History of Social Science and Philosophy

Module 1
HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
What this module is about
In this module, you will know the history of Social Science and Philosophy.
Social Sciences study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo
sapiens. It is also a study of human behavior by scientific method. The way in
which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the investigation of
human social behavior.
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters

such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language. Philosophy is the root
of all knowledge. It is considered as mother of all sciences. Philosophy helps to
coordinate the various activities of the individual and the society. It helps us to
understand the significance of all human experiences. It develops acomprehensive
system of thoughts about the universe and the life as a whole.
So, read this module and understand the information through the pages of
this module.
What you are expected to learn
Content Standard/Performance Standard

The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
* The history of Siocial Science and Philosophy.
Learning Competencies:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Familiarize the history of Social Science and Philophy;
2. Explain the Nature and Scope of Social Science and Philosophy; and
3. Explain the Branches of Social Sciences and Philosophy.
1
General Objectives:
This module will enable you to:
1. Familiarize the history of Philosophy and Social Science;

2. Explain the Nature and Scope of Philosophy and Social Science; and
3. Explain the Branches of Social Science and Philosophy.
How to learn from this module
1. Read and understand the module very well.

2. Follow directions accurately.
3. Perform every activity exercises in each lesson.
4. Answer the self-check exercises as honestly as you can.
PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the history of Social
Science and Philosophy.
!.___________________is the study of general and fundamental problems
concernin g matters such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and
language.
2. Philosophy is the root of all ______________________.
3. Philosophy is considered as ______________________.
4. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the
__________________ and the society.
5. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all ________________.
6. Philosophy develops a ________________________system of thoughts about
the universe and the life as a whole.
7. ________________study the social behavior of the mammalian species,
Homo sapiens.
7. It is also a study of ____________________by scientific method.
8. The way in which people have tried to develop a ____________________to
the investigation of human social behavior.
8. ________________ helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences.
9. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
__________________.
10. People of all ages rely on these _________________ways of knowing about
the world-experiential, cognitive and experimental.
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.1 THE HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND
2
PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning

matters such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language.
Philosophy is the root of all knowledge. It is considered as mother of all sciences.
Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and the
society. It helps us to understand the significance of all human experiences. It
develops acomprehensive system of thoughts about the universe and the life as
a whole.
Materials/Resources:
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 PowerPoint Presentation
 Video Clips
 Handouts
 Journal in NGEC 10
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?
Read the Information Sheet L.O.1.1
INFORMATION SHEET L.O.1.1
HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHY
History of Social Sciences
The history of social sciences has origin in the common stock of Western
philosophy and shares precursors, but began most intentionally in the early 19 th
century with the positivist philosophy of science. Since the mid-20th century, the
term “social science” has come to refer more generally, not just to sociology, but
3
to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture; from anthropology to
linguistics to media studies.
The idea that society may be studied in a standardized and objective

manner, with scholarly rules and methodology, is comparatively recent. While
there is evidence of early sociology in medieval Islam, and while philosophers
susch as Confucius had long since theorized on topics such as social roles, the
scientific analysis of “Man” is peculiar to the intellectual break away from the Age
of Enlightenment and toward the discourses of Modernity. Social sciences came
forth from the moral philosophy of the time and was influenced by the Age of
Revolutions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. (1) The
beginnings of social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in the grand
encyclopedia of Diderot, with articles from Rosseau and othe pioners.
Around the start of 20th century, enlightenment philosophy was challenged in

various quarters. After the use of classical theories since the end of the scientific
revolution, various field substituted mathematics studies for experimental studies
and examining equations to build a theoretical structure. The development of
social science subfields became very quantitative in methodology. Conversely,
the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human
behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it made many of the
natural sciences interested in some aspects of social science methodology. (2)
Examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social studies of
medicine, sociobiology, neuropsychology, bioeconomics and the history and
sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative and qualitative methods are being
integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences.
In the first half of the 20 th century, statistics became a free-standing discipline of
applied mathematics. Statistical methods were used confidently.
In the contemporary period, there continues to be little movement toward

consensus on what methodology might have the power and refinement to
connect a proposed “grand theory” with the various midrange theories that, with
considerable success, continue to provide usable frameworks for massive,
growing data banks.
History of Philosophy
Philosophy has been around since the dawn of Western Civilization. The
golden age of Greek pgilosophy took place in Athens in the 5 th century BC. The
works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle informed thousands of years of
thought,becoming central to thought in the Roman world, the Middle Ages, and
then resurfacing in the renaissance and later.
4
Starting at the height of the Roman Republic, Christian thought was central to
philosophy at least until the enlightenment. In the 18 th century, questions of how
we believe we know (epistemology), and new ethical schools began to form. By
the late 1800’s, questions of language, logic and meaning took center stage, and
the 20th century played host to one of the largest bursts of philosophical work
ever seen. Today philosophical thought is applied to almost every component of
life, from science to warfare, politics to artificial intelligence.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 1.1
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
Multiple Choice. Read the questions/statements below and write your answer in
the space provided for each item.
1. The study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo sapiens.
a. Social Sciences b. Biosociology c. Philosophy d. Social Studies
2. Social Sciences is a study of human behavior by _________________.
a. Scientific Method b. Research c. Statistics d. Theory
3. The way in which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the
investigation of human _______________.
a. social behavior b. human ethics c. human appearance d. Human virtues
4. The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language.
5. The root of all knowledge and considered as mother of all sciences.
6. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and the
____________.
a. people b. community c. society d. organization
7. Year when the term “social science” has come to refer more generally, not just
to sociology, but to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture.
a. 19th century b. 20th century c. mid-20th century d. 18th century
8. Philosopher who had long theorized on topics such as social roles, the
of Enlightenment and toward the discourses of Modernity.
a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Confucius d. Socrates
9. Philosophy has been around since the dawn of ____________.
a. Eastern civilization b. Mid-civilization c. Western civilization d. a & b
10. Today it is applied to almost every component of life, from science to warfare,
politics to artificial intelligence.
a. Philosophical thought b. Sociological thought c. Western thought d. b & c
5
POST-TEST
A. Fill in the blank. Provide the correct answer/information needed for each
item.
1. 1. ___________________is the study of general and fundamental problems
language.
__________________ and the society.
5. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all
________________.
6. Philosophy develops a ________________________system of thoughts
about the universe and the life as a whole.
7. ________________study the social behavior of the mammalian species,
Homo sapiens.
8. It is also a study of ____________________by scientific method.
9. The way in which people have tried to develop a ____________________to
the investigation of human social behavior.
10. ________________ helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences.
__________________.
B. Multiple Choice. Read the questions/statements below and write your answer
in the space provided for each item.
2. The study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo sapiens.
2. Social Sciences is a study of human behavior by _________________.
a. Scientific Method b. Research c. Statistics d. Theory
3. The way in which people have tried to develop a scientific approach to the
investigation of human _______________.
a. social behavior b. human ethics c. human appearance d. Human virtues
4. The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language.
5. The root of all knowledge and considered as mother of all sciences.
6
6. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and the
____________.
a. people b. community c. society d. organization
7. Year when the term “social science” has come to refer more generally, not just
to sociology, but to all those disciplines which analyze society and culture.
a. 19th century b. 20th century c. mid-20th century d. 18th century
8. Philosopher who had long theorized on topics such as social roles, the
of Enlightenment and toward the discourses of Modernity.
a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Confucius d. Socrates
9. Philosophy has been around since the dawn of ____________.
a. Eastern civilization b. Mid-civilization c. Western civilization d. a & b
10. Today it is applied to almost every component of life, from science to warfare,
politics to artificial intelligence.
a. Philosophical thought b. Sociological thought c. Western thought d. b & c
EXTENSION
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Activity Sheet L.O.1.1
History of Social Science and Philosophy
Directions:
1. Read again the history of Social Sciences and Philosophy.
2. Find the similarities and differences of the two.
HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM?
Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.

