Material Specifications MAT4120

SHOT PEENING
(Process Specification)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides guidelines to
specifying drawing requirements for shot
peening. Shot peening is intended for
applications where the compressive residual
surface stresses imposed by shot peening can
increase fatigue strength. Due to extra costs,
shot peening should not be specified
indiscriminately, see Section 2.3. This
specification is intended to replace the CNH
Former Company shot peening specifications
listed in Table 1 and should be used on all
applicable new and updated drawings. Although
shot peening can be performed on aluminum,
this specification is primarily intended for ferrous
materials.
1.2 All National Standards are to be latest
issue unless otherwise specified.
2. APPLICATIONS
2.1 Shot peening is the process of subjecting
a metal surface to bombardment by a directed,
high velocity stream of solid particles. This
treatment creates a compressively stressed
layer on that surface which will reduce the effect
of a tensile stress from an applied load and
thereby increase the load carrying capacity in
fatigue. Fatigue strength, for high cycle
applications, can be improved significantly by
shot peening. Depending on the application,
this can vary from 20% to well over 100%. The
percent improvement decreases as higher
overloads are reached. Resistance to stress
corrosion cracking can also be significantly
increased. In some cases, shot peening has
shown to be beneficial in retarding surface
contact fatigue (pitting). One study reported
contact fatigue life of a gear can be increased by
as much as 1.6 times the contact fatigue life of
an unpeened gear. Care must be exercised,
however, because over-peening of the part and
use of larger shot sizes can increase surface
finish (rougher) and thereby reduce the contact
fatigue life of the part. Shot peening has no
beneficial influence on subsurface initiated or
spalling fatigue. Typical applications for shot
peening are: springs, connecting rods, gears,
certain highly stressed shafts, leaf springs,
steering knuckles and differential crosses.
2.2 Controlled shot peening is distinct from
and superior to shot cleaning or shot blasting.
Controlled shot peening is distinguished by
nozzles directing sprayed shot to specific areas
of a part. Shot quality is also controlled, the shot
peening intensity is monitored, and part
positioning, fixturing, and processing are
recorded. It is important to work with a qualified
supplier and verify that shot peening is
performed in a controlled manner and with the
appropriate equipment.
2.3 Shot peening can be an expensive
process due to extra handling, transportation,
and cycle time. To control costs and target
peening on critical areas, only areas where
peening is intended to benefit part performance
should be designated as peening required. Shot
peening of non-essential areas results in
unnecessary costs. See Sections 7 and 9 for
drawing note guidelines for specifying shot
peening.

Table 1 CNH Former Company Shot Peening Specifications

NH Pennsylvania NH – Zedelgem NH Tractor
CASE
FNHA Standard Engineering Stds Engineering
NHT-GS-015
MS-1820 MIL-S-13165C --- Fiat 8.50150

ISSUED BY ECN NO. NAME

GER 02NOV05 35017717 SPEC SHOT PEENING

APPROVED BY REV. PAGE CNH NUMBER

JTS 02NOV05 A 1 OF 7 87317388

THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF CNH GLOBAL N.V. AND/OR
ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR DIVISIONS. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED.
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 Material Specifications MAT4120

Table 2 National Standards For Controlled Shot Peening

North America Europe / International
AMS-S-13165
MIL-S-13165C (1) ISO 12686 (2)
ASTM B851
(1) SAE AMS-S-13165 superceded MIL-S-13165C
(2) Also adopted as BS ISO 12686

Table 3 Standard Peening Intensities and Recommended Shot Sizes

Peening Intensity (Arc Height) Shot Size
Hard Cast Cast Steel Cut Wire
Inches Mm
Steel Shot Shot Shot
0.008-0.012 A 0.20-0.30 A S110H S110 —
0.012-0.016 A 0.30-0.40 A S170H S170 —
0.014-0.018 A 0.35-0.45 A S230H S230 CW23
0.015-0.019 A 0.38-0.48 A S280H S280 CW28
0.016-0.020 A 0.40-0.50 A S330H S330 CW35
0.006-0.008 C 0.15-0.20 C S460H S460 CW47
0.007-0.010 C 0.18-0.25 C S550H S550 CW54
0.008-0.012 C 0.20-0.30 C S660H S660 CW62

