1 J‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

2
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 Introduction1 J2
‫א‬
Binary )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Digital ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Number System
 K(Electronic Circuits
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Decimal Number System)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Hexadecimal Numbering System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Octal Number System)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Symbol)،(Number)‫א‬(Digit)
 ‫א‬(0,1,2,3,4, ... , 8,9)،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(14)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1,4)(14)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(123)‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

(6)(1,2,3)(123)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

  Decimal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(10)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (10)(10)‫א‬
 K0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
(128)‫א‬‫א‬(Positional Weight)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(8)‫א‬‫א‬
(2)‫א‬‫א‬،(8 × 1 = 8) 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬،(2 × 10 = 20) 10 ‫א‬
K(1 × 100 = 100) 100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(1 × 100) + (2 × 10) + (8 × 1) = 100 + 20 + 8 = 128

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W100 = 110 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
........ 105 104 103 102 101 100

 W128‫א‬

1 2 8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 102 101 100
 1 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 8 × 100
  (128)10 = 100 + 20 + 8
‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬(128)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Subscript)‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W10-1
 
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
10 10 10  10 10 10 ........
‫א‬‫א‬  
(Decimal Point)  
 
 Binary Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
(2)(2) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(0‫ و‬1)‫א‬
 W
..... 24 23 22 21 20 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
..... 16 8 4 2 1
 W(11001)‫א‬‫א‬
 
24 23 22 21 20
1 1 0 0 1
= (1 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) + (0 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20)
4 3

= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = (25)10

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(11001)2‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Binary Digit)‫א‬(Bit)‫א‬‫ א‬W(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬■
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(4-bits)(1001)2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(7-bits)(1101101)2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ W(Number of Binary Combinations)‫א‬‫א‬■

K(bits)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N  2n
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= NW
 (bits)‫א‬= n
 W‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬
N = 22 = 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬
N = 23 = 8
 W‫א‬‫א‬(4)‫א‬‫א‬
N = 24 = 16
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬■
(1)(1)20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
22‫א‬(2)21‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(4)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬(Least Significant Bit)‫א‬
 (Most Significant Bit) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bit)‫א‬‫א‬WEbyte) ‫א‬ ■
(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

(byte)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
1 byte = 8 bits

Decimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Sum of Weights Method)
‫א‬‫א‬(Repeated Division–by–2 Method)(2)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4 J2
‫א‬،214‫א‬،‫א‬(14)10‫א‬‫א‬
 .(0)‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)
 W
 
‫ א‬        
14 ÷ 2 = 7 0
7 ÷2=3 1
3 ÷2=1 1
1 ÷2=0 1

(MSB) 1 1 1 0 (LSB)
 
 W
(14)10 = (1110)2
 K‫א‬(25)10‫א‬‫א‬WE1 J2F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬  
- 16 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

25 ÷ 2 = 12 1 (LSB)
12 ÷ 2 = 6 0
6 ÷2=3 0
3 ÷2=1 1
1 ÷2=0 1 (MSB)
 W‫א‬
(25)10 = (11001)2

 K‫א‬(87)10‫א‬‫א‬WE2 J2F 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬
87 ÷ 2 = 43 1 (LSB)
43 ÷ 2 = 21 1
21 ÷ 2 = 10 1
10 ÷ 2 = 5 0
5 ÷2=2 1
2 ÷2=1 0
1 ÷2=0 1 (MSB)
 W‫א‬
(87)10 = (1010111)2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Decimal Fractions)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(2)‫א‬
 K(2)‫א‬‫א‬
(0.3125)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.3125)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(2)
(Carried Digits)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
- 17 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬
0.3125  2 = 0.625 0

0.625  2 = 1.25 1

0.25  2 = 0.5 0

0.5  2 = 1.00 1

‫א‬ (LSB)1 0 1 0 (MSB)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  
 

 K‫א‬(39.25)10‫א‬‫א‬WE3 J2F
 W(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬
39 ÷ 2 = 19 1 (LSB)
19 ÷ 2 = 9 1
9 ÷2=4 1
4 ÷2=2 0
2 ÷2=1 0
1 ÷2=0 1 (MSB)
 W‫א‬
  (39)10 = (100111)     
 W(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
0.25  2 = 0.5 0

0.5  2 = 1.00 1
- 18 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 W
(0.25)10 = (0.01)2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(39.25)10 = (100111.01)2
  Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J2
(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1,2,4,8,16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1)‫א‬‫א‬(bit)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬1101001‫א‬‫א‬WE4 J2F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)W‫א‬
 W
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 : ‫א‬
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 : ‫א‬‫א‬
= 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
6 5 4

= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 = (105)10
(bits ) ‫خانات‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Binary Point)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Decimal Point)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
……24 23 22 21 20  2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4…….
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬(0.1011)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5 J2F 

 W‫א‬
 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4
0 1 0 1 1

- 19 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

(0.1011)2 = 1 × 2-1 + 1 × 2-3 + 1 × 2-4

= 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = (0.6875)10

 Binary Arithmetic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Binary Addition ‫א‬‫א‬1 J6 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Binary Digits)
 
 
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
0 + 1 = 0 carry E‫א‬F 1  = 10

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬،(2)1 + 1 = 10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K011, 110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE6 J2F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
1 1
6 1 1 0
+3 + 0 1 1
EF 9 1 0 0 1

 K011, 100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7 J2F 

W‫א‬
4 1 0 0
- 20 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

+3 0 1 1
EF 7 1 1 1

 Binary Subtraction ‫א‬‫א‬2 J6 J2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
K‫א‬‫א‬ J2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0–0=0
1–0=1
1–1=0
0–1=1 (1) ‫א‬ (1)‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K(0)‫א‬(1)(1)(0)(0) 
K(1)‫א‬(1)(0) 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(0)(1)‫א‬(0)(1) 
K(0)(1)(1)E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K(011)‫א‬‫א‬(101)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8 J2F 

   W‫א‬
(0)‫א‬(1)‫א‬
0      
1
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

1 0 1 ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬
 –0 11 ‫א‬
(1)(10)‫א‬
     
(1) ‫ א‬ 0 1 0
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J2
One's and Two's Complements of Binary Numbers
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1)(0)(0)(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (1)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 +‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
K10110011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬  
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
+ 1 (1)   
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(0)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(10101101)2‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1  ‫א‬‫א‬  
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
Representation of Signed Numbers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1)،‫א‬(0)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ (Sign Bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .(Magnitude)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(2's Complement)‫א‬‫א‬ (1'sComplement) ‫א‬‫א‬(Sign-Magnitude)
 

 (Sign-Magnitude System) ‫א‬‫א‬1 J8 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bit)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(+23)‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1    
‫א‬
(Sign Bit)
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
(Magnitude Bits)
- 23 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 
 

 W ‫–( فإننا‬23)‫א‬‫א‬

 

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1     
 

 K‫א‬(–23) , (+23)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 (1's Complement System) ‫א‬‫א‬2 J8 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(–23) ‫א‬‫א‬
 

00010111 (+23)‫א‬  
 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0(–23)‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 (2's Complement)‫א‬‫א‬3 J8 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
(+23)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(–23)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  W
 

00010111 (+23)‫א‬  
 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1(–23)‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- 24 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9 J2
Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE6 J2F‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11111010‫א‬‫א‬00001110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE9 J2F 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
 14 – (– 6) = 14 + 6 = 20
 W‫א‬
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 ‫א‬(+14)
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ‫א‬‫א‬(+6)
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ‫א‬(+20)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE10 J2F 

(00001000)2 – (00000100)2
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
8 – 4 = 8 + (– 4) = 4
 W
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ‫א‬(+8)
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬(– 4)
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ‫א‬(+4)
 ‫א‬
(Discard carry)
 
 

 
- 25 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE11 J2F 

(11100111)2 – (00001001)2
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
– 25 – (+9) = – 25 – 9 = – 34
 W
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ‫א‬(– 25)
+ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ‫א‬‫א‬(– 9)
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 ‫ –( א‬34)
 ‫א‬
 
(Discard carry)
 
 The Octal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 J2
(8)(8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J10 J2
(8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(……83 82 81 80 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬(…... 512 64 8 1)
‫א‬(2275)8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬: 83 82 81 80
‫א‬‫ א‬: 2 2 7 5
 (2275)8 = (2  83) + (2  82) + (7  81) + (5  80)
- 26 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

= (2  512) + (2  64) + (7  8) + (5  1)
= 1024 + 128 + 56 + 5 = (1213)10

 Decimal–to–Octal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J10 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(8)‫א‬
 K(2)(8)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J10 J2
(8)150‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(150)10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(8)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(0)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
{Most ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{Least Significant Digit} (LSD)
 W‫א‬‫א‬(MSD)Significant Digit}
 