Remember it is your learning at stake!
Activity Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Poor

(5) (3) (1)
Learner should be able to:
 Give the similarities of Well Matched Not Fully
Social Sciences and Matched
Philosophy No Answer
 Give the differences of Well Not Fully
Social Sciences and Differentiated Differentiated
7
Philosophy. No Answer
Total
Interpretation of the Scores:
5 – Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
Comments/Suggestions:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY;
Watch: “History of Social Science” and “History of Philosophy” at

https//www.youtube.com.ph
Question to Answer: (Send to GC Messenger or email of the teacher)
A. History of Social Science
1. When was Social Science discovered?.

2. Who discovered/proposed the Social Science?
3. Where it was proposed and used?.
4. Why is it necessary to study the Social Science?
B. History of Philosophy
1. When was Philosophy discovered?.

2. Who discovered/proposed the Philosophy?
3. Where it was proposed and used?.
4. Why is it necessary to study the Philosophy?
References:
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ARON, RAYMOND, German Sociology, Heinemann, 1957.
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Idea of History, OUP, 1946.
LASLETT, PETER (Ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, 1956.
MALCOLM, NORMAN, Article in the Philosophical Review, Vol. LXIII, 1954, pp.
530-559.
MANDELBAUM, MAURICE, ‘Societal Facts’, B.J.Sociol., VI,4 (1955).
NEWCOMB, T.M., Social Psychology, Tavistock publications, 1952.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Political Education, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
PALMIANO, DARIEL A.. (2015) Philosophy of the Human Person. Prince Chariel
Publishing House,San Isidro, Pili, Camarines Sur.
PARETO, VILFREDO, The Mind and Society, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
PARSONS, TALCOTT, The Structure of Social Action, Allen & Unwin, 1949.
POPPER, KARL, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1945.
RHEES, RUSH, ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVIII.
SHERIF, M. & SHERIF, C., An Outline of Social Psychology, New York, Harper,
1956.
STRAWSON, P.F., Critical Notice in Mind , Vol. LXIII, No. 249, pp.84 ff.
Websites:
https://www.wikipedia.com/history-of-
socialsciences/content/uploads/2020/05/History-of-SocialSciences
https://www.superscholar.org/history-of-
philosophy/content/uploads/2014/09/History-of-Philosophy
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2 NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

AND PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
9
Social Science is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and
functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of
individuals as members of society. It is also a science (such as economics or
political science) dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human society.
Philosophy uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze the ways in which
humans experience the world. It teaches critical thinking, close reading, clear
writing and logical analysis. It uses these to understand the language we use to
describe the world and our place within it.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
NATURE AND SCOPE OF SCOCIAL SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHY
Nature/Concept of Social Science
individuals as members of society. It is also a science (such as economics or
political science) dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human society.
Scope of Social Science
Social Science as a whole has many branches. These social sciences

include, but are not limited to: anthropology, archealogy, communication studies,
economics, history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics,
political science, psychology, public health and sociology.
The Study of Philosophy
10
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning
matters such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and language.
Philosophy is the root of all knowledge. It is considered as mother of all sciences.
Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and the
society. It helps us to understand the significance of all human experiences. It
develops a comprehensive system of thoughts about the universe and the life as
a whole.
Philosophy uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze the ways in which
humans experience the world. It teaches critical thinking, close reading, clear
writing and logical analysis. It uses these to understand the language we use to
Scope of Philosophy
Philosophy is considered as mother of all sciences. Epistemology,

metaphysics, logic, ethics and aesthetics are the branches of Philosophy.
Importance of Social Science and Philosophy
Social Science help us to understand how institutions develops behavior of

human and determine the functions of human society and analyze the short-term
and long-term impact of the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members
of society.
Philosophy help us identify the general and fundamental problems

concerning matters such as the nature knowledge, truth, justice, mind and
language. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual
and the society. It helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences. Philosophy help us develop various skills especially in general
problem solving. Finally, Philosophy enhances a person’s problem-solving
capacities by analyzing concepts, definitions, arguments and problem concerns.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 1.2
Matching Type. Match Column A to Column B by writing the answer in the space
provided for each item.
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Column A Column B
______1. Branch of science that deals with the A. Philosophy

institutions and functioning of human society.
______2. It uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze B. General Problem
the ways in which humans experience the world. Solving Skills
______3. The main concern of Social Science. C. Social Science
______4. Philosophy enhances the human skills D. Institutions and

generally. human society
______5. Philosophy helps us to understand the E. Logical analysis

significance of all human activities and ______.
______6. Philosophy teaches critical thinking, close F. Comprehensive

reading, clear writing and ______. system
______7. Philosophy develops a _________of thoughts G. Human behavior

______8. Social Science help us to understand how H. Experiences

institutions develops __________.
______9.Philosophy enhances a person’s problem- I. Human society

solving capacities by analyzing concepts, definitions,
arguments and ________.
______10.Social Science also dealing with a particular J. Problem concerns

phase or aspect of _________.
POST-TEST
True or False. Write True if the sentence is correct and False if not.
_______1. Philosophy is also a science (such as economics or political science)

dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human society.
_______2. Social Science uses the tools of logic and reason to analyze the ways
in which humans experience the world.
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_______3. Philosophy teaches critical thinking, close reading, clear writing and
logical analysis.
_______4. Social Science uses tools to understand the language we use to
_______5. Philosophy help us identify the general and fundamental problems
language.
_______6. Social helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual and
the society.
_______7. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences.
_______8. Philosophy help us develop various skills especially in general
problem solving.
_______9. Philosophy enhances a person’s problem-solving capacities by
analyzing concepts, definitions, arguments and problem concerns.
_______10. Social Science is considered as mother of all sciences.
_______11. Epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics and aesthetics are the
branches of Philosophy.
_______12. Philosophy is the root of all knowledge.
_______13. Anthropology, archealogy, communication studies, economics,
history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics, political
science, psychology, public health and sociology are not branches of Social
Sciences.
_______14. Social Science teaches critical thinking, close reading, clear writing
and logical analysis.
_______15. The study of Philosophy help us determine the functions of human
society and analyze the short-term and long-term impact of the interpersonal
relationships of individuals as members of society.
EXTENSION
13
Nature and Scope of Social Science and Philosophy
Directions:
1. Analyze the Nature and Scope of Social Science and Philosophy.

