11.2.1 Airframe Structures - General

Hindustan Aviation Academy
An approved CAR PART-147 Examination CAR 147-BASIC

Maintenance Training Organization MODULE 11 – Turbine Aeroplane
Approval Ref: CAR.147.... Aerodynamics, structures and systems –
HAA/ MTO………… Airframe structures General concepts
Airframe structures -
MODULE 11 Section 02 B1.1 Level L2
General concepts
What is a portion of an aircraft structure which, if it were to fail in
Mod flight and cause structural collapse resulting in injury to
11.02.B1.1.L2.001A
members of the aircrew, classified as?
(A) A primary structure.

Remarks :
(B) A critical structure.
(C) A crucial structure
General concepts
Mod flight, would not seriously endanger the safety of the aircraft, but
11.02.B1.1.L2.002B
may cause significant damage, classified as?
(A) A primary structure

Remarks :
(B) A primary structure
(C) A tertiary structure
General concepts
Mod flight, would not endanger the safety of the aircraft, or cause
11.02.B1.1.L2.003C
significant damage, classified as?

Remarks :
General concepts
Mod What are engine mounts and wing beams classified as?
11.02.B1.1.L2.004A

Remarks :
General concepts
Mod
What is the design called, if a component of a structure breaks,
11.02.B1.1.L2.005B
but the structure itself has sufficient strength to prevent
Page | 1
complete structural failure?
(A) Preventative
Remarks :
(B) Damage Tolerance
(C) Fail-Safe
General concepts
Mod What is an example of ‘fail-safe’ structure?
11.02.B1.1.L2.006C
(A) A semi-monocoque component made of 2 different materials

Remarks :
(B) An aircraft that has 2 mono-spar wings
A 2-part piece where both parts are designed to withstand the

(C) required loads
General concepts
Mod What is a ‘multi-spar structure’ an example of?
11.02.B1.1.L2.007B
(A) A monocoque construction

Remarks :
(B) A fail-safe design
(C) A secondary structure
General concepts
Mod What is a structure called that is designed to withstand more

11.02.B1.1.L2.008A than double its actual load?
(A) A fail-safe structure

Remarks :
(B) A tolerant structure
(C) A sacrificial structure
General concepts
Mod What does ‘Damage Tolerance’ require a structure to be?
11.02.B1.1.L2.009C
(A) Coated in with a colour-coded corrosion preventative

Remarks :
(B) Made from extruded aluminium alloy only
(C) Strong enough to sustain a defect until it is detected
General concepts
Mod What does ‘Damage Tolerance’ in aircraft maintenance relate to?
11.02.B1.1.L2.010B
Page | 2
(A) The amount of fail safe components on an aircraft

Remarks :
(B) The level of damage that exists on an aircraft
(C) The amount of damage required to ground an aircraft
General concepts
Mod What are examples of ‘Damage Tolerance’ in aircraft

11.02.B1.1.L2.011B maintenance?
(A) Fixable, Non-Fixable and Replaceable

Remarks :
(B) Repairable, Negligible and Non-Repairable
(C) Replaceable, Repairable and Insignificant
General concepts
Mod What is ‘repairable damage’?
11.02.B1.1.L2.012C
(A) It is damage that requires replacement parts to be installed

Remarks :
It is damage that will not have any adverse affects on the

(B) aircraft if it were allowed to exist or stay as is
It is damage that cannot remain as is, but is not deemed serious

(C) enough to warrant replacement parts being installed
General concepts
Mod What is ‘Negligible damage’ deemed to be?
11.02.B1.1.L2.013C
Damage that is not bad enough to warrant replacement parts
Remarks : (A) being installed, but will require a repair
Damage that needs a repair, but can be left as is until the

(B) aircraft is flown to its home base
Damage that does not have any adverse affects on the aircraft if
(C) it were allowed to exist or stay as is
General concepts
Mod What is ‘Unrepairable damage’ deemed to be?
11.02.B1.1.L2.014A
Damage that is too severe to leave as is or repair to a
Remarks : (A) serviceable state
Damage that does not to have any adverse affects on the

(B) aircraft if it were allowed to exist or stay as is
Damage that is so severe that only the aircraft captain may

