 for a full circular pipe, with
4 d 2
(q ) π 2
4 ⋅d
A 4 d
L ρ Rh = = =
Δp= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 ( Pa ) (r) P π⋅d 4
d 2
L ρ
Δp Pa= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2
Microsoft Equation
3.0
(r)
Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equation d 2
for a circular pipe with a full flow section
L ρ f F : Fanning friction factor
Δp= f⋅ ⋅ ⋅v 2 ( Pa ) (r)
d 2 f: Darcy-Weisbach friction factor

Microsoft Equation
3.0 Microsoft Equation
3.0

Modification for channels [10 ] Expression of Darcy-Weisbach

From equation, for channels [ 10 ]
L⋅v 2
hm=f⋅ ( s) 8⋅g⋅R h⋅S
hm
L
=f⋅
8⋅g⋅R h
v2
8⋅g⋅Rh
v=
and
f √ (t )

hm Q= A⋅v
and with S=
L 8⋅g⋅Rh⋅S
S=f⋅
v 2

8⋅g⋅R h
Q= A⋅
f √
8⋅g 1/2 1 /2
S
v 2 = ⋅8⋅g⋅R h
f
8⋅g
v 2 = ⋅R h⋅S
Q= A⋅
A
f
⋅Rh ⋅S
√
f Q= ⋅R 1/2
h ⋅S 1/2
(u )
f
8⋅g⋅R h⋅S
 S=f⋅
8⋅g⋅R h
f√
8⋅g 1/2 1 /2
S
v 2 = ⋅8⋅g⋅R h
f
8⋅g
v 2 = ⋅R h⋅S
Q= A⋅
A
f√ ⋅Rh ⋅S

f Q= ⋅R 1/2
h ⋅S
1/2
(u )
f
v=
√ 8⋅g⋅R h⋅S
f
(t ) √8⋅g
Microsoft Equation
Microsoft Equation 3.0
3.0

quation for the

Eq . (13 )

valence between
nd (13 ) requires that

Manning equation is
Darcy equation if
oefficient is evaluated

Eq .(11) Microsoft Equation

3.0
Page 1 of 5

Page 2 of 5
 Page 3 of 5

(n)

( j)

=0

ρ
⋅v 2

g⋅Δz (o )

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Page 4 of 5

r any type
urface case .
(p)
r any type
urface case .
(p)

(q )

uation

(r)

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Page 5 of 5
 Velocity in channels according Manning and Darcy-Weisbach equations

Manning equation Expression of Darcy-Weisbach

1
A 2 equation, for channels
Q= ⋅R 2⋅S
N 8⋅g⋅R h⋅S

v =N
−1
3 h

⋅R 2 ⋅S
1
2
v=
√ f
8⋅g
(t )

v=
1
N
⋅R 2⋅S 2
h
3
1
Eq .( 13 )
v=
√
A
f √ h
R ⋅S

3 h Q= ⋅R 1/2
h ⋅S
1/2
(u )
f

Microsoft Equation
3.0
√ 8⋅g

Microsoft Equation
3.0
From sheet 1

Flow velocity derived from Darcy

equation Microsoft Equation
1 3.0
v= ⋅R 2/3 ⋅S 1/2 Eq .(12)
ND h

1/3
f⋅R h
ND=
√ 23⋅g
Eq .( 11 )

Thus, if the velocity is calculated with the

Manning's equation (13) and the Manning
coefficient is evaluated using equation (11),
the result will be identical as the one
obtained using the Darcy equation (12).

See also [1]

Page 1 of 1
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae#Swamee.E2.80.93Jain_equation

f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re Swamee
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
dMM = 300 mm
Rrel = Rabs / d
Rrel = 0.000333333
Re = 100,000 -
f= #VALUE! fswamee = 0.25 * ( Log10( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 5.74 / R

Rabs = 0.1
Turbulent flow d= 300
Re = 100,000
1 Rabs 2. 523 fswamee =
√f
=-0 .869⋅ln
( +
3 . 7⋅d R h⋅√ f ) 0.01966

1 R 2 . 523
√f 3 .71(
=−2⋅ Log rel +
Re⋅√ f )
Laminar flow Microsoft Equation
3.0

64
f=
Re

Churchill equation for Darcy friction factor f, for laminar and turbulent flow
Spans all fluid-flow regimes

Rrel = 0.000333333
Re = 100,000

A= ( - 2.457 *Ln( ( (7/Re )^0.9 + 0.27*Rrel )^-1 ) )^16

A= 7.49984E+20

B= ( 37530 / Re )^16
B= 1.54902E-07

f= 8 * ( (8/Re)^12 + (A + B)^(-1.5 ) )^(1/12)

f= 0.01967
[7]

Laminar zone
Re <= 2000
Equation 2

Critical zone
2000 < Re < 4000
Flow is unstable and can exhibit either laminar or turbulent behavior

Transition and turbulent zone

Re >= 4000
Equation 3
 Serghides equation RabsMM = 0.1
dMM = 300
Rabs 12
A=-2⋅log 10 ( +
3 .7⋅d Re ) Re = 100,000