2. Compare and contrast them.


(5) (3) (1)
 Compare and contrast Well Compared Not Fully
the Nature and Scope of & Contrasted Compared &
Social Science and Contrasted No Answer
Philosophy.
 Explain the importance Well Explained Not Fully
of the Nature and Scope Explained
of Social Science and No Answer
Philosophy.
Total
5 - Very satisfactory
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Watch: “Nature and Scope of Social Science and Philosophy” at

14
1. What are the nature and scope of social science?

2. What are the nature and scope of philosophy?.
3. Among the nature and scope of social science, which do you like best? Why?
4. Among the nature and scope of philosophy, which do you like best? Why?
References:

530-559.
15
1945.
1956.
Websites:
LEARNING OUTCOME 1.3 BRANCHES OF SCOCIAL SCIENCES AND

PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
individuals as members of society.Social Science has many branches. These
include, but are not limited to: anthropology, archealogy, communication studies,
16
economics, history, musicology, human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics,
political science, psychology, public health and sociology.
Philosophy is the mother of all sciences. Epistemology, metaphysics, logic,

ethics and aesthetics are the branches of Philosophy.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
BRANCHES OF SCOCIAL SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHY
Branches of Social Science
Social Science has many branches. These include, but are not limited to:
anthropology, archeaology, communication, economics, history, musicology,
human geography, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, public
health and sociology.
Branches Description
Anthropology The word anthropology comes from the Latin term
antropologia which means “human races” and logos
meaning “science”. Thus, anthropology study the science
of human races. It is not only the study of human races
but also origins, societies and culture. The study of
human beings and their ancestors through time and
space and in relation to physical character,
environmental and social relations and culture.
Archeaology The word archeaology comes from the Greek term
archaeologia which means “past human life ” and logos
meaning “science”. Thus, archeaology study the science
17
of past human life. It is the study of the ancient people,
activities and culture.
Communication The communication was first use in 14 th century. This
refers to act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information or to
express ides, thoughts, feelings, etc. to someone else. It
is the way of sending message/information through letter,
telephone or any technological tools for communications.
Economics The word economics was first used in 17 th century. It is a
social science concerned chiefly with description and
analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption
of goods and services.
History The word history comes from the Latin term historia
which means “past events” and logos meaning “science”.
Thus, history is science of past events. The study of past
events that relate to a particular subjects, place,
organization, etc.
Musicology The word musicology comes from the Latin term musica
which means “music” and logos meaning “science”. It
was first used in 19th century. Thus, musicology is the
study the science of music. It is the study of music as a
branch of knowledge or field of research as distinct from
composition or performance.
Human geography The word human comes from the Greek term homo
which means “human being”, georgraphy from the Latin
term geographia meaning “location” and logos meaning
“science”. Thus, human geography pertains to the
discription, distribution and interactions of the diverse
physical, biological and cultural features of the earth’s
surface and of human beings.
Jurisprudence The word jurisprudence was first used in 16 th century.
Jurisprudence is the science or philosophy of law. Law is
the whole system or set of rules made by the government
of a town, state, country, etc. A rule or order that is
advisable or obligatory to observe.
Linguistics The word linguistics was first used in 18 th century. It
comes from the Latin term linguistica which means
“language”. Thus, linguistics is the study of language and
of the way languages work. It is the study of human
speech including the units, nature, structure and
modification of language.
18
Political science The word political is derived from the Greek polis,
meaning a “city” of what today would be equivalent of
sovereign state and Science comes from the Latin scire,
“to know”. Thus, Political Science is the systematic study
of the state and government.
Psychology The word psychology comes from the Greek term psyche
which means “soul” and logos meaning “science”. Thus,
psychology study the science of soul. It is not only the
study of soul but also body and mind on how man sense
the value of his life and life of others.
Public health The word public health was first used in 16 th century.
Public health is the art and science dealing with the
protection and improvement of community health by
organized community effort and including preventive
medicine and sanitary and social science.
Sociology The word sociology comes from the Latin term sociologia
which means “society” and logos meaning “science”.
Thus, sociology is the study of science of society. It is the
science of society, social institutions and social
relationships, specifically the development, structure,
interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups
of human beings.
Branches of Philosophy
Philosophy is considered as mother of all sciences. Epistemology,

metaphysics, logic, ethics and aesthetics are the branches of Philosophy.
Branches Description
Epistemology The word epistemology comes from the two Greek terms
episteme which means “knowledge” and logos meaning
“science”. Thus, it is a science of knowledge. The
science of truth and knowledge. The truth behind
statement and problem’s solution.
Metaphysics The word metaphysics comes from the Greek terms
meta which means “after” and physikon meaning
“nature”. Thus, metaphysics studies the nature of the
mind, the self, and consciousness. It is a science of
nature of human being and being a human.
Logic The word logic comes from the Greek term logike which
means “thought”. Thus, logic studies the laws of thought.
19
Laws of thought pertains to science and art of correct
thinking and reasoning from a certain arguments.
Ethics The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos
which means “character”. It deals with moral values or
morality of humans. Human morality pertains to good
manners and right conducts (GMRC).
Aesthetics The word aesthetics comes from the Greek term
aisthetikos which means “sense of perception”. Thus, it is
the science of beauty and art. Beauty not for physical
appearance but the quality of human behavior. Art is the
actual or physical output created by man using skills and
talents.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 1.3
Column A Column B
______1. The study of human beings and their A. Archeaology

ancestors through time and space and in relation to
physical character, environmental and social relations
and culture.
______2. It is the study of the ancient people, activities B. Communication

and culture.
______3. It is the way of sending message/information C. Anthropology

through letter, telephone or any technological tools for
communications.
______4. It is a social science concerned chiefly with D. Economics

description and analysis of the production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services.
______5. The study of past events that relate to a E. History

particular subjects, place, organization, etc.
______6. It is the study of music as a branch of F. Musicology

knowledge or field of research as distinct from
20
composition or performance.
______7. pertains to the discription, distribution and G. Human

interactions of the diverse physical, biological and geography
cultural features of the earth’s surface and of human
beings.
______8. It is the science or philosophy of law. H. Jurisprudence
______9. It is the study of human speech including the I. Linguistics

units, nature, structure and modification of language.
______10. It is the systematic study of the state and J. Political Science

government.
______11. It is not only the study of soul but also body K. Psychology
and mind on how man sense the value of his life and life
of others.
______12. It is the art and science dealing with the L. Public Health
protection and improvement of community health by
organized community effort and including preventive
medicine and sanitary and social science.
______13. It is the science of society, social institutions M. Sociology

and social relationships, specifically the development,
structure, interaction, and collective behavior of
organized groups of human beings.
_____14. The science of truth and knowledge. N. Epistemology
_____15. It studies the nature of the mind, the self, and O. Psychology
consciousness.
_____16. It is the science and art of correct thinking and P. Metaphysics

reasoning from a certain arguments.
_____17. It deals with moral values or morality of Q. Ethics

humans.
_____18. It studies the laws of thought. R. Aesthetics
_____19. It pertains to good manners and right conducts S. Law of Thoughts