3. RELATED SPECIFICATIONS 4.3 POST PEENING PROCESSING

ANSI/AGMA 2004 Gear Materials and Heat
Treatment Manual
CNH MAT4120S (873117389) Shot Peened
Parts, Initial Supply Requirements
4. REQUIREMENTS
4.1 This specification only provides
guidelines for specifying shot peening. The
actual shot peening process requirements are
covered by the designated national standard
(Table 2). No special requirements are included
within MAT4120.
4.2 PREPEENING PROCESSING
All machining, grinding, heat treating, burr
removal, and similar processing, in the area to
be peened shall be completed before shot
peening. Parts shall not be straightened, bent,
or formed after shot peening in order to preserve
the compressive residual stresses. Testing such
as magnetic particle, dye penetrant, hardness,
etc., shall be completed prior to peening.
4.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, heating after
peening shall be limited to maximum
temperatures of 230°C (445°F) for ferrous parts
and 135°C (275°F) for aluminum parts.
4.3.2 If polishing or other processing is
necessary for final surface finish requirements,
permitted material removal in peened areas
shall be specified on the drawing following
consultation with CNH Materials Engineering.
4.3.3 All shot, shot residue, and masking shall
be removed by nonabrasive methods only.
5. INSPECTION AND REJECTION
5.1 Suppliers must ascertain that their
products conform to the requirements of this
specification and the Engineering drawing.
Suppliers must be able to demonstrate the
process capability and related controls
necessary to produce shot peen parts that meet
specified requirements when tested by the
designated methods.