‫א‬
150 ÷ 8 = 18 6 (LSD)
18 ÷ 8 = 2 2
2 ÷8=0 2 (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(150)10 = (226)8

 K‫א‬‫א‬(624)10‫א‬‫א‬WE12 J2F 

 
‫א‬ W‫א‬

624 ÷ 8 = 78 0 (LSD)
78 ÷ 8 = 9 6
9 ÷8=1 1
1 ÷8=0 1 (MSD)
 W‫א‬
- 27 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

(624)10 = (1160)8

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J10 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(0.265)‫א‬‫א‬K(8)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(8)0.265‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(8)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬Carried Digits)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
 
‫الحامل‬

0.265  8 = 2.12 2 (MSD)

0.12  8 = 0.96 0
0.96  8 = 7.68 7
0.68  8 = 5.44 5
0.44  8 = 3.52 3
0.52  8 = 4.16 4 (LSD)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(6)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.625)10 = (0.207534)8
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(44.5625)10‫א‬‫א‬WE13 J2F 
 K(8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 

44 ÷ 8 = 5 4 (LSD)
5 ÷8=0 5 (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(44)10 = (54)8
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 

 W(8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫الحامل‬
0.5625  8 = 4.5 4
0.5  8 = 4.00 4
 W
(0.5625)10 = (0.44)8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(44.5625)10 = (54.44)8
 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J10 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬1,8,64,512,4096‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(8)
(Digit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(324)8‫א‬‫א‬WE14 J2F 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: 82 81 80
‫א‬‫א‬: 3 2 4

 (324)8 = (3  82) + (2  81) + (4  80)

= (3  64) + (2  8) + (4  1)
= 192 + 16 + 4 = (212)10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Octal Point) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
……8 8 8 8 8  8 8 8 8 …….
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- 29 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(567.14)8‫א‬‫א‬WE15 J2F 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: 82 81 80  8-1 8-2
‫א‬‫א‬: 5 6 7  1 4

 (567.14)8 = (5  82) + (6  81) + (7  80) + (1  8-1) + (4  8-2)

= (5  64) + (6  8) + (7  1) + (1  0.125) + (4  0.015625)
= 320 + 48 + 7 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = (375.1875)10
 Octal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J10 J2
‫א‬‫א‬ (Digit)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(3-bits)
 KE1 J2F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
‫א‬‫א‬ 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(357)8‫א‬‫א‬WE16 J2F 

 W‫א‬
(357)8 = 3 5 7

011 101 111

= (011101111)2
 

 K‫א‬(1276.543)8‫א‬‫א‬WE17 J2F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
(1276.543)8 = 1 2 7 6  5 4 3

001 010 111 110  101 100 011

= (1010111110.101100011)2
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Binary-to-Octal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J10 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J–‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(1011001011100.00101)2‫א‬‫א‬WE18 J2F 
 W‫א‬
001 011 001 011 100  001 010
 

1 3 1 3 4  1 2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
(1011001011100.00101)2 = (13134.12)8

Arithmetic Operations in Octal System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J10 J2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Octal Addition ‫א‬‫א‬1 J6 J10 J2

‫א‬(0,9)‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(10)‫א‬(9)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(9)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(10)‫א‬‫א‬(0,1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(7)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(7)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(10)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (20,21,22,……,27)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(11,12,13,14,15,16,17)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2F‫א‬K‫א‬(30,31,……,37)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(7)
(2)‫א‬‫א‬(7)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(7)‫א‬(8)‫א‬‫א‬(7)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬(10)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 32 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 +
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
11 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 2
12 11 10 7 6 5 4 3 3
13 12 11 10 7 6 5 4 4
14 13 12 11 10 7 6 5 5
15 14 13 12 11 10 7 6 6
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 7 7
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2F‫א‬
 
 K(42)8، (34)8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE19 J2F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
34
+ 42
76

(34)8 + (42)8 = (76)8

 
(7)E3,4)E4,2F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 K(63)8(56)8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE20 J2F
 W‫א‬
5 6
+ 6 3
1 4 1
 

‫א‬(2)(7)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Carry)‫א‬
 
- 33 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

Subtraction in Octal System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J6 J10 J2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(8)
K‫א‬‫א‬
(657)8 – (346)8 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE21 J2F 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
6 5 7 ‫א‬
– 3 4 6 ‫א‬
3 1 1