(C)
permit it to return to service
Page | 3
General concepts
Mod What does the term ‘datum’ refer to?
11.02.B1.1.L2.015C
An imaginary horizontal plane from which all vertical
Remarks : (A) measurements are taken
(B) An imaginary vertical plane dissecting the Centre of Gravity
An imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal

(C) measurements are taken
General concepts
Mod What are the dimensions along the length of an aircraft and aft
11.02.B1.1.L2.016C of the reference datum, defined as?
(A) Buttock Lines

Remarks :
(B) Water Lines
(C) Fuselage Station Lines
General concepts
Mod What are Buttock Lines?
11.02.B1.1.L2.017C
Reference planes that provide a dimension aft of the reference
Remarks : (A) datum
(B) Reference planes that are vertical and parallel to the ground
Reference planes that are parallel to and reference the left and
(C) right of the centre line
General concepts
Mod What is the term for the horizontal reference used to locate
11.02.B1.1.L2.018B points vertically?
(A) Buttock Lines

Remarks :
(B) Water Lines
(C) Fuselage Station Lines
General concepts
Mod Where are the wing station lines measured from?
11.02.B1.1.L2.019A
(A) Buttock Line Zero

Remarks :
(B) Datum Zero
Page | 4
(C) Fuselage Station Line Zero
General concepts
Mod What position-referencing system is often used by flight crew in

11.02.B1.1.L2.020B reporting an aircraft engine fault?
(A) Grid position

Remarks :
(B) Clock position
(C) Datum position
General concepts
Mod When discussing aircraft inspection zones, - ‘320 Vertical

11.02.B1.1.L2.021B stabiliser and rudder’ – would indicate what type of zone?
(A) Major Zone

Remarks :
(B) Major Sub-zone
(C) Minor Zone
General concepts
Mod When discussing aircraft inspection zones, - ‘700 Landing Gear

11.02.B1.1.L2.022A and Landing Gear Doors’ – would indicate what type of zone?
(A) Major Zone

Remarks :
(B) Major Sub-zone
(C) Minor Zone
General concepts
Mod What is the term for “internal force in a body that resists the
11.02.B1.1.L2.023A tendency of an external force to change its shape”?
(A) Stress
Remarks :
(B) Fatigue
(C) StraiN
General concepts
Mod What stress is produced in a body by forces acting along the

11.02.B1.1.L2.024C same line but in opposite directions?
(A) Compression
Remarks :
Page | 5
(B) Torsion
(C) Tension
General concepts
Mod What is the term for “resultant stress of 2 forces which act along
11.02.B1.1.L2.025A the same line pushing against each other”?
(A) Compression
Remarks :
(B) Torsion
(C) Tension
General concepts
Mod What is the term for “stress applied to a material when it is

11.02.B1.1.L2.026B twisted”?
(A) Bending
Remarks :
(B) Torsion
(C) Tension
General concepts
Mod What is term for a the force that “when exerted on a body, tries
11.02.B1.1.L2.027C to slice or slide it apart”?
(A) Tension stress

Remarks :
(B) Torsion stress
(C) Shear stress
General concepts
Mod What is the term for “stress in an object caused by load being
11.02.B1.1.L2.028A applied to one end while the other is restrained”?
(A) Bending
Remarks :
(B) Shearing
(C) Hooping
General concepts
Mod What is the term for “deformation or physical change in a

11.02.B1.1.L2.029A material that is caused by stress”?
Page | 6
(A) Strain
Remarks :
(B) Fatigue
(C) Cracking
General concepts
What is the term for “stress in a pipe wall acting
Mod circumferentially in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal
11.02.B1.1.L2.030B axis of the pipe, produced by the pressure of the fluid inside the
pipe”?
(A) Tension stress

Remarks :
(B) Hoop stress
(C) Bending stress
General concepts
Mod What is the condition that occurs when metal is subjected to a

11.02.B1.1.L2.031B series of stress reversals called?
(A) Strain
Remarks :
(B) Fatigue
(C) Hoop stress
General concepts
Mod Why are flexible steel cables used in aircraft?
11.02.B1.1.L2.032C
(A) To oppose compression forces