(GMRC).
_____20. It is the science of beauty and art. T. Human morality
21
POST-TEST
True or False. Write True if the sentence is correct and False if not.
_______1. The word epistemology comes from the two Greek terms episteme
which means “knowledge” and logos meaning “science”.
_______2. Aesthetics is the study of the nature of the mind, the self, and
consciousness.
_______3.The word logic comes from the Greek term logike which means
“thought”.
_______4. The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos which means
“character”.
______5.Ethics is the science of beauty and art.
_______6. Jurisprudence is the science or philosophy of law. Law is the whole
system or set of rules made by the government of a town, state, country, etc.
_______7. Linguistics comes from the Latin term linguistica which means
“language”.
_______8. Political science derived from the Greek polis, meaning a “city” of
what today would be equivalent of sovereign state and science comes from the
Latin scire, “to know”.
_______9. Sociology is the study of soul , body and mind on how man sense the
value of his life and life of others.
______10. Public health is the art and science dealing with the protection and
improvement of community health by organized community effort and including
preventive medicine and sanitary and social science.
EXTENSION
Branches of Social Science and Philosophy
Directions:
1. Understand the Branches of Social Science and Philosophy.
22
2. Select at least 2 from Social Science and Philosophy which you consider
much helpful in your course.
3. Explain why did you select them.


(5) (3) (1)
 Select and understand 2 Well Selected & Not Fully
branches of Social Understand Selected & No Answer
Science and Philosophy. Understand
 Explain the 2 branches Well Explained Not Fully
of Social Science and Explained No Answer
Philosophy.
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Watch: “Branches of Social Sciences” and “Branches of Philosophy” at

1. Differentiate social science and philosophy.

2. What are the branches of social science?
3. What are the branches of philosophy?.
23
4. Why is it necessary to familiarize and understand the function of branches of
social science and philosophy?
References:

530-559.
1945.
1956.
24
Websites:
Module 2
POLITICAL THEORY AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
In this module, you will know the Political Theory and Political Philosophy.
Political Theory refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behaviour, and purposes of the state are dealt with the study of political
theory.
Political Philosophy is a science of Public Law, Administration, and

Economics.
this module.
25

* Political Theory and Political Philosophy.
1. Differentiate the Political Theory and Political Philosophy;
2. Explain the Scope of Political Science; and
3. Describe Public Law, Public Administration and Political Science with Other
Branches of Learning
..
General Objectives:
1. Differentiate the Political Theory and Political Philosophy;

2. Explain the Scope of Political Science; and
3. Describe Public Law, Public Administration and Political Science with Other
Branches of Learning.

PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the Political Theory
and Political Philosophy.
True or False. Write true if the sentence is correct and false if not.
_________1. Political philosophy refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to
the origin, form, behaviour, and purposes of the state and government.
_________2. Political theory is the systematic study of and reflection upon
human politics.
26
_________3. Human politics usually describes the processes by which people
and institutions exercise and resist power.
________4. Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and
citizenship.
________5. Political philosophy deals with the duties of citizens towards a
legitimate government.
________6. It is said that Aristotle formed the constitutional theory based on the
theory of justice.
________7. The conception of universal justice forms the basis of political theory.
________8. Great thinkers of past have said that politics is based on universal
justice.
________9. Epitemology and metaphysics are used in the study of political
philosophy.
________10. Political theory is logical in its explanation and conclusions while
political philosophy is metaphysical in its explanation and conclusions.
LEARNING OUTCOME 2.1 POLITICAL THEORY AND POLITICAL

PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
Political theory refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behaviour, and purposes of the state and government.
Political philosophy is the systematic study of and reflection upon human

politics. Human politics usually describes the processes by which people and
institutions exercise and resist power.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
27
POLITICAL THEORY AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Political philosophy and Political theory are two subjects that differ from each
other in certain aspects. Political philosophy deals with topics, namely justice,
property, rights, liberty and law. On the other hand, political theory deals with the
theory of politics and how it originated. This is the basic difference between
political philosophy and political theory.
Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and citizenship.
In other words, it can be said that political theory defines and explains the various
forms of government, namely, kinship, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, polity and
democracy. On the other hand, political philosophy deals with the duties of
citizens towards a legitimate government.
It is said that Aristotle formed the constitutional theory based on the theory of
justice. The conception of universal justice forms the basis of political theory.
Great thinkers of past have said that politics is based on universal justice. On the
other hand, epitemology and metaphysics are used in the study of political
philosophy. This is not the case with the political theory.
Political theory is logical in its explanation and conclusions. On the other

hand, political philosophy is metaphysical in its explanation and conclusions. The
explanation of the disposition of power in society form the crux of political theory.
Power has to be nicely balanced among three entities, namely, states, groups
and individuals. Political theory deeply studies the balancing of these thee
entities.
Political philosophers had been thinkers all through their life. On the onther
hand, the experts of political theory had been practitioners all through their life.
Political theory develops a materialistic outlook whereas political philosophy
develops a philosophical look. These are the differences between political
philosophy and political theory.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 2.1
28
Completion Type. Read the paragraph below and write the needed information
in the space provided to complete it.
1)__________________and Political theory are two subjects that differ from

each other in certain aspects. 2)___________________deals with topics, namely
3)_______, property, rights, 4)________and law. On the other hand,
5)___________________deals with the theory of politics and how it originated/
This is the basic difference between political philosophy and political theory.
Political theory deals with the general theory of constitution and citizenship.
In other words, it can be said that political theory 6)______________and
7)____________the various forms of government, namely, kinship, tyranny,
aristocracy, oligarchy, polity and democracy. On the other hand,
8)____________deals with the duties of citizens towards a legitimate
government.
It is said that 9)_____________formed the constitutional theory based on the

theory of justice. The conception of universal justice forms the basis of
10)_____________. Great thinkers of past have said that 11)__________is
based on universal justice. On the other hand, 12)______________and
13)______________are used in the study of political philosophy. This is not the
case with the political theory.
Political theory is 14)_______________in its explanation and conclusions.

On the other hand, political philosophy is 15)_______________in its explanation
and conclusions. The explanation of the disposition of power in society form the
crux of political theory. Power has to be nicely balanced among three entities,
namely, states, groups and individuals. Political theory deeply studies the
balancing of these thee entities.
Political philosophers had been thinkers all through their life. On the onther
hand, the experts of political theory had been practitioners all through their life.
Political theory develops a materialistic outlook whereas political philosophy
develops a philosophical look. These are the differences between political
philosophy and political theory.
POST-TEST
human politics.
29
citizenship.
theory of justice.
justice.
philosophy.
EXTENSION
Poltical Theory and Political Philosophy
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 2.1 Political theory and Poltical
philosophy.
2. Make a Venn Diagram. (Venn Diagram is an activity tool used to show the
main differences and similarities of the subject/topic being discussed in the
lesson)
30

(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Venn Diagram of Well Made Not Fully
Political theory and Made No Output
Political philosophy.
 Give the similarities Well Compared Not Fully
differences of Political and Compared No Answer
theory and Political Differentiated and
philosophy. Differentiated
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “Political Theory by John Locke vs. Political Theory by Clark Maxwell” at
1. Differentiate the perspectives of John Locke and Clark Maxwell on Political