(657)8 – (346)8 = (311)8

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 

(732)8 – (634)8W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE22 J2F

 W‫א‬
6 2 1

7 3 2 ‫א‬
– 6 3 4 ‫א‬
0 7 6
(732)8 – (634)8 = (76)8

‫א‬‫א‬(2)(4)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(2)(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Hexadecimal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11 J2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) ‫א‬(16)
 K‫א‬(10,11,12,13,14,15)‫א‬‫א‬(A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬
 

Hexadecimal–to–Decimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J11 J2

Conversion
3
(…16 16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬(... 4096 256 16 1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬162 161 160)
 W(522.39)16‫א‬‫א‬
 
2 1 0 -1 -2
‫א‬‫א‬: 16 16 16  16 16
‫א‬‫א‬: 5 2 2  3 9
 (522.39)16 = (5  162) + (2  161) + (2  160) + (3  16-1) + (9  16-2)
= (5  256) + (2  16) + (2  1) + (3  0.0625) + (9  0.0039062)
= 1280 + 32 + 2 + 0.1875 + 0.0351558 = (1314.222655)10

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Decimal-to-Hexadecimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J11 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Conversion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(16)
 .(2)(8)(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J11 J2

(16)97‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(97)10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(0)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)
 
‫א‬
- 35 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

97 ÷ 16 = 6 1 (LSD)
6 ÷ 16 = 0 6 (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(97)10 = (61)16
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(314)10‫א‬‫א‬WE23 J2F
W‫א‬
‫א‬  
 
314 ÷ 16 = 19 A (LSD)
19 ÷ 16 = 1 3
1 ÷ 16 = 0 1 (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(314)10 = (13A)16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J11 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.78125)10‫א‬‫א‬K(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
‫الحامل‬
0.78125  16 = 12.5 C
0.5  16 = 8.00 8
 W
(0.78125)10 = (0.C8)16
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(329.52)10‫א‬‫א‬WE24 J2F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 W16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 

329 ÷ 16 = 20 9 (LSD)
20 ÷ 16 = 1 4
1 ÷ 16 = 0 1 (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(329)10 = (149)16
 W‫א‬‫א‬(16)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  

0.52  16 = 8.32 8 (MSD)

0.32  16 = 5.12 5
0.12  16 = 1.92 1
0.92  16 = 14.72 E
0.72  16 = 11.52 B
0.52  16 = 8.32 8 (LSD)

 W‫א‬(6)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

(0.52)10 = (0.851EB8)16
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(329.52)10 = (149.851EB8)16
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J11 J2
Conversion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(16)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(F9B)16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE25 J2F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: 162 161 160
‫א‬: F 9 B

 (F9B)16 = (F  162) + (9  161) + (B  160)

= (15  256) + (9  16) + (11  1)
= 3840 + 144 + 11 = (3995)10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
……163 162 161 160  16-1 16-2 16-3 …….
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬(A15.C3)16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE26 J2F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: 162 161 160  16-1 16-2
‫א‬‫א‬: A 1 5  C 3

 (A15.C3)16 = (A  162) + (1  161) + (5  160) + (C  16-1) + (3  16-2)

= (10  256) + (1  16) + (5  1) + (12  0.0625) + (3  0.0039062)
= 2560 + 16 + 5 + 0.75 + 0.0117186 = (2581.7617)10
Hexadecimal-to-Binary ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J11 J2
Conversion
(0,1,2,……,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(10,11,12,13,14,15)
(4-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3 J2F‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 38 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬(3A5)16‫א‬WE27 J2F 

  W‫א‬
(3A5)16 = 3 A 5

0011 1010 0101

= (001110100101)2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J2F‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(B35.D1)16‫א‬WE28 J1F 

 W‫א‬
(B35.D1)16 = B 3 5  D 1

1011 0011 0101  1101 0001

= (101100110101.11010001)2

- 39 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

Binary-to-Hexadecimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J11 J2

Conversion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(110111101.101001)2‫א‬‫א‬WE29 J2F 
 W‫א‬
0001 1011 1101  1010 0100
 
 
1 B D  A 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(110111101.101001)2 = (1BD.A4)16
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(11010010011.011001)2‫א‬‫א‬WE30 J2F 

 K
 W‫א‬
0001 1010 1011  0110 1000
 

1 A B  6 8

- 40 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

(11010010011.011001)2 = (1AB.68)16
Hexadecimal-to-Octal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J11 J2
Conversion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(AB3E.87D)16‫א‬WE31 J2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
(AB3E.87D)16 = (1010101100111110.100001111101)2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