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 Material Specifications
5.2 All parts supplied to this specification
shall be equivalent in every respect to samples
approved by the procuring CNH location. While
the procuring location may test samples from
incoming shipments for quality assurance, the
supplier is responsible for ensuring that
shipments meet the stated requirements without
depending upon the purchaser’s inspection.
6. INITIAL SAMPLE QUALITY
Quality requirements for initial samples
submitted by suppliers to ensure compliance
with this specification are provided in the CNH
MAT4120S Shot Peening, Initial Supply
Requirements specification. CNH MAT4120S
requirements apply only to specified properties
for a shot peened part and are not intended to
replace or supersede any other ISIR supplier
quality requirements. The manufacturer of a
part is responsible to meet applicable
requirements of CNH Engineering Specification
ENS0301 (86620212), CNH Supplier Quality
Assurance (SQA) Approval of Manufactured
Parts - Part Approval Process (PAP) Handbook
CNH-SQA-F03Q, and any requirements on the
Engineering drawing.
7. SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES
7.1 OVERVIEW
Shot peening is typically applied to parts that
have experienced unexpected failures. It is a
very effective way to offset minor surface
imperfections, edge conditions or rougher
surfaces that may initiate fracture. Consultation
with Materials Engineering or with a local shot
peening supplier is recommended to help
develop a print specification.
7.2 SHOT PEENING INTENSITY
The most important parameter to specify is shot
peening intensity as determined by Almen
intensity, see Table 3. The shot peening
intensity determines the depth of compression
for a part of a given surface hardness, see
Figure 1. Almen intensity is measured by the
arc height in inches or millimeters on a steel
strip that has been shot peened on one side.
Two commonly used strips are types “A” and
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MAT4120
“C”, which differ in strip thickness. An intensity
of 0.012 inches C (0.30 mm C) is approximately
the maximum intensity obtainable from shot
peening and is not commonly specified as it may
damage the part surface. For Almen intensity,
use of inch or millimeters is based on local
practice and/or supplier preference.
7.3 SHOT SIZE AND TYPE
The highest possible shot peening intensity that
can be readily achieved on a particular part
should be specified unless there are special
considerations, see Table 5. Larger shot sizes
result in higher intensities as shown in Table 3.
Shot size may need to be adjusted for certain
peened areas due to geometry (fillet radii, hole
diameters) or surface finish concerns, see
Tables 4 and 6. Shot size to be specified is
typically limited by the smallest radius that
needs to be thoroughly peened. The shot size
should be no more than half the smallest radius.
By applying this smallest radius criteria, specify
the largest shot size applicable using the Upper
Shot Size (column 3) values provided in Table 4.
Once shot size is established, determine the
corresponding highest peening intensity
attainable. Hard steel shot (55-65 HRC) should
be specified where the surface hardness of the
part being peened is greater than 50 HRC. For
other parts regular steel shot and/or conditioned
cut wire may be specified.
7.4 MINIMUM % COVERAGE TIME
The specified minimum % coverage time should
always be 100% or greater. Shot peening
coverage can be measured by using "Peenscan"
or similar method. Peen Scan is a spray coating
applied to the area to be shot peened. After
peening, the Peenscan coating should be fully
removed from the surface. The peening time for
complete removal determines the time for 100%
coverage. A minimum peening coverage of
150%, where the peening time is lengthened by
50%, is recommended to provide some safety
factor to the coverage time. Higher coverage
times may be appropriate for some applications,
such as critical gears, to add some additional
fatigue life. A coverage time above 275% is not
recommended due to cost.
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 Material Specifications
7.5 PEENED AREAS, PROTECTED AREAS
In specifying shot peening, the area of the part
to be shot peened must be clearly shown on the
engineering drawing and designated as
“PEENING REQUIRED”. Areas where shot
peening is not permitted, such as threads, must
also be indicated and the drawing should
designate that the area “MUST BE
PROTECTED FROM SHOT PEENING”. All
other undesignated areas shall be considered
shot peening optional.
8. DESIGN GUIDELINES
Prior to specifying shot peening, it is
recommended to consult with Materials
Engineering.
8.1 GENERAL APPLICATIONS
8.1.1 The initial factor to consider when
determining the shot peening intensity to be
specified is the section thickness or diameter of
the area being shot peened, recommendations
are in Table 5. These recommendations should
be adjusted to the standard intensity ranges and
shot sizes as shown in Table 3. These shot
sizes may need to be adjusted due to a fillet
radius, hole diameter, or surface finish concerns,
see Tables 4 and 6. Table 6 shows the
maximum peening intensity and surface
roughness that can be produced by selected
shot sizes.
8.1.2 If relatively thin sections are to be
peened, limit peening intensity so that the
compressively stressed layer does not exceed
20% of the section thickness; if both sides are
peened, then limit this layer to 10% on each
side. To exceed these intensity limits would
increase the probability of part distortion. See
Figure 1 for the relationship between shot
peening intensity and depth of compression.
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8.1.3 For steels, the maximum compressive
stress (CSmax) that is obtained by shot peening
is related to the tensile strength (UTS) of the
part. The UTS is calculated using the surface
hardness of the part. The following equations
approximate the maximum compressive
stresses as a function of tensile strength for
steels with a tensile strength of 865-1790 MPa
(125-260 ksi).
CSmax (MPa) = 0.21*UTS (MPa) + 550 MPa
CSmax (psi) = 0.21*UTS (psi) + 80,000 psi
8.2 GEAR TEETH
Table 7 provides guidelines for designating shot
peening intensity and shot size for gear teeth of
various sizes. Guidelines are from ANSI/AGMA
2004.
8.3 SPRINGS
For springs, Table 8 is a guide for selecting shot
size and intensity for various wire diameters.
Type of wire, tightness of coil or shape of spring
may dictate variation from the Table. The
intensities are typically somewhat lower for a
given shot size than what is shown in the
specification due to inner diameter peening
constraints.
9. DRAWING SPECIFICATIONS / NOTES
9.1 The title block of engineering drawings
shall contain material designations as described
in CNH MAT1003 (86979049) Metallic Material
Designations on Engineering Drawings. Certain
drawing specifications related to the materials or
the shot peening process may require the use of
a significant characteristic per CNH Engineering
Procedure ENPJ100 (86619032). Assigning a
significant characteristic where shot peening is
required is recommended as peening is typically
specified to correct field service problems or
failures. This will be determined as part of the
design review process.
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9.2 For shot peened parts, in a note on the
drawing under the heading ‘Shot Peening:’
specify the following characteristics:
• A National Standard reference, see Table 2
• Shot size or shot size range, see Tables 3-4.
• Almen intensity range – including
measurement units (inch or mm) and Almen
strip type (A or C), see Table 3
• Hard Shot (if part hardness is greater than
50 HRC)
• % Coverage Time (100% Minimum, Typically
150%), verified by Peen Scan
• Area(s) where peening is required
• Area(s) to be protected from peening
• CNH MAT4120 (As a reference
specification)
• (Example note placed on drawing)
9.3 For parts to be shot peened that are
determined by CNH Engineering as critical
applications, such as highly stressed gears,
structural, or high cycle parts, the engineering
drawing may include the following note:
‘Shot Peening Source Requires Engineering
Source Approval’. When a new shot peening
supplier is selected for a part, CNH Controlling
Engineering may require performance testing to
verify peening results. They may also include x-
ray diffraction analysis, such as Barkausen
Noise analysis, to measure resulting
compressive residual stresses.
9.4 SHOT PEENING DRAWING NOTES
9.4.1 General Surface
(Example note placed on drawing)
Shot Peening:
Shot Peen Indicated Areas per ISO 12686
Peening Intensity 0.30-0.40 mm A,
Steel Shot Size S170
100% Min Coverage verified by Peenscan or equivalent
Protect Threads from Shot Peening
Reference Specification: CNH MAT4120
9.4.2 Coiled Spring
(Example note placed on drawing)
Shot Peening:
Shot Peen Spring per ASTM B851
Peening Intensity 0.006-0.008 inches A on coil ID
Hard Steel Shot Size S110H
150% Min Coverage verified by Peenscan or equivalent
Reference Specification: CNH MAT4120
9.5 EXAMPLE OF COMPLETE DRAWING NOTE
This example is for reference only, modify as
necessary for each specific application.
CNH Material
Alloy HR Round, CNH MAT1052, Gr B, CL2
Local Material
See Notes
Design Material Reference:
HR Round, Fiat 52423, 19MnCr5
Except Class 2 Steel Quality per CNH MAT1052
Processing and Heat Treatment:
Forge
Normalize Per CNH MAT4070
Gas carburize and direct quench per CNH MAT4030
Furnace temper at 165°C minimum to a surface
hardness of 58-62 HRC
Effective case depth 0.80-1.25 measured on gear teeth
Finish:
Grind 76 mm OD, CNH MAT4110, Class A
Effective case depth 0.65-1.25 after grinding
Alternate Hard Finishing Processes Require
Engineering Source Approval
Shot Peening:
Shot Peen Gear Tooth Roots per AMS-S-13165
Peening Intensity 0.010-0.014 inches A
Hard Steel Shot Size S170H
150% Min Coverage verified by Peenscan or equivalent
Protect ground diameter from shot peening
Reference Specification: CNH MAT4120
Shot Peening Source Requires Engineering Source
Approval