Theory.
2. How they define the political theory? Are their definition the same or not?
Why?
3. What are their examples of political theory?.
4. Why political theory is important in the political philosophy?
31
References:

AYER, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, Macmillan and Penguin Books, 1996
COLLINGWOOD, R,G., The Principles of Art, OUP, 1938.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Freedom: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
HUME, DAVID, Enquiry into Human Understanding.
LEVI, E.H., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning, University of Chicago, Phoenix
Books, 1961.
LYND, R.S., Knowledge for What?, Princeton, 1945.
530-559.
MILL, J.S., A System of Logic.
1945.
32
RENNER, KARL (with Introduction by O.KAHNFREUND), The Instituitions of
Private Law and Their Social Function, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949.
RYLE, GILBERT, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, 1949.
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953.
LEARNING OUTCOME 2.2 SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Introduction
Political science is the systematic study of and reflection upon human
politics.
Human politics usually describes the processes by which people and
institutions exercise and resist power.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
33
SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political Science is the systematic study of the state and government.
The word political is derived from the Greek polis, meaning a city, of what
today would be equivalent of sovereign state.Science comes from the Latin scire,
“to know”.
The Scope of Political Science are 1) Political theory; 2) Public Law; and 3)
Public Administration.
Political Theory refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behavior, and purposes of the state are dealt with the study of political
theory.
Public Law is consisting of (a) organization of governments, (b) the limitations

upon government authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental offices
and officers, and (d) the obligations of one state to another are handled in the
study of public law.
Private Laws are the one which govern the relations among individuals,
public law is so specialized that separate courses offered in each of its
subdivisions, namely: (a) constitutional law, (b) administrative law, and (c)
international Law.
Public Administration - attention is focused upon methods and techniques
used in the actual management of the state affairs by executive, legislative, and
judicial branches of government.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 2.2
Enumeration. Enumerate and write the needed answer in the following.
1-2 Main components of Political Science

3-5 Scope of Political Science
6-9 Doctrines of Political Theory
10-11 Types of Law under Political Science
12-15 Composition of Public Law
16-18 Composition of Private Law
19-20 Main Focused of Public Administration
34
POST-TEST

human politics.
citizenship.
theory of justice.
justice.
philosophy.
EXTENSION
Political Science: Public Law and Private Law
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 2.2 Scope of Political Science.
2. Make a reflective essay about political career of candidate from a well-known
political party and a solo candidadte with non-member of political party.

35
(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Reflective Essay Well Made Not Fully
about Political Career of Made No Output
a candidate member of a
well-known political party
and solo candidate .with
non-member of political
party.
 Give the specified parts Well Given the Not Fully Parts Not
of a reflection Specified Parts Given the Specified
(introduction, body and Specified
conclusion).. Parts
 Provide and explain the Well Provided Not Fully Not
theme of essay. and Explained Provided/Expl Provided/Ex
ained plained
 With originality Original Work Copy from a No Work
source &
Paste/Copied
from Others
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Watch: “Differences between Public Law and Private Law” at

1. Differentiate public law and private law.
36
2. What are the examples of public law?
3. What are the examples of private law?.
4. What kind of law is being practiced by the legislative bodies here in the
Philippines?
References:

Books, 1961.
530-559.
1945.
37
1956.
LEARNING OUTCOME 2.3 PUBLIC LAW, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND

POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH OTHER BRANCHES OF LEARNING
Introduction
Political science is the systematic study of and reflection upon human
politics.
Public Law, public administration and economics are the main aspects for
development of a country.
Public Law is a jurisprudence which concerned with the analysis of existing

legal systems & also with the ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
Public Administration attention is focused upon methods and techniques

used in the actual management of the state affairs by executive, legislative, and
judicial branches of government.
Economics is the study of production, distribution, and conservation, and

consumption of wealth.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
38
 Video Clips
 Handouts
PUBLIC LAW, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH

OTHER BRANCHES OF LEARNING
Public Law, public administration and economics are the main aspects for
development of a country.
Public Law is consisting of (a) organization of governments, (b) the limitations

upon government authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental offices
and officers, and (d) the obligations of one state to another are handled in the
study of public law.
Private Laws are the one which govern the relations among individuals,
public law is so specialized that separate courses offered in each of its
subdivisions, namely: (a) constitutional law, (b) administrative law, and (c)
international Law.
Public Administration is a sytem where attention is focused upon methods

and techniques used in the actual management of the state affairs by executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government.
N.B, today, legislative bodies have been forced to delegate greater discretion
to executive officers responsible for the conduct of government policies and
powers. Thus we find many administrative agencies exercising quasi-legislative
and quasi-judicial powers.
Interrelationship of Political Science with other branches of learning:
1. History
“History is past politics and politics is present history.”
Political Scientist adopts a “historical approach and employs knowledge of
the past when he seeks to interpret present and probable developments in
political phenomena.
39
2. Economics
Economics is the study of production, distribution, and conservation, and
consumption of wealth.
Political Scientist adopts an “economic approach” when seeking to interpret
matters like public financial policies and government regulation of business.
3. Geography Geopolitics
It is concerned with the study of the influences of physical factors such as
population pressures, sources of raw materials, geography, etc. Upon domestic
and foreign politics.
4. Sociology & anthropology

It is deeply concerned with the origins and nature of social control and
governmental authority, with the abiding influences of race and culture upon
society, & with the patterns of collective human behavior.
5. Psychology
It promotes studies of the mental and emotional processes motivating the
political behavior of individuals and groups. Particular topics under this are: public
opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda.
6. Philosophy
The concepts and doctrines of Plato, Aristotle & Locke are important to the
specialist in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist.
7. Statistics and Logic

Political theorist must have abroad background & knowledge of current
political problems and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and
evaluating the data & in drawing conclusions.
8. Jurisprudence
This branch of public law is concerned with the analysis of existing legal
systems & also with the ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 2.3
Column A Column B
______1.It is consisting of (a) organization of A. Public

governments, (b) the limitations upon government Administration
authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental
offices and officers, and (d) the obligations of one state
40
to another are handled in the study of public law.
______2. They have been forced to delegate greater B. Public Law
discretion to executive officers responsible for the
conduct of government policies and powers.
______3. It is a sytem where attention is focused upon C. Legislative
methods and techniques used in the actual bodies
management of the state affairs by executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government.
______4. It is the study of production, distribution, and D. Political Scientist
conservation, and consumption of wealth.
______5. They adopts a “historical approach and E. Economics
employs knowledge of the past when he seeks to
interpret present and probable developments in political
phenomena.
______6. It is concerned with the study of the influences F. Sociology &
of physical factors such as population pressures, anthropology
sources of raw materials, geography, etc.
______7. It is deeply concerned with the origins and G.Geography
nature of social control and governmental authority, with Geopolitics
the abiding influences of race and culture upon society,
& with the patterns of collective human behavior.
______8. It promotes studies of the mental and H. Psychology
emotional processes motivating the political behavior of
individuals and groups. Particular topics under this are:
public opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda.
______9.The concepts and doctrines of Plato, Aristotle I. Statistics and
& Locke are important to the specialist in academic Logic
philosophy and also to the political scientist.
______10.Political theorist must have abroad J. Philosophy
background & knowledge of current political problems
and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and
evaluating the data & in drawing conclusions.
______11. This branch of public law is concerned with K. Jurisprudence
the analysis of existing legal systems & also with the
ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
POST-TEST
________1. “Philosophy is past politics and politics is present history.”