Rabs 2 . 51⋅A A= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 12/Re )

0.25 * ( Log10( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 5.74 / Re^0.9 ) )^-2
B=-2⋅log 10 ( +
3 .7⋅d Re ) A= 7.355189
R abs 2. 51⋅B
mm
C=-2⋅log 10 ( +
3 . 7⋅d Re ) B= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*A/
mm 1 ( B− A ) 2 B= 7.122266
-
√f (
= A-
C−2⋅B+ A )
C= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*B/
C= 7.140951

1/f^(0.5) = A -(B-A )^2 / ( C-2*B+A )

1/f^(0.5) = 7.139563
1/f = 50.97336
f= 0.01962
 mm
mm
-

-2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 12/Re )

-2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*A/Re )

-2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*B/Re )

A -(B-A )^2 / ( C-2*B+A )

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Colebrook-White equation using decimal logarithmus

Colebrook equation for Fanning Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f

friction factor F F for turbulent f =4⋅f F
flow regime in a pipe, using a f
decimal logarithmus ( Log) f F= (b )
4
Replacing equation (b ) into equatio
1 R rel 1. 256
√f F
=-4⋅ Log
( +
3. 7 Re⋅√ f F ) (a ) 1
√Ff
=-4⋅ Log
R rel 1. 256
3. 7
+
Re⋅ √Ff ( (a
)
f F :Fanning friction factor
1 R rel 1 . 256
R rel =
d
Rabs

R rel :relative rugosity √ f

4
=-4⋅ Log
( 3.7
+
Re⋅
f
4 √ )
R abs :absolute rugosity 2 Rrel 2⋅1 . 256
d:pipe interior diameter
Re:Reynolds number
√f
=-4⋅ Log
( +
3 . 7 Re⋅√ f )
1 R rel 2. 512
Re=
v⋅d
ν
Microsoft Equation
3.0 √f
=-2⋅ Log
( +
3 . 7 Re⋅√ f ) (c

Colebrook-White equation using natural logarithmus

Colebrook equation for Darcy Colebrook equation for Fanning

friction factor f for turbulent friction factor f F for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln ) natural logarithmus (Ln )

Changing de logarithmus basis Changing de logarithmus basis

Log: decimal logarithmus Log: decimal logarithmus
Log( z)= Ln ( z)/ Ln(10 ) ( d) Log( z)= Ln ( z)/ Ln(10 ) ( d)

Replacing equation (d ) into equation Replacing equation (d ) into equation ( a)

1 R rel 2. 512 1 R 1.256
√f
=-2⋅ Log ( +
3 . 7 Re⋅√ f ) (c )
√f F (
=-4⋅ Log rel +
3. 7 Re⋅√ f F )
(a)

1 R rel 2 . 512 Log10 ( z)= Ln ( z)/ Ln(10 )

=
−2
√ f Ln(10 )
⋅ Ln ( +
3. 71 Re⋅√ f ) 1 R rel 1. 256
2
=
−4
⋅ Ln +
√ f Ln(10) 3. 71 Re⋅√ f ( )
Replacing equation (d ) into equation Replacing equation (d ) into equation ( a)
1 R rel 2. 512 1 R 1.256
√f
=-2⋅ Log ( +
3 . 7 Re⋅√ f ) (c )
√f F (
=-4⋅ Log rel +
3. 7 Re⋅√ f F )
(a)

1 R rel 2 . 512 Log10 ( z)= Ln ( z)/ Ln(10 )

=
−2
√ f Ln(10 )
⋅ Ln ( +
3. 71 Re⋅√ f ) 1 R rel 1. 256
2
=0 . 8686
=
−4
⋅ Ln
( +
√ f F Ln(10) 3. 71 Re⋅√ f F )
Ln(10) 4
=1.737
1 R rel 2 . 512 Ln(10)
√f
=−0. 8686⋅ Ln +(
3 . 71 Re⋅√ f ) (e )
1 R rel 1 . 256
Microsoft Equation
3.0
√f F
=−1.737⋅ Ln
( +
3. 71 Re⋅√ f F ) (f )

Colebrook equation [10], page 218 Colebrook in decimal logarithmus, Darcy-Weisb

Colebrook equation [10 ], page 218 Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for a full
Equation to determine the Darcy friction factor
pipe, Colebrook using natural logarithmus
in the transition zone and in the fully turbulent
zone. The applicable range is Re > 4000 1 Rabs 2. 523
1
√f
=-0 .869⋅ln
(Rabs 2.523
+
3 .7⋅d Re⋅√ f ) (5. 8.7) √f
=-0 .869⋅ln +(
3 . 71⋅d Re⋅√ f ) (5. 8 . 7 )

Log 10 (z )= Ln( z)/ Ln (10)