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Table 4 Shot Sizes and Effectively Peened Fillet Radius and Hole Diameters
Upper Shot Size
Shot Size Nominal Minimum (1) Minimum (1)
(<10% Retained
Designation Shot Size Fillet Radius Hole Diameter
On screen)
Hard Regular
mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch
Cast Shot Cast Shot
S70H S70 0.180 0.0070 0.355 0.0139 0.71 0.028 1.4 0.056
S110H S110 0.300 0.0117 0.500 0.0197 1.0 0.039 2.0 0.079
S170H S170 0.425 0.0165 0.710 0.0278 1.4 0.056 2.8 0.11
S230H S230 0.600 0.0234 0.850 0.0331 1.7 0.066 3.4 0.13
S280H S280 0.710 0.0278 1.00 0.0394 2.0 0.079 4.0 0.16
S330H S330 0.85 0.0331 1.18 0.0469 2.4 0.094 4.7 0.19
S390H S390 1.00 0.0394 1.40 0.0555 2.8 0.11 5.6 0.22
S460H S460 1.18 0.0469 1.70 0.0661 3.4 0.13 6.8 0.26
S550H S550 1.40 0.0555 2.00 0.0787 4.0 0.16 8.0 0.31
S660H S660 1.70 0.0661 2.36 0.0937 4.7 0.19 9.4 0.37
S780H S780 2.00 0.0787 2.80 0.111 5.6 0.22 11 0.44
S930H S930 2.36 0.0937 3.35 0.132 6.7 0.26 13 0.53
S1110H S1110 2.80 0.111 4.00 0.157 8.0 0.31 16 0.63
S1320H S1320 3.35 0.132 4.75 0.187 9.5 0.37 19 0.75
(1) Minimum fillet radius or hole diameter effectively peened by indicated shot size.

