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Dejan Radojčić · Milan Kalajdžić ·
Aleksandar Simić

Power Prediction
Modeling of
Conventional
High-Speed Craft
Power Prediction Modeling of Conventional
High-Speed Craft
Dejan Radojčić Milan Kalajdžić
• •

Aleksandar Simić

Power Prediction Modeling

of Conventional High-Speed
Craft

123
Dejan Radojčić Milan Kalajdžić
Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering
Department of Naval Architecture Department of Naval Architecture
University of Belgrade University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia Belgrade, Serbia

Aleksandar Simić
Mechanical Engineering
Department of Naval Architecture
University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia

ISBN 978-3-030-30606-9 ISBN 978-3-030-30607-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30607-6
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword

This book is about evolution, taking note of the history of technological progress
for mathematical models to predict calm water resistance, trim and propeller
characteristics for high-performance marine vessels. Dr. Dejan Radojčić has been
an activist from early in his academic career to develop mathematical models using
emerging techniques with validated predictions using available experimental data.
His and his team’s goals have focused on calculation procedures to improve
naval architect’s capability to reliably develop high-performance vessel hydrody-
namic designs. With these improved resources, designers are able early on to
optimize vessels with respect to their requirements to maximize performance in
their operational environment.
I have been a friend and colleague of Dr. Radojčić for more than thirty years.
I have learned much from him and encouraged this documentation of his passion
for improving analytical prediction techniques. This book is one of many
achievements of Dejan’s life work and the work of his team, resulting in especially
useful prediction methods developed with artificial neural networks (ANNs). Their
recent ANN methods have been used to develop techniques sensitive to hull
geometry input resulting in predictions of calm water resistance and trim near to
that of towing tank quality.
This expanded version of his earlier publication with the addition of Part II
brings increased ease of use for designers to make mathematical model predictions
of resistance as well as trim for their high-performance craft. Data expansions
include representative body plans of model test data which Dr. Radojčić and his
team used for this collection of published mathematical models. The equations and
coefficients of each method as well as their respective boundaries of application are
included. Thus, naval architects and designers can readily develop software for
resistance and trim predictions is in keeping with their specific design procedures.

v
vi Foreword

Now retired after sixty-plus years as a designer of high-performance vessels,

I believe you will find this book to be essential for your work and career.

Virginia Beach, VA, USA Donald L. Blount, P.E.

June 2019 Founder of Donald L. Blount
and Associates, Inc.
Preface

This work was initially intended to be a review paper of the first author, but gradually
grew and became a Springer Brief titled Reflections on Power Prediction Modeling
of Conventional High-Speed Craft (Radojčić 2018). It was inspired by, and envis-
aged as an extension of, the seminal Blount (1993) paper titled “Reflections on
Planing Hull Technology.” Hence, the titles are intentionally similar. The Brief was
a summation of author’s insights in, and experiences with, high-speed craft
(HSC) design and modeling, lovingly accumulated over a 35-year career in the
industry and academia, and almost entirely focused on that specific topic.
Formatting errors in the Brief impelled the author to consider an expansion
of the initially presented material and to add
1. Resistance and propulsion design data for high-speed craft
2. Excel Macro Codes with software for the mathematical models outlined
3. Worked examples.
Hence, the authorship of this book is expanded to include two additional con-
tributors. The three authors of this enlarged work have been collaborating for years
and have published several papers on high-speed craft. The result is this new and
more usable two-part book on the subject of HSC. Part I retains the same name as
the original Springer Brief, i.e., “Reflections on Power Prediction Modeling of
Conventional High-Speed Craft,” as it is essentially identical. Part II, titled
“Resistance and Propulsor Design Data with Examples,” contains tabulated data for
resistance and propeller efficiency evaluations. The relevant Excel files can be
provided to the reader as electronic supplementary material (ESM). The reader can
access ESM via the Springer sites which are given in Chaps. 8–10.
The above-mentioned Blount (1993) paper was updated and upgraded to a book
in 2014 and is still a very relevant HSC reference. The focus of that work is on the
design of conventional high-speed craft, which covers by far the largest number of
yachts and boats currently in existence or under construction. Another work that
merits a mention here is the Molland et al. (2011) book Ship Resistance and
Propulsion—Practical Estimation of Ship Propulsive Power, which treats resis-
tance, propulsion and powering, but is mostly focused on the conventional ships.

vii
viii Preface

Both of these books should be regarded as companion books to the work in hand. It
is believed, however, that the present work fills in the gap on specific high-speed
vessel powering procedures which are not treated by either of the above-mentioned
or other sources.
The present book focuses on the practical and concrete topics of high-speed craft
resistance and propeller efficiency prediction, and avoids unnecessary issues,
mathematical derivations and similar rigor. It is assumed that the reader has the
basic university-level knowledge of ship hydrodynamics and is intended primarily
for the naval architects who design and develop various types of conventional
high-speed vessels. It may also be of use to students attending various naval
architecture and marine engineering courses who are interested in the design of fast
vessels.