________2. Economics is the study of production, distribution, and conservation,
and consumption of wealth.
41
________3. Political Scientist adopts a “historical approach and employs
knowledge of the past when he seeks to interpret present and probable
developments in political phenomena.
________4. Political Scientist never adopts an “economic approach” when
seeking to interpret matters like public financial policies and government
regulation of business.
________5. Geography Geopolitics is concerned with the study of the influences
of physical factors such as population pressures, sources of raw materials,
geography, etc.
________6. Sociology & anthropology is deeply not concerned with the origins
and nature of social control and governmental authority, with the abiding
influences of race and culture upon society, & with the patterns of collective
human behavior.
________7. Psychology promotes studies of the mental and emotional
processes motivating the political behavior of individuals and groups.
________8. Topics like public opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda are
under jurisprudence,
________9. Plato, Aristotle & Locke are psychologists and their doctrines are
important to the specialist in academic philosophy and also to the political
scientist.
________10. Political theorist must have no broad background & knowledge of
current political problems and he must employ scientific methods in gathering
and evaluating the data & in drawing conclusions.
________11. Jurisprudence is a branch of a public law.
________12. Jurisprudence is concerned with the analysis of existing legal
systems & also with the ethical, historical, sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
________13. Doctrines of Plato, Aristotle & Locke are important to the specialist
in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist.
________14. Public Administration is a sytem where attention is focused upon
methods and techniques used in the actual management of the state affairs by
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
________15. Many of the administrative agencies exercising quasi-legislative
and quasi-judicial powers.
EXTENSION
42
Public Law, Public Administration and Political Science with Other Branches of
Learning
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 2.3 Scope of Political Science.
2. Make a reflective essay about political career of candidate from a well-known
political party and a solo candidadte with non-member of political party.


(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Reflective Essay Well Made Not Fully
about Public Law and Made No Output
Public Administration.
 Give the specified parts Well Given the Not Fully Parts Not
of a reflection Specified Parts Given the Specified
(introduction, body and Specified
conclusion).. Parts
 Provide and explain the Well Provided Not Fully Not
theme of essay. and Explained Provided/Expl Provided/Ex
ained plained
 With originality Original Work Copy from a No Work
source &
Paste/Copied
from Others
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
43
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
Watch: “The Politics and Forms of Government in the Philippines” at

1. Describe the politics in the Philippines.

2. What are the forms of government in the Philippines?
3. What are the political issues and concerns of the Philippine government
today?.
4. What is your opinion about the politics and forms of government in our
country?
References:

AYER, A.J., ‘Can There be a Private Language?’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volume XXVII.
CRANSTON, MAURICE, Administration: A New Analysis, Longmans, 1953.
DURKHEIM, EMILE, Suicide, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
GEACH, PETER., Mental Acts, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
GINSBERG, MORRIS, On the Diversity of Morals, Heinemann, 1956.
Books, 1961.
530-559.
OAKESHOTT, Michael, ‘The Tower of Babel’, Cambridge Journal, Vol. 2.
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Rational Conduct, Cambridge Journal, Vol, 3.
1945.
POPPER, KARL, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
44
1956.
WEBER, MAX, Wirstschaft und Gesselschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1956.
WEBER, MAX, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissensschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr,
1922.
Module 3
KNOWLEDGE, SOCIAL WORKS AND WAYS OF KNOWING
In this module, you will understand the proper utilization of Knowledge;

volunterism such as Social Works and the Ways of Knowing.
Knowledge is an information, understanding, or skill that you get from

experience or education. It is also a state of being aware of something.
Knowing is the act or technique of getting and understanding the fact or

condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or association.
Social Works are any activities, projects and programs related to the prior
needs of people in the area where they are needed more. It is usually one of the
duties of Department of Social Welfare and Depelopment.
this module.

45
* Knowledge, Social Works and Ways of Knowing.
1. Determine the Sources and Types of Knowledge;
2. Describe the Implications for Social Work; and
3. Explain the Ways of Knowing.
..
General Objectives:
1. Determine the Sources and Types of Knowledge;

2. Describe the Implications for Social Work; and
3. Explain the Ways of Knowing.

PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the Knowledge,
Social Works and Ways of Knowing.
Multiple Choice: Read and understand each question/statement below. Then,

write the letter of your best answer in the space provided for them.
_________1. It is an information, understanding, or skill that you get from

experience or education. It is also a state of being aware of something..
a. Knowledge b. Fact C. Data d.Experience
_________2. The act or technique of getting and understanding the fact or

condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or association..
a. Understanding b. Getting c.Knowing D. Informing
_________3. The first hand sources of knowledge data or information.
46
a. Primary sources b. Secondary C. Tertiary D. a & b
sources sources
_________4. sources that are presented in the printed materials, second

person/s who handed-down the sources of knowledge data or information.

sources sources
_________5. any activities, projects and programs related to the prior needs of
people in the area where they are needed more
a. Social works b. Social workers c.DSWD D. None of these
_________6. A great deal of the _______________activity centered around

building knowledge based on facts and provable “truths” rather than spirituality,
mythology and religion. .
a. Western b. Eastern C. Ancient D. Classical

philosophy philosophy philosophy Modern
Philosophy
_________7. It provides people of all ages with a graet deal of experiential

knowledge about the physical and social world.
a. Sensosry b. Cognition C. Reinforcement D. Observation

evidence
_________8. People of all ages rely on these ___________of knowing about the
world-experiential, cognitive and experimental. .
a. single ways b. multiple ways c. simple ways d. experiential

ways
_________9. Knowing is the act or __________of getting and understanding the

fact or condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or
association.
a. technique b. tool c. way d.innovation
_________10. Contributed greatly to the evolution of rational thought, science,

theory and scientific methods that we use in our everyday and professional lives
lives to make sennse of the world around us.
47
a. Philosophical b. Psychological c. Historical efforts D. None of these
efforts efforts
LEARNING OUTCOME 3.1 Sources and Types of Knowledge
Introduction
Knowledge is an information, understanding, or skill that you get from
experience or education. It is also a state of being aware of something.
Knowing is the act or technique of getting and understanding the fact or

condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or association.
Sources of knowledge can be primary and secondary. Primary sources of