Table 5 Recommended Peening Intensity as a Function of Part Size

Part Thickness or Diameter Recommended Peening Intensity Shot
mm inch mm inch Size
1.5-3.5 0.060-0.15 0.15-0.25 A 0.006-0.010 A S110
0.20-0.30 A 0.008-0.012 A S110
>3.5-10 >0.15-0.40
0.20-0.35 A 0.010-0.014 A S170
0.30-0.40 A 0.012-0.016 A S230
>10-20 >0.40-0.80
0.35-0.45 A 0.014-0.018 A S280
0.38-0.48 A 0.015-0.019 A S280
>20-30 >0.80-1.2 0.40-0.50 A 0.016-0.020 A S330
0.15-0.20 C 0.006-0.008 C S460
0.15-0.20 C 0.006-0.008 C S460
>30 >1.2 0.18-0.25 C 0.007-0.010 C S550
0.20-0.30 C 0.008-0.012 C S660

Table 6 Shot Size Roughness and Maximum Intensity

Shot Size Maximum Roughness, Ra, Maximum Peening Intensity
Hard Regular
micrometer microinch mm inch
Cast Shot Cast Shot
S70H S70 0.8 31.5 — —
S110H S110 — — 0.30 A 0.012 A
S170H S170 1.6 63.0 0.40 A 0.016 A
S230H S230 — — 0.55 A 0.022 A
S280H S280 — — 0.65 A 0.026 A
S330H S330 3 118 0.70 A 0.028 A
S460H S460 — — 0.25 C 0.010 C
S550H S550 12 472 0.35 C 0.014 C

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Table 7 AGMA Recommended Gear Teeth Shot Peening Parameters

Gear Tooth Size Recommended Intensity Hard Cast
Diametral Pitch Module Inches mm Steel Shot
8-16 1.6-3.2 0.006-0.010 A 0.15-0.25 A S110H
4-7 3.6-6.4 0.010-0.014 A 0.25-0.35 A S170H
2 ½-3 ½ 7.3-10.2 0.014-0.018 A 0.35-0.45 A S230H
1 ¾-2 12.7-14.5 0.016-0.020 A 0.40-0.50 A S330H
¾-1 25.4-33.9 0.006-0.008 C 0.15-0.20 C S550H

Table 8 Recommended Shot Peening Parameters for Springs

Wire Diameter Intensity Shot Size (1)
Hard Cast Cast Steel Cut Wire
Inch mm Inch mm
Steel Shot Shot Shot
0.072 1.83 0.005-0.007 A 0.13-0.18 A S70H S70 —
0.086 2.18 0.006-0.008 A 0.15-0.20 A S110H S110 —
0.105 2.67 0.007-0.009 A 0.18-0.23 A S110H S110 —
0.120 3.05 0.008-0.010 A 0.20-0.25 A S110H S110 —
0.148 3.76 0.010-0.012 A 0.25-0.30 A S170H S170 —
0.177 4.50 0.012-0.014 A 0.30-0.35 A S170H S170 —
0.192 4.88 0.014-0.016 A 0.35-0.40 A S230H S230 CW23
0.207 5.26 0.015-0.017 A 0.38-0.43 A S230H S230 CW23
0.225 5.72 0.016-0.018 A 0.40-0.45 A S330H S330 CW35
(1)
Hard steel shot should be used if the wire hardness is greater than 50 HRC (about 1720 MPa UTS) or equivalent.

Figure 1. Depth of Compressive Stress vs. Arc Height and Hardness with Cast Steel Shot

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