Belgrade, Serbia Dejan Radojčić

June 2019 Milan Kalajdžić
Aleksandar Simić

References

Blount DL (1993) Reflections on planing hull technology. In: 5th power boat symposium,
SNAME Southeast Section
Blount DL (2014) Performance by design. ISBN 0-978-9890837-1-3
Molland AF, Turnock SR, Hudson DA (2011) Ship resistance and propulsion—practical
estimation of ship propulsive power. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76052-2
Radojčić D (2018) Reflections on power prediction of conventional high-speed craft. Springer,
ISBN 978-3-319-94899-7
About This Book

High-speed craft is very different from conventional ships. This dictates the need,
from the very outset, for special treatment in designing high-speed vessels. The
professional literature, which is mostly focused on conventional ships, leaves a gap
in the documentation of best design practices for high-speed craft.
The various power prediction methods, a principal design objective for
high-speed craft of displacement, semi-displacement and planing type are addres-
sed. At the core of the power prediction methods are mathematical models, based
on experimental data derived on models representing various high-speed hull and
propeller series. Regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) methods
are used as extraction tool for this kind of mathematical models. A variety of
mathematical models of this type are discussed in the book.
The most significant factors for in-service power prediction are bare hull resis-
tance, dynamic trim and the propeller’s open-water efficiency. Therefore, mathe-
matical modeling of these factors is a specific focus of the book.
This book is arranged in two parts. Part I, presented as a text and titled
“Reflections on Power Prediction Modeling of Conventional High-Speed Craft,”
covers the mathematical modeling of resistance, dynamic trim and propeller
hydrodynamic characteristics of high-speed craft. This is followed by brief treat-
ment of additional resistance components, propulsive coefficients and power
prediction.
Part II titled “Resistance and Propulsor Design Data with Examples” presents
Excel Macro Codes for evaluation of resistance and propulsion characteristics,
tabulated data for assessment of mathematical models of resistance and propeller
efficiency as outlined in Part I, and worked example applications for a number of
interesting cases.
This book is aimed at the high-speed craft community in general and particularly
at the naval architects who design and develop various types of high-speed vessels.
It may also be of use to students who are interested in the design of fast vessels.

ix
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Conventional High-Speed Craft (HSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Resistance, Propulsion, and Power Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Not Treated Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.1 Resistance Evaluation Using Empirical Methods . . . . . 4
1.4.2 Resistance Evaluation Using Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.3 Other Excluded Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Common Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Book Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Part I Reflections on Power Prediction Modeling of Conventional

High-Speed Craft
2 Mathematical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Statistical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Statistical Modeling Applied to Ship Data . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Model Extraction Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 Regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Conclusions on Mathematical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.1 General Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.2 Conclusions on Application of Regression
Analysis and ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 18

xi
xii Contents

3 Resistance and Dynamic Trim Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 19

3.1 An Overview of Early Resistance Prediction Mathematical
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 19
3.2 Types of Mathematical Models for Resistance Prediction . . ... 20
3.2.1 Random Hull Forms Versus Systematical Hull
Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 20
3.2.2 Speed-Independent Versus Speed-Dependent . . . . . ... 21
3.3 Systematic Series Applicable to Conventional High-Speed
Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 22
3.4 Mathematical Modeling of Resistance and Dynamic Trim
for High-Speed Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 27
3.4.1 BK and MBK (Yegorov et al. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . ... 27
3.4.2 Mercier and Savitsky—Transom-Stern,
Semi-displacement (Mercier and Savitsky 1973) . . . ... 28
3.4.3 Transom-Stern, Round Bilge, Semi-displacement
(Jin et al. 1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 28
3.4.4 62 and 65—Hard Chine, Semi-planing and Planing
(Radojčić 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 29
3.4.5 VTT—Transom-Stern, Semi-displacement
(Lahtiharju et al. 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.6 PHF—Series 62 (Keuning et al. 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.7 NPL (Radojčić et al. 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.8 SKLAD (Radojčić et al. 1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.9 Round Bilge and Hard Chine (Robinson 1999) . . . . . . 31
3.4.10 Transom-Stern, Round Bilge
(Grubišić and Begović 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 32
3.4.11 NTUA (Radojčić et al. 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 32
3.4.12 Displacement, Semi-displacement, and Planing
Hull Forms (Bertram and Mesbahi 2004) . . . . . . . . ... 33
3.4.13 USCG and TUNS—Hard Chine, Wide Transom,
Planing (Radojčić et al. 2014a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.14 Series 50 (Radojčić et al. 2014b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4.15 Series 62 (Radojčić et al. 2017a, b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4.16 DSDS (Keuning and Hillege 2017a, b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4.17 NSS (De Luca and Pensa 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.18 NSS (Radojčić and Kalajdžić 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5 Additional Comments on Modeling Resistance
and Dynamic Trim for High-Speed Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.1 MMs for Series 62/DSDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.2 Stepped Hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.6 Mathematical Model Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Contents xiii