001 010 101 001 111 110  100 001 111 101
 

1 2 5 4 7 6  4 1 7 5
 K‫א‬‫א‬

(AB3E.87D)16 = (125476.4175)8
Octal-to-Hexadecimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J11 J2
Conversion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(25.342)8‫א‬‫א‬WE32 J1F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
(25.342)8 = (010101.011100010)2
 
- 41 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0001 0101  0111 0001
 

1 2  7 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(25.342)8 = (12.71)16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 J11 J2
Arithmetic Operations in Hexadecimal System
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Hexadecimal Addition‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J8 J11 J2

(F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0,FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(10)‫א‬‫א‬،(10)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(B)16(9)16‫א‬‫א‬(A)16‫א‬(9)16‫א‬‫א‬
 K(F)16‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(10)16‫א‬(F)16‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(11)16‫א‬(F)16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J2F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 +
- 42 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2
12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 3
13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 4
14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 5
15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 6
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 7
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 8
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 9
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A A
1A 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B B
1B 1A 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C C
1C 1B 1A 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D D
1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E E
1E 1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F F
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J2F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬WE33 J2F 
(35AB2)16 + (1A675)16
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
1 1 1

3 5 A B 2
+ 1 A 6 7 5
5 0 1 2 7

(35AB2)16 + (1A675)16 = (50127)16

Hexadecimal Subtraction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J8 J11 J2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE34 J2F 

(F2ABD)16 – (EF4CE)16
 W‫א‬
E 9 1A
1 1
F 2 A B D
– E F 4 C E
3 5 E D
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 44 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
a) 64 b) 112 c) 257 d) 27.26
e) 77.0625 f) 47.875 g) 33.125

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
a) 11011 b) 1110101 c) 111111 d) 1110.11
e) 10101.1101 f) 1100001.11011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
a) 100 + 111 b) 1110.11 + 11.10
c) 1111 + 1101 d) 1001.101 + 1101.11

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
a) 1101 – 0100 b) 1001 – 0111
c) 11010 – 10111 d) 1100 – 1001

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
a) 00110101 b) 11100100 c) 00010101

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
a) 11110110 b) 01011101 c) 00110011

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7
 W(8-bits) ‫א‬‫א‬
a) +28 b) – 83 c) +99 d) – 120

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8
 W(8-bits) ‫א‬‫א‬
a) +14 b) – 63 c) +107 d) – 122

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8F‫א‬‫א‬E9
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10
a) 10111000 b) 01100100 c) 10110011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11
a) 10011101 b) 01100110 c) 10101101

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12
a) 10101011 b) 000111101 c) 10111011
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14
a) 00010110 – 00110011 b) 01110000 – 10101111
c) 10001100 – 00111001 d) 11011001 – 11100111

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15
a) 50 b) 100 c) 6391 d) 77.375
e) 120.515625 f) 144.5625 g) 915.141

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E16
a) 42 b) 254 c) 1057 d) 37.5
e) 96.11 f) 115.3 g) 14367.12

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17
a) 72 b) 113 c) 16.3 d) 37.6
e) 122.775 f) 417.632 g) 276.621

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18
a) 110101.1101 b) 11110100.110101 c) 110110111.10101
d) 10001001011.1001 e) 1010111.11101

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E19
a) (15)8 + (17)8 b) (44)8 + (66)8
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬126 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1 J‫א‬ 

c) (123)8 + (321)8 d) (272)8 + (456)8

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E20
a) (32)8 – (25)8 b) (147)8 – (74)8
c) (315)8 – (222)8 d) (437)8 – (340)8

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E21
a) 14 b) 80 c) 560 d) 3000
e) 62500 f) 204.125 g) 255.875 h) 631.25
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E22
a) 9F b) D52 c) 67F d) ABCD
e) F.4 f) B3.E g) 1111.1 h) 888.8

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E23
a) 8 b) 1C c) A64 d) 1F.C e) 239.4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E24
a) 1001.1111 b) 10000.1 c) 110101.11001
d) 10100111.111011 e) 1000000.000111 f) 1111100.1000011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E25
a) 13A b) 25E6 c) 3016 d) B4.C
e) 78.D3 f) 2659.F41

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E26
a) 37 b) 725 c) 2476.2 d) 1117.16
e) 1600.524 f) 3000.6125

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E27
a) (41)16 + (36)16 b) (C8)16 + (3A)16
c) (9B)16 + (65)16 d) (11D)16 + (2E1)16
f) (77CB5)16 + (A5F72)16 g) (13EFD)16 + (21BB3)16

 

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