Q1.

Explain the working of a 4 stroke cycle

1. INTAKE stroke: Piston descends from the TDC to BDC increasing the volume of the cylinder. Air is
forced into the cylinder through the inlet valve.

2. COMPRESSION stroke: with both valves closed, the piston returns to TDC compressing the air into the
combustion chamber of the cylinder. Temperature gets increased.

3. POWER stroke: While the piston is close to TDC, the compressed fuel injected into a diesel engine
ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression, pressure in the cylinder increases
and the piston gets pushed down to BDC.

.4. EXHAUST stroke: Here, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is
open. The spent fuel-air mixture is expelled.

After 4th stroke cycle repeats.

Q2. What do you understand by 1) scavenging 2) supercharging.

A. Scavenging - In IC engines, Scavenging is a process of pushing exhaust gas out of the cylinder and
drawing in fresh draught of air for the next cycle. The process is essential in having a smooth running of
I.C. Engine. If scavenging is incomplete the following stroke will begin with a mix of exhaust fumes rather
than clean air. This may be insufficient for complete combustion which leading to poor running
condition on an engine.

Supercharging of IC Engines - It is the process of increasing the mass (or in other words density) of the
air (in compression ignition engines) induced into the engine cylinder. This is usually done with the help
of a compressor or blower known as supercharger. It has been experimentally found that the
supercharging increases the power developed by the engine.

Following are the objects of supercharging the engines :

To reduce space occupied by the engine (as required in marine engines).

To increase the power output of an engine when greater power is required

Q3. What is the purpose of a pump and explain the applications of various types

of pumps used onboard. (5 x 2 = 10 Marks)

b) Explain the working of a Screw Pump and its shipboard applications.

A. Liquid can only move on its from top to bottom or from a high pressure to a lower pressure system.
This means that energy to the liquid must be added, to move the liquid from a low to a higher level.

To add the required energy to liquids, pumps are used.

Pump is a MACHINE USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF TRANSFERRING QUANTITIES OF FLUIDS AND OR GASES
FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER

Various type of pumps are used on shipboard.

1. Centrifugal pump: Mainly used for water services like sea cooling water, Jacket cooling water,
fresh water hydrophore.
2. Reciprocating pump: It is +ve displacement pump, mainly used for bilge line.
3. Gear pump: It is used for oil systems like L O system F O system.
4. Prograsive cavity pump: These pumps can discharge suspended solids also. Thjis type of pump is
used in sewage treatment plant.
5. Screw pump: +ve displacement pump. Used in L O system.

Working of Screw pump: A Screw Pump is a rotary type of positive displacement pump. The screw
pump working principle involves the rotary action of screw rotors.

- Drawing liquid into spaces between threads at suction end

- Axially carrying the liquid that is trapped in the spaces between the threads

- Discharging the liquid at the outlet

Because the clearances between the screws as well as between the screws and casing are very fine
trapped oil between two threads cannot escape back and moves along the screw and gets discharge at
the end of the screw.

These type of pumps can deliver quite large amount of fluid at high pressure. They are popularly used as
main L O pump for main engines.

Q 4. List out the various types of Valves and where they are used on board (5 x 2 = 10 Marks)

b) Explain the working of a Non-Return Valve.

Various types of valves used on ship board:

Globe valve : Hydrophore system

SDNR valve : bilge system

Butterfly valve: S C water system

Gate valve: Jacket cooling water system

Relief valve: on discharge side of +ve displacement puml.

Non return valve.: In suction line of ejector.

Working of Non return valve: A non- return valve consists of freely moving valve plate which seals the
passage when it is it sited on the seat and allows flow of fluid only in one direction. Valve will lift
because of pressure of the liquid from bottom

Valve plate

Valve seat FLOW

In above diagram flow from bottom in upward direction is allowed. If flow gets reversed then due to
pressure of liquid it-self the valve will sit back on the seat and vale will get shut and flow in reverse
direction will be stopped.

These type of valve is used in suction line of ejector.

Q. What is the principle of operation of a Fresh Water Generator used on board? (5 x 2 = 10 Marks)

b) Explain the layout of the bottom platform of Engine Room showing the location of

ER Bilge Pump and Oily Water Separator.

A. The basic principle used in Fresh Water Generator is “ Boiling point of a liquid varies as the
pressure acting on it .” Means boiling point of liquid goes up as pressure increases and goes
down as pressure decreases. In low pressure FWG vacuum is created so that boiling point of sea
water reduces and sea water boils at around 45 degree C. For heating waste heat of engine from
jacket cooling water is used. The vapors formed because of boiling of the sea water are
condensed in the condenser using sea water as cooling media. So by distillation process fresh
water is generated on ship board.
B. Bottom platform layout: When considering the layout of engine room two main things have to
be considered namely accessibility and ease of operation.
On bottom platform Main Engine is installed in the center so that directly coupled propeller
shaft and hence propeller lies on the center line of the ship. All major sea water pumps are
installed on this platform so that suction head is positive. ME LO pump and LO purifier are also
installed on this platform. Bilge wells are located on this platform and hence the bilge transfer
pump and oily bilge separator is placed on this platform. Sludge from purifier is collected in
sludge tank which is DB tank, hence sludge pump is also installed on this platform. One will find
intermediate shaft and intermediate shaft bearing on this platform.
Q. Explain the principle of a Simple water tube boiler (5 x 2 = 10 Marks)

b) Describe the working principle of a Purifier with a simple schematic sketch