3.7 Recommended Mathematical Models for Resistance

and Dynamic Trim Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.7.1 MMs for Semi-displacement Hull Forms . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.7.2 MMs for Semi-planing or Planing Hull Forms . . . . . . . 45
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4 Propeller’s Open-Water Efficiency Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 49
4.1 An Overview of Modeling Propeller’s Hydrodynamic
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 49
4.1.1 MARIN Propeller Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 50
4.2 Mathematical Modeling of KT, KQ, and ηO of High-Speed
Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.1 AEW and KCA Propeller Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.2 Newton-Rader Propeller Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.3 Swedish SSPA Ma and Russian SK Series . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2.4 SPP Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3 Loading Criteria for High-Speed Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 Recommended Mathematical Models for High-Speed
Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 59
5 Additional Resistance Components and Propulsive
Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1 Evaluation of In-service Power Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Resistance Components—Calm and Deep Water . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2.1 Appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2.2 Air and Wind Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.2.3 Correlation Allowance and Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3 Resistance in a Seaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.4 Resistance in Shallow Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.5 Propulsive Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.6 Recommended References for Evaluation of Additional
Resistance Components and Propulsive Coefficients . . . ...... 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 71
6 Power Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . . . . 75
6.1 Power and Performance Predictions for High-Speed Craft . . . . . 75
6.2 Classics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . . . . 77
6.3 Modernism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . . . . 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . . . . 83
7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1 Evolutionary Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
xiv Contents

Part II Resistance and Propulsor Design Data with Examples

8 Resistance and Dynamic Trim Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 95
8.1 Programs—VBA Codes for Microsoft Excel . . . . . . . . . . . ... 95
8.1.1 An Example of Regression Based Mathematical
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.1.2 An Example of ANN Based Mathematical Models . . . . 100
8.1.3 Computation of New Design’s Total Resistance . . . . . . 104
8.2 Recommended MMs for Semi-displacement Hull Forms . . . . . . 107
8.2.1 Mercier and Savitsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.2.2 VTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.2.3 NPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.2.4 SKLAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.2.5 NTUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 Recommended MMs for Semi-planing and Planing Hull
Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3.1 62 & 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.3.2 USCG & TUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.3.3 Series 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.3.4 Series 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.3.5 NSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.4 Some Typical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.4.1 An Example of Semi-displacement Hull Forms . . . . . . 165
8.4.2 An Example of Semi-planing and Planing
Hull Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9 Propeller’s Open-Water Efficiency Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.1 Programs—VBA Codes for Microsoft Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.1.1 An Example of Regression Based Mathematical
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.1.2 An Example of ANN Based Mathematical Models . . . . 179
9.2 Recommended MMs for High Speed Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
9.2.1 B Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.2.2 AEW Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.2.3 KCA Series (RA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.2.4 KCA Series (ANN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.2.5 Newton-Rader Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.3 Some Typical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
9.3.1 Comparison of MMs with the Series’ Propellers . . . . . 200
9.3.2 Comparison of MMs with the Commercial
Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
 Contents xv

10 Additional Topics on Resistance, Propulsion and Powering . . . . . . 209

10.1 Prediction of Additional Resistance Components . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.1.1 Prediction of Appendage Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
10.1.2 Prediction of Air and Wind Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
10.1.3 Prediction of Resistance in a Seaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.1.4 Prediction of Resistance in Shallow Water . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.2 Prediction of Propulsive Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.3 An Example of Powering Process for High-Speed Craft . . . . . . 216
10.3.1 Deep Water Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
10.3.2 Shallow Water Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
10.3.3 Power Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
10.4 Catamaran Series ‘89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10.4.1 Mathematical Models (MMs) for Power
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.4.2 Example of Power Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

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