Element 2: - Movement of People and Materials

Hazards to pedestrians

 Slips, trips and falls on same level

 Falls from height
 Collisions with moving vehicles

Precautions for accidents on Staircases

 Removal of obstructions
 Provision of non-slip surfaces
 Reflective edging
 Adequate lighting
 Effective maintenance
 Use of signs
 Width
 Provision of handrails
 Dimensions treads and risers
 Landings
 Consider disabled persons
 Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down

Causes of accidents on staircases opposite of above

Accidents on walkways almost the same

Hazards of fork trucks

 Overturning
 Overloading
 Loss of loads
 Collision with other vehicles
 Collision with pedestrians
 Explosions and fire

Why can trucks overturn?

 Travelling on gradients that are too steep

 Travelling forwards when descending slopes
 Overloaded or unevenly loaded
 Travelling over soft or uneven ground
 Travelling over slippery surfaces
 Travelling too fast
  Striking kerbs or other edges
 Not suitable for the task
 Carrying loads at a dangerous heights

To avoid overturning opposite of above

Parking of fork trucks

 Put in neutral
 Put on handbrake
 Switch off engine
 Remove key
 Give key to appropriate person
 Forks on floor
 Mast slightly forward
 Parked in suitable location
 No blocking of exits

Additional hazards of electric fork trucks

 Hydrogen gas released during battery charging

 Electricity problems
 Manual handling of liquids
 Corrosive acids
 They are quiet

Driver selection

 Suitable age
 Medical examination
 Routine medical checks at regular intervals
 Assessment after prolonged absences
 Capable of Training
 Refresher training

Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

 Segregation
 Suitable parking areas
 Avoid reversing if possible
 One-way systems
 Avoid sharp or blind bends
 Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways
  Vision aids
 Speed limits
 Signallers (Banksmen)
 Protection from fumes
 Protection from materials falling off
 High visibility jackets

Test ( 2 )
List EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left
unattended during a drivers’ work break
Were able to cite a number of rules that need to be followed when leaving
a fork-lift truck unattended, such as
 returning the truck to a designated parking area where possible
 applying the brake & leaving controls in a neutral position
 ensuring the forks are resting on the floor
 ensuring the mast tilted slightly forward
 ensuring the mast empty from any load
 Avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points
 Ensuring the fork are shutting off it’s lights
 removing the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person

Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid

accidents involving reversing vehicles within a workplace

Better hierarchical range, from

 Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & “drive-through”
systems, turning circles etc)
 Make a separation system between vehicles & pedestrians (barriers,
signs, etc)it means vehicles and pedestrian segregation
 aspects of vehicles & workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on
vehicles & at blind corners, refuges, lighting, etc)
 To procedural measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training
 Follow up and maintain roads condition , marking
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of
lighting etc) & audible warnings on vehicles
Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of
pedestrians in areas where vehicles are in use

Answers generally included references to

 Segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic
 Appropriate road markings
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors,
provision of lighting etc) & audible warnings on vehicles
Other relevant measures that were mentioned included the
 Drawing up & enforcement of site rules
 The provision of refuges
 The wearing of high-visibility clothing
 A good standard of housekeeping

Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-

powered fork-lift trucks
1- Explosive hydrogen gas released when batteries are recharged
2- Electrical arc /shocks
3- Manual handling of liquids
4- Corrosive acid

Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with petrol and

diesel fork-lift trucks
1- flammable/harmful liquid storage and leaks
2- flames or spark from the air inlet or exhaust system
3- exhaust fumes
4- surface temperature of the exhaust system and other hot surface
5- noise

Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with LPG fork-lift

trucks
1- extremely flammable gas storage and leaks
2- exhaust fumes include carbon monoxide
3- manual handling of cylinder
4- surface temperature of the exhaust system and other hot surface
Outline the precautions to be used when using a mobile elevating
work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as a
streetlight.

 the need to inspect the equipment before use & to ensure it

is in a good state of repair;
 using only competent workers using outriggers & brakes;
 erecting warning signs & barriers to avoid collisions;
 ensuring the platform is not overloaded;
 avoiding overhead obstructions;
 & wearing a harness.
 the protection of those at ground level,

Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range of

organisations and can introduce additional hazards into a
working environment

(a) Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles

that may pose a risk to the health of

 Fumes/Fire/Explosion
 Fuel storage
 Refuelling of vehicle

(b) Describe the various circumstances that

may cause such a vehicle to overturn

 insecure, excessive or uneven loading;

 incorrect elevation of forks when traveling;
 uneven or unconsolidated ground;
 slopes (& incorrect procedures for dealing with
them); obstructions (overhead or low level) or
changes in level (e.g. edges of loading bays);
  cornering at excessive speeds;
 sudden braking;
 poor condition of tyres, brakes;
 Other mechanical failures