knowledge are the first hand sources knowledge data or information. Seconadry
sorces are those sources that are presented in the printed materials, second
Types of knowledge differ from the interests, skills and talents of every
individual or group.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
48
SOURCES AND TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
epistemology, and represents one of the more branches of philosophy.
Throughout much of human history, philosophers have dedicated a great deal of
thought to understanding knowledge and its role in the human experience.
Ancient Greek and western philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, as well as
those came before and after them, made lasting contributions to the way we think
about knowledge and its applications in daily life. A great deal of the western
philosophical activity centered around building knowledge based on facts and
provable “truths” rather than spirituality, mythology and religion. These
philosophical efforts contributed greatly to the evolution of rational thought,
science, theory and scientific methods that we use in our everyday and
professional lives lives to make sennse of the world around us.
Different Sources and Types of Knowledge
Human have many different ways of developing our knowledge about the
world around us. Think about how young children come to understand the world
and all kinds of phenomena they experience.
First, they utilize all five senses to explore the world: vision, hearing, smell,
taste and touch. For example, a baby might hear food being prepared, see and
smell the food, touch it and taste it. Sensosry evidence provides people of all
ages with a graet deal of experiential knowledge about the physical and social
world.
Second, people engage in internal mental operations we call cognition-they

engage in thinking and problem solving to create meaning from their
experiences. To continue our example, it is through these internal mental
experiences that babies develop their ideas about food. Some of their conclusion
are effective, while their other conclusions are inaccurate; these guesses need to
be revised through further experience and cognition.For example, a toddler
learned (the hard way) to understand that paint is not food. These cognitions
may take a few trials to accurately emerge.
Third, knowledge comes through basic learning principles involving

reinforcement and punishment of behavior, as well as observational learning of
other’s behaviors. Young children often conduct repeated experiments to develop
49
knowledge concerning the basic principles by which the physical and social world
operate. For example, a young child might experiment with using “naughty”
swear words under differnt conditions. The first few times, it might simply be a
case of copying a role model (such as parents, sibllings, peers, or
television/movie/music performers). Based on the new way the social world
responds to these experimental uses of language, the child may continue to
experiment with using these words under different circumstances. This behavior
might get one response from siblings or other children (laughing, giggling and
“Oooohhh!” responses), a different response from a parent or teacher (a
corrective message or scolding response), and yet a different response still from
a hahied caregiver (simply ignoring the behavior). We may consider this child to
be an “organic” scientist, naturally developing a complex understanding about the
way the social world works.
People of all ages rely on these multiple ways of knowing about the world-
experiential, cognitive and experimental. What additional ways of knowing are
important for social workers to understand? Answer to this question can help us
better understand the diverse people with whom we engage and can help us
better understand our own sources of knowledge as applied in professional
practice. By the way, thinking about our thinking is called metacognition-havinng
an awareness of your own processes of thinking and knowing.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 3.1
_________1. The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us
called epistemology, and represents one of the more branches of philosophy.
_________2. Pyschologists have dedicated a great deal of thought to
understanding knowledge and its role in the human experience.
_________3. A great deal of the western philosophical activity centered around
mythology and religion.
________4. Ancient Greek and western philosophers like Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle, as well as those came before and after them, made lasting contributions
to the way we think about knowledge and its applications in daily life.
________5. Auditory evidence provides people of all ages with a graet deal of
experiential knowledge about the physical and social world.
________6. People engage in internal mental operations we call cognition-they
engage in thinking and problem solving to create meaning from their
experiences. ________7. Knowledge comes through basic learning principles
50
involving reinforcement and punishment of behavior, as well as observational
learning of other’s behaviors.
________8. People of all ages rely on these multiple ways of knowing about the
world-experiential, cognitive and experimental.
________9. Knowledge could be sourced out from vision, hearing, smell, taste
and touch.
________10. Human have many different ways of developing our knowledge
about the world around us.
POST-TEST

_________1. It is an information, understanding, or skill that you get from

experience or education. It is also a state of being aware of something..
a. Knowledge b. Fact C. Data d.Experience
_________2. the act or technique of getting and understanding the fact or
condition of something with familiarity gained through experience or association..
a. Understanding b. Getting c.Knowing D. Informing
_________3. The first hand sources of knowledge data or information.
sources sources
sources sources
called .
a. Epistemology b. Empiricism c.Positivism D. None of these
Philosophy
evidence
ways
51
association.
efforts efforts
EXTENSION
Sources and Types of Knowledge
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 3.1 Sources and Types of Knowledge.
2. Make a Concept Map of Sources and Types of Knowledge.
3. Explain the Concept Map.


(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Concep Map of Well Made Not Fully
Sources and Types of Made No Output
Knowledge.
 Explain the Concept Well Explained Not Fully Not
Map. Explained Explained
Total
3 - Satisfactory
52
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “SAP Programs of DSWD in the Philippines” at

1. What is DSWD stands for?.

2. What are the projects of DSWD in the Philippines?
3. What are the programs of DSWD in the Philippines?.
4. What can you say about the SAP program of DSWD in the time of
pandemic?
5. Do they have a proper coordination, evaluation and distribution of the said
SAP program?
53
References:

CARROLL, LEWIS, ‘What the Tortoise Said to Achilles’, Complete Works,
Nonesuch press.
Books, 1961.
530-559.
1945.
54
1956.
1922.
LEARNING OUTCOME 3.2 IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL WORKS
Introduction
Scial work is a job-related to life contexts, experiences, opportunities, and
biology all interact in complext ways in contributing to diverse outcomes
Social workers are persons who are working to help those who are in need
like poor individuals in a community.
Implications for social works varies in some aspects like quality of help or
services offered by the social workers. One implication of this obseravtion might
be that social workers should expect worldviews held by individuals with vastly
different lived experiences to differ, too.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORKS
55
One implication of this obseravtion might be that social workers should
expect worldviews held by individuals with vastly different lived experiences to
differ, too. Well over 100 years ago, the philosopher and psychologist William
James (1902), discussed the varieties of religious experience, observed: “Does it
not appear as one who lived mlore habitually on one side of the paintreshold
might need a different sort of religion from one who habitually lived on the other?”
(p.105).
In broader terms, social workers strive to understand diversity in its many

forms. We appreciate that diverse life contexts, experiences, opportunities, and
biology all interact in complext ways in contributing to diverse outcomes. These
differences include differences in knowledge and understanding of the world-
differences, not deficiencies. For example, we understand that the elements of a
parenting education program delivered to two-parent, well-resourced, privileged,
reasonably empowered families of one racial or ethic background may be grossly
inappropriate for families existing in a far different reality, facing very different
challenges very differently resourced or privileged, and responding to different
experiences of discrimination, oppression, exploitation, threats of violence, and
micro-aggression. The pre-existing knowledge different families bring to their
parenting situations and their parenting knowledge needs differ significantly even
their parenting goals, approaches, and means of learning and developing
knowledge may differ.
Social workers who adopt an antropological, ethnoepistemology perspective

are open to considering the beliefs of ordinary people around the world alongside
those of leaders, academics, scientists, colleagues and authorities. This line of
thought encourages us to reflect on all epistemologies wherever in the world they
are practiced and by whomever they they are practiced. Western philosophy,
rational logic and science are situated within this context as one of the multitude
of epistemologies that exist, not as the first or the most significant, but simply as
one of many. These perspectives contribute to social work having a rich array of
research methodologies available for understanding social problems, diverse
populations and social phenomena. A positivism/empericism perspective
contributes to many of our quantitative research methodologies; an
anthropological, ethnoepistemology perspective underlies many qualitative
research methods.
This philosophical background is relevant to social work education fro several