Remarks :
(B) To oppose torsion forces
(C) To oppose tension forces
General concepts
Mod What force is used to drive solid rivets?
11.02.B1.1.L2.033C
(A) Shear
Remarks :
(B) Bending
(C) Compression
General concepts
Mod
What are the two forces, when combined, that cause a torsional
11.02.B1.1.L2.034A
Page | 7
force?
(A) Tension and compression

Remarks :
(B) Shear and bending
(C) Tension and bending
General concepts
Mod What stress is acting on the top skin of an aircraft’s wing under
11.02.B1.1.L2.035B normal flight load?
(A) Shear
Remarks :
(B) Compression
(C) Tension
General concepts
Mod What stress are clevis bolts subjected to under load
11.02.B1.1.L2.036A
(A) Shear
Remarks :
(B) Compression
(C) Tension
General concepts
Mod What stress has a radiator hose been subjected to when

11.02.B1.1.L2.037B longitudinal cracks appear?
(A) Tension
Remarks :
(B) Hoop
(C) Compression
General concepts
Mod What is an aged aircraft’s wing susceptible to?
11.02.B1.1.L2.038A
(A) Fatigue cracks

Remarks :
(B) Hoop cracks
(C) Shear cracks
General concepts
Page | 8
Mod How is moisture controlled in a pressurised fuselage?

11.02.B1.1.L2.039C
(A) By a vacuumed water evacuation system

Remarks :
(B) By holes drilled in the aircraft skin at pre-determined low points
(C) By drain paths leading to valved drain holes
General concepts
Mod How is moisture controlled in non-pressurised aircraft and

11.02.B1.1.L2.040C components?
(A) Connecting aircraft to a dehumidifier at regular intervals

Remarks :
Leaving the aircraft in the sun to allow hidden residual moisture

(B) to dry
Small drilled holes in the aircraft skin allow for drainage and
(C) ventilation
General concepts
Mod Why is effective drainage of all structure vital?
11.02.B1.1.L2.041A
To prevent fluids from becoming trapped in crevices and
Remarks : (A) causing corrosion
(B) To allow galley waste to be removed from the aircraft
(C) To prevent large quantities of fuel from gathering in one area
General concepts
Mod What is a result of bad drainage and ventilation in an aircraft?
11.02.B1.1.L2.042C
(A) Metallic embrittlement

Remarks :
(B) Fatigue
(C) Corrosion
General concepts
Mod What provisions are made on aircraft to prevent galvanic

11.02.B1.1.L2.043A corrosion from occurring?
(A) Drain paths and drain holes

Remarks :
(B) Plastic coating
(C) Bonding leads
Page | 9
General concepts
Mod What is installed in a hydraulic line to prevent the loss of fluid

11.02.B1.1.L2.044B during servicing?
(A) O-rings
Remarks :
(B) Quick-disconnect valves
(C) Hydraulic fuses.
General concepts
Mod What safety provision should be carried out to prevent the

11.02.B1.1.L2.045C retraction of aircraft landing gear during ground maintenance?
Ensure the park brake is on and the main wheel struts are fully
Remarks : (A) extended
Place wheel chocks fore and aft of one main wheel and the
(B) nose wheel
(C) Insert ground locking pins into the retraction mechanism
General concepts
Mod What provides a great deal of flexibility when attaching electrical

11.02.B1.1.L2.046A wiring to various components?
(A) Electrical connectors

Remarks :
(B) Bonding leads
(C) Junction boxes
General concepts
Mod What provision is available, in some aircraft, for ease of

11.02.B1.1.L2.047C installation of avionics equipment?
(A) Circuit breakers

Remarks :
(B) Junction boxes
(C) Avionics racks
General concepts
Mod What provision is made on landing gear to allow for easy wheel
11.02.B1.1.L2.048B replacement?
(A) Quick release fasteners to attach the wheel to the axle

Remarks :
Page | 10
(B) Jack pads at each wheel axle to allow for single-wheel jacking
(C) Pneumatically operated jacking pins at each wheel
General concepts
Mod What provision is made on aircraft for quick and easy removal of
11.02.B1.1.L2.049C inspection and servicing panels?
(A) Cotter pins