(c) Outline the precautions that may be needed to

ensure the safety of pedestrians in areas where
fork trucks are operation

 segregated systems for fork trucks & pedestrian

traffic,
 appropriate road markings,
 maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent
doors, provision of lighting etc) & audible
warnings on vehicles.
 drawing up & enforcement of site rules,
 the provision of refuges,
 the wearing of high-visibility clothing,
 a good standard of housekeeping,
 training for all concerned,
 supervision

Outline the health and safety considerations when

a fork lift truck is to be used to unload palletised
goods from a vehicle parked in a factory car park

 Suitable fork lift truck

 Properly trained driver
 Good ground conditions
  Manoeuvrability
 Good all round visibility
 Load properly secured on pallet
 Warning of unloading
 Car movements
 Pedestrians
 Adequate lighting

Outline the hazards and the corresponding

precautions to be taken when charging batteries
for fork lift trucks

 Corrosive battery acids

 Electrical short circuits
 Release of hydrogen
 Fire/explosion,
 Corrosion
 Ventilation,
 Sources of ignition
 Manual Handling

Outline the factors that should be taken into

account when planning traffic routes for internal
transport

 Adequate width of traffic routes with the

avoidance of blind corners;
  separation of vehicles & pedestrians with the
provision of barriers & refuges;
 a one-way system with turning circles to reduce
the need for reversing;
 firm, even & well maintained road surfaces;
 roadways unobstructed & signed to indicate
speed limits, rights of way & no entry;
 visibility aids such as mirrors, transparent screens
across doorways & lighting; traffic calming
measures such as road humps;
 marked pedestrian crossings points on vehicle
routes

Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents

when pedestrians are required to work in vehicle
manoeuvring areas.

segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic,

 appropriate road markings,

 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent
doors, provision of lighting etc) & audible
warnings on vehicles.

Other relevant measures that were mentioned

included the:

 drawing up & enforcement of site rules,

 the provision of refuges,
 the wearing of high-visibility clothing,
  a good standard of housekeeping,
 & training for, & supervision of all concerned.

Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to

avoid accidents involving reversing vehicles within
a workplace.

Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way &

“drive-through” systems, turning circles etc),
 through the separation of vehicles & pedestrians
(barriers, signs, etc),
 & aspects of vehicles & workplace design
(audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles & at blind
corners, refuges, lighting, etc),
 to procedural measures (use of banksmen, site
rules, driver training, etc).

List EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck

is left unattended in a workplace.

Returning the truck to a designated parking area,

 applying the brake
 leaving controls in a neutral position
 Switching off the ignition
 ensuring the forks are resting on the floor
 the mast tilted slightly forward,
 avoiding the obstruction of walkways, exits &
fire points,
  Removing the ignition key & returning it to a
responsible person.

Outline the precautions to be taken to ensure the

safe transport of hazardous substances by road

Suitable vehicle
Vehicle clearly marked
Trained and competent driver
Information available with driver on load
Substance stored in suitable containers
Containers clearly marked
Segregation of different substances
Facilities for safe loading and unloading
Travel on suitable route

List EIGHT rules to be followed to minimise the

risk of fork lift trucks overturning

 Ensure truck not overloaded

 Load properly secure
 Correct elevation of forks when traveling
 Ground conditions properly maintained
 Avoid slopes or have procedures to deal with them
 Avoid obstructions (overhead or low level) or
changes in level (e.g. edges of loading bays);
 Driving at correct speed
 Avoid sudden braking;
 Vehicle properly maintained
  Daily vehicle checks

List the ways in which a fork lift truck may

become unstable whist in operation

 insecure, excessive or uneven loading;

 incorrect elevation of forks when traveling;
 uneven or unconsolidated ground;
 slopes (& incorrect procedures for dealing with
them);obstructions (overhead or low level) or
changes in level (e.g. edges of loading bays);
 cornering at excessive speeds;
 sudden braking;
 poor condition of tyres, brakes;
 Other mechanical failures
_________________________________________
Outline the factors to consider when assessing the
risks to a long distance lorry driver

 Journey duration
 Driving hours
 Route e.g. type of roads
Weather conditions
Communications
 , Supervision
 Security
 Type of load and value of load
 Risk of violence
Cab layout e.g. ergonomic conditions
Handling of loads
 Training for special skills:
An employee has been seriously injured after being
struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay.

a) Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be

investigated by the person's employer

 Identify the immediate & root causes in order to

prevent similar accidents occurring in the future.
 Possible weaknesses in risk assessment processes
& other aspects of safety management systems.
 collecting evidence to defend a civil claim,
 determining economic loss
 Demonstrating management commitment to
occupational health & safety.

b) Outline the information that should be included

in the investigation report

The personal details of the injured party, time & location

of the accident,
 environmental conditions, the work activity at the
time of the accident,
 the control measures in place,
 the precise circumstances of the accident,
 the type & extent of injury sustained,
 details of witnesses & copies of their statements
where taken,
 drawings & photographs,
 immediate & root causes identified,
 possible breaches of the law,
  & the recommendations of the investigation team in
relation to remedial action required.
c) Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and
FOUR possible underlying root causes of the
accident

Immediate causes
Human error
Failure to comply with procedures,
 restricted view for the driver,
 Environmental conditions such as high noise levels.
Underlying causes could have included:
 lack of driver &/or other employee training,
 lack of supervision,
 absence of site rules or procedures for the control of
reversing vehicles,
 failure to separate vehicular & pedestrian traffic,
 & a lack of maintenance of vehicles &/or the
workplace.

Outline the means by which the risk of accidents involving

reversing vehicles within a workplace can be reduced

 avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-

way & “drive-through” systems, turning circles
etc),
 through the separation of vehicles & pedestrians
(barriers, signs, etc),
 & aspects of vehicles & workplace design
(audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles & at blind
corners, refuges, lighting, etc),
  to procedural measures (use of banksmen, site
rules, driver training, etc).

Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to an

overnight delivery driver

 Journey duration
 Driving hours
 Route e.g. type of roads
Weather conditions
Communications
 Supervision
 Security
 Type of load and value of load
 Risk of violence
 Cab layout e.g. ergonomic conditions
Handling of loads
 Tiredness

Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the

safety of pedestrians in vehicle manoeuvring areas in a busy
distribution depot

 segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic,

 appropriate road markings,
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors,
provision of lighting etc) & audible warnings on vehicles.
 Other relevant measures that were mentioned included the:
 drawing up & enforcement of site rules,
 the provision of refuges,
 the wearing of high-visibility clothing,
 a good standard of housekeeping,
 & training for, & supervision of all concerned.
A fork lift truck has over turned in a busy warehouse.
Identify EIGHT ways this might have occurred

 insecure, excessive or uneven loading;

 incorrect elevation of forks when traveling;
 uneven or unconsolidated ground;
 slopes (& incorrect procedures for dealing with
them);obstructions (overhead or low level) or changes in
level (e.g. edges of loading bays);
 cornering at excessive speeds;
 sudden braking;
 poor condition of tyres, brakes;
 Other mechanical failures

Outline the specific hazards that may be encountered in

motor vehicle repair premises

 Electricity, Fuels, Burning gases, Fire, Fumes, Paints, Pits,

Hoists, Falling objects, Vehicle movements, Chemicals,
Manual Handling, Slippery floors, Noise, Compressed air.

List EIGHT items to be included on a checklist for the

routine inspection of a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a
shift.

 the condition & pressure of tyres,

 the integrity & proper functioning of lights, horn, brakes &
mirrors,
 the absence of oil leaks
  a seat that is securely fixed (with properly functioning &
intact restraints where fitted).
 The fork-lift truck should also be checked for obvious
signs of damage to bodywork & lifting mechanism, & for
the security of any equipment fitted such as an LPG tank.
A driver of a fork lift truck has been seriously injured after
the vehicle overturned.

a) Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in

terms of BOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the
conditions of the workplace and work equipment

 Driver
 Cornering to fast
 Hitting obstructions
 Driving on uneven ground
 Turning on slopes
 Driving with unstable or excessive load
 Colliding with another vehicle
 Driving under effects of drugs and alcohol
 Condition of workplace and work equipment
 Potholes
 Defective brakes
 Tyres under inflated or in poor condition
Mechanical failure

b) Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the

unsafe acts or conditions identified in a)

 Poor perception of risk

 Unfamiliarity with workplace
 High workload causing driver to hurry
 Poor vehicle selection
 Inadequate driver training
 Poor employee selection procedures
 Inadequate maintenance procedures
 Poor or no risk assessment
 Failure to develop a safe system of work
 No defect reporting procedure
 Lack of daily fork lift truck inspection
 Lack of management commitment
 No supervision