Friction factor in laminar flow Ln( z)=Ln(10 )⋅Log 10 ( z)
For the laminar zone Re < 2000, the friction 1 Rabs 2. 523
factor is derived from the Hagen-Poiseuille
equation √f (
=-Ln (10 )⋅0 . 869⋅L og
) +
3 . 71⋅d Re⋅√ f
64 1 Rabs 2 . 523
f=
Re
(5 .8.12)
√f
=-2. 3026⋅0 . 869⋅L og
(3 . 71⋅d + Re⋅√ f )
Transition (or critical ) zone Microsoft Equation
3.0

For the transition zone 2000 < Re < 4000

In this region the flow can be laminar or
turbulent, and there is no a valid equation
to obtain the friction factor .
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 friction factor f Decimal logarithmus

Darcy

(b ) Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f

f =4⋅f F
ion (b ) into equation
f
R rel 1. 256 f F= (b )
+
3. 7 Re⋅√ f F
(a )
) 1
4
R rel 2. 512
R rel 1 . 256 √f
=-2⋅ Log (
+
3 . 7 Re⋅√ f
(c ) )
.7
+
Re⋅
f
4 √ ) Fanning

2⋅1 . 256 Fanning friction factor

rel
+
7 Re⋅√ f ) 1 R 1. 256
2. 512 √f F
=-4⋅ Log rel +
(
3. 7 Re⋅√ f F ) (a )
Microsoft Equation

rel
+
7 Re⋅√ f ) (c )
Microsoft Equation
3.0
3.0

Natural logarithmus

for Fanning Darcy

or turbulent
e, using a
Colebrook equation for Darcy
(Ln ) friction factor f for turbulent
flow regime in a pipe, using a
thmus basis natural logarithmus (Ln )
thmus
Ln(10 ) ( d)
1 R rel 2 . 512
(d ) into equation ( a)
1.256
√f
=−0. 8686⋅ Ln ( +
3 .71 Re⋅√ f ) (e) Microsoft Equation
3.0

+
Re⋅√ f F ) (a )
Fanning

Colebrook equation for Fanning

Ln(10) friction factor f F for turbulent
R rel 1. 256
+
3 . 71 Re⋅√ f ) flow regime in a pipe, using a
(d ) into equation ( a)
1.256
+
Re⋅√ f F ) (a )

Colebrook equation for Fanning

Ln(10) friction factor f F for turbulent
R rel 1. 256
+
3 . 71 Re⋅√ f F ) flow regime in a pipe, using a
natural logarithmus (Ln )

1 R rel 1 . 256
R rel 1. 256
+
3 . 71 Re⋅√ f F ) (f ) Microsoft Equation
3.0
√f F
=−1.737⋅ Ln
( +
3 . 71 Re⋅√ f F ) (f ) Microsoft Equation
3.0

logarithmus, Darcy-Weisbach friction factor

For circular full pipes

or a full Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for a full
garithmus pipe, Colebrook using decimal logarithmus 1 Rabs 2. 523
1 Rabs 2 . 523 √f
=−2⋅ Log (
+
3 .71⋅d Re⋅√ f )
√f
=−2⋅ Log +
(
3 . 71⋅d Re⋅√ f )
) (5. 8 . 7 )
1
=−2⋅ Log
Rrel 2 . 523
+ ( )
For a general shape, replacing √f 3 .71 Re⋅√ f
Rh =d / 4 d =4 ⋅ R h
2. 523 1 Rabs 2 . 523
+
⋅d Re⋅√ f ) √f
=−2⋅ Log
( +
3 . 71⋅4 ⋅ R h Re⋅√ f ) For a general shape

1 Rabs 2 .523 1 Rabs 2 . 523

+
2 . 523
⋅d Re⋅√ f ) √f
=−2⋅ Log +
(
14 . 8 4 ⋅ Rh Re⋅ f √ ) √f
=−2⋅ Log
( +
14 . 8 4 ⋅ R h Re⋅√ f )
Microsoft Equation
Microsoft Equation
3.0
3.0

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Page 1 of 3

Page 2 of 3
 Page 3 of 3

2 . 523
Rh
+
Re⋅√ f )
[1]
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Darcy_Friction_Factor.htm

[2] Fluid flow in pipes

CIVE2400 Fluid Mechanics

http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE2400/pipe_flow2.pdf

[3]

[4]

http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/cnscheng/Publications/reprint/Note%20Nikuradse%20transition%20interpolatio

[5]

http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/msephton/wip/rel_darcy_manning.pdf

[6] PDF]Survey in Colebrook equation approximations Abstract: Introduction:

gpcpublishing.com/index.php?journal=gjm&page=article&op...57...pdf...
Apr 17, 2015 - study involved free surface flow. Keywords: Colebrook, equation, friction factor. Introduction: C

https://www.google.cl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjs17y3

[7]
[8] Applicability of the Colebrook-White Formula to Represent Frictional Losses in
Partially Filled Unsteady Pipeflow

http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/088/jresv88n6p389_A1b.pdf
Friction_Factor.htm

Microsoft Equation
3.0

adse%20transition%20interpolation.pdf

ation, friction factor. Introduction: Compact forms: The Colebrook equation is an ...

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