Remarks :
(B) Machine screws
(C) Camlock or Dzus fasteners
General concepts
Mod What provision is made on aircraft for access doors to be

11.02.B1.1.L2.050A removed and installed easily?
(A) Anchor nuts

Remarks :
(B) Clevis bolts
(C) Self locking nuts
General concepts
Mod Why are bonding straps installed on aircraft?
11.02.B1.1.L2.051B
To help produce anti corrosive properties required when
Remarks : (A) composite bonded structures are used
To minimises lightning damage by providing an equal electrical

(B) potential between different parts of the airframe
To allow static charges to build up in safer parts of the aircraft

(C)
and be dissipated around fuel tanks, etc
General concepts
Mod Bonding straps are positioned in an airframe to:
11.02.B1.1.L2.052B
(A) Restrict a lightning charge from moving between components

Remarks :
Allow a lightning charge to pass through the structure to

(B) effectively insulate the passenger cabin, cockpit, fuel tanks and
cargo areas
Allow a lightning charge to travel easily to electronic equipment

(C) to recharge batteries
General concepts
Page | 11
Mod When do lightning strikes usually create the most damage?

11.02.B1.1.L2.053B
(A) When the charge enters the aircraft

Remarks :
(B) When the charge exits the aircraft
(C) When the charge dissipates through static dischargers
General concepts
Mod What is an important function of airframe bonding, with respect

11.02.B1.1.L2.054A to lightning strike?
The lightning charge must pass through the structure of the

Remarks :
(A) aircraft and exit, minimising damage to structure,
electronic equipment or occupants
Allows the lightning charge to enter the airframe but not exit
(B) which prevents most damage from occurring
Lightning diverter strips mounted on the outside of the fuselage

(C) must be able to reflect the lightning away, which
prohibits it entering the structure
Page | 12

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Hindustan Aviation Academy

An approved CAR PART-147 Examination CAR 147-BASIC

(A) A primary structure.

(B) A critical structure.

(C) A crucial structure

(A) A primary structure

(B) A primary structure

(C) A tertiary structure

(A) A primary structure

(B) A primary structure

(C) A tertiary structure

(A) A primary structure

(B) A primary structure

(C) A tertiary structure

complete structural failure?

(B) Damage Tolerance

(A) A semi-monocoque component made of 2 different materials

(B) An aircraft that has 2 mono-spar wings

A 2-part piece where both parts are designed to withstand the

(A) A monocoque construction

(B) A fail-safe design

(C) A secondary structure

Mod What is a structure called that is designed to withstand more

(A) A fail-safe structure

(B) A tolerant structure

(C) A sacrificial structure

(A) Coated in with a colour-coded corrosion preventative

(B) Made from extruded aluminium alloy only

(C) Strong enough to sustain a defect until it is detected

(A) The amount of fail safe components on an aircraft

(B) The level of damage that exists on an aircraft

(C) The amount of damage required to ground an aircraft

Mod What are examples of ‘Damage Tolerance’ in aircraft

(A) Fixable, Non-Fixable and Replaceable

(B) Repairable, Negligible and Non-Repairable

(C) Replaceable, Repairable and Insignificant

(A) It is damage that requires replacement parts to be installed

It is damage that will not have any adverse affects on the

It is damage that cannot remain as is, but is not deemed serious

Damage that needs a repair, but can be left as is until the

Damage that does not to have any adverse affects on the

Damage that is so severe that only the aircraft captain may

(B) An imaginary vertical plane dissecting the Centre of Gravity

An imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal

(A) Buttock Lines

(B) Water Lines

(C) Fuselage Station Lines

(A) Buttock Lines

(B) Water Lines

(C) Fuselage Station Lines

(A) Buttock Line Zero

(B) Datum Zero

(C) Fuselage Station Line Zero

Mod What position-referencing system is often used by flight crew in

(A) Grid position

(B) Clock position

(C) Datum position

Mod When discussing aircraft inspection zones, - ‘320 Vertical

(A) Major Zone

(B) Major Sub-zone

(C) Minor Zone

Mod When discussing aircraft inspection zones, - ‘700 Landing Gear

(A) Major Zone

(B) Major Sub-zone