reasons:
1. Social work professionals engage with individuals from many diverse

backgrounds and social contexts. This means that we encounter many different
56
ways of knowing and great diversity of belief among the people with whom we
interact. Colleagues, professionals from other disciplines, clients, community
members, agencies, policy decision makers and others all have their own
understanding often differ in critically significant ways. We cannot work effectively
with others if we do not have an appreciation for this diversity of understanding,
thinking and believing.
2. To be effective in our interactions, social workers also need to understand

and critically evaluate our own personal; and professional epitemologies and
what we “know” about social work problems, diverse populations and social
phenomena. This idea fits into the social work practice mandate to “know
yourself” (e.g., see Birkenmaier & Berg-Wegner, 2017).
3. Significant differences exist between the philosophies that underlies

different scientific methodologies. Rational logic underlies quantitative
methodologies and etnoepistemology underlies on qualitative methodologies.
These differences conribute to complexity around the qualitative, and mixed
methods (integration of qualitative and quantitative) choices made by
investigators whose work help us understand social work problems and social
phenomena.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 3.2
_________1. The philosopher and psychologist William James (1902), discussed

the varieties of religious experience.
_________2. Social work practice mandate to “know yourself” .
_________3. We have no appreciation in the diverse life contexts, experiences,

opportunities, and biology all interact in complext ways in contributing to diverse
outcomes.
________4. The elements of a parenting education program delivered to two-

parent, well-resourced, privileged, reasonably empowered families of one racial
or ethic background may be grossly inappropriate for families existing in a far
different reality, facing very different challenges very differently resourced or
privileged, and responding to different experiences of discrimination, oppression,
exploitation, threats of violence, and micro-aggression.
57
________5. The existing knowledge different families bring to their parenting
situations and their parenting knowledge needs differ significantly even their
parenting goals, approaches, and means of learning and developing knowledge
may differ.
________6. Social workers who adopt an antropological, ethnoepistemology

perspective are open to considering the beliefs of ordinary people around the
world alongside those of leaders, academics, scientists, colleagues and
authorities.
________7. Eastern philosophy, rational logic and science are situated within
this context as one of the multitude of epistemologies that exist, not as the first or
the most significant, but simply as one of many.
________8. Social work professionals engage with individuals from many diverse
backgrounds and social contexts.
________9. We work effectively with others if we do not have an appreciation for

this diversity of understanding, thinking and believing.
________10. To be effective in our interactions, social workers also need to

understand and critically evaluate our own personal; and professional
epitemologies and what we “know” about social work problems, diverse
populations and social phenomena.
POST-TEST
Definitions of Terms. Operationally define the following terms.
1. Social works-
2. Social workers-
3. Privilege-
4. Discrimination-
5. Oppression-
6. Exploitation-
7. Threats of violence-
8. Micro-aggression-
9. Leaders-
10. Academics-
11. Scientists-
12. Colleagues-
58
13. Authorities-
14. Social problem-
15. Social phenomena-
EXTENSION
Implications for Social Works
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 3.2 Implications for Social Works.
2. Make a Summary of Implications for Social Works.
3. Explain the the Importance of Social Workers.


(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Summary of Well Made Not Fully
Implications for Social Made No Output
Works.
 Explain the Importance Well Explained Not Fully Not
of Social Workers Explained Explained
Total
59
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “SAP Programs of DSWD in the Philippines” at

1. What is DSWD stands for?.

2. What are the projects of DSWD in the Philippines?
3. What are the programs of DSWD in the Philippines?.
4. What can you say about the SAP program of DSWD in the time of
pandemic?
5. Do they have a proper coordination, evaluation and distribution of the said
SAP program?
60
References:
ACTON, H.B., The Illusion of the Epoch, Cohen & West, 1955.
Nonesuch press.
Books, 1961.
530-559.
1945.
61
1956.
1922.
LEARNING OUTCOME 3.3 WAYS OF KNOWING
Introduction
The study of knowledge and knowing about the world around us called
epistemology, and represents one of the more branches of philosophy.
Throughout much of human history, philosophers have dedicated a great deal of
thought to understanding knowledge and its role in the human experience.
Ancient Greek and western philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, as

well as those came before and after them, made lasting contributions to the way
we think about knowledge and its applications in daily life.
A great deal of the western philosophical activity centered around building

knowledge based on facts and provable “truths” rather than spirituality, mythology
and religion. These philosophical efforts contributed greatly to the evolution of
rational thought, science, theory and scientific methods that we use in our
everyday and professional lives lives to make sense of the world around us.
Much of the science on which we often rely to find answers to perplexing

questions is derived from a philosophical position called positivism.Positivism
essentially involves adopting a stance where valid knowledge, or “truth” which
was based on systematic scientific evidence and proof.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
62
WAYS OF KNOWING
Textbook about the Theory of Knowledge offer various ways through which
human beings derive knowledge (see for example IB, n.d.; TOK network, n.d.)
These ways of knowing include:
Sensory perception and selective attention. We have already considered the

ways that individuals across the lifespan come to know about the world through
engaging their five senses. In general, human beings rely on information
acquired through their senses as being reliable evidence.
Memory and memory bias. You might argue that memory is not really a way of
knowing, that it is only a tool in the progress of knowing. You would be partially
correct in this argument-it is a tool in the process. However, it is not ONLY a tool.
Memoryu is an integral and dynamic part of the human mind’s informative
processing system. The process begins with the sensory systems (stimulus of
event-----perception input-----memory storage----retrieval/recall----behavior
output). In terms of the information processing model, once something has been
perceived or an event has been experienced by an individual (perception), the
perception moves to the memory system. A peception first moves into short-term
memory as something the person is actively aware of or thinking about. The
short-term memory “buffer” is typically limited in space to around 5-7 items at a
time and lasts for only about 18-30 seconds. After that, the memory either is
cleared from the “buffer” zone and forgotten forever, or it is moved to longer term
memory. If a memory is not converted into a long-term memory, it cannot be
retrieved later. The long-term memory system has been a tremendous storage
capacity and can store lasting memories. The nature of a memory also may be
63
(re)shaped by internally generated cognition based on our pre-existing
understanding of the world-our thoughts. Memory reshapes itself over time and
sometimes people lose the connections needed to retrieve a memory. As a
result, what we “think” we know and remember is influenced by other external
and internal information.
Language. Like memory, language is both a product and a producer of

knowledge. Language is cteated set of signs and symbols with meaning that
exists because of conventional agreement on that meaning. Language helps
describe what we know about the world, both for ourselves and to communcate
with others. But, language also has the power to shape our understanding, as
well. Linguistics determinism is about how the structures of language constrain or
place boundaries on human knowledge.
Reason and Logic. Humans may come to “know” something through their own
internal cognitive processing and introspection about it. Logic and reasoning
represent thought processes that can result in knowledge. You may call the
important piece of reasoned logic offered by Rene Descartes (1637): “ I Think
therefore I am”. This piece of reasoning was the first assumption undserlying his
building of an ordely system of “truth” where one conclusion could be deduced
from other conclusions.
Types of Reasoning:
 Deductive reasoning-deduced conclusion.
 Inductive reasoning-assembled observations.
 Abductive reasoning-not entirely inductive or deductive in nature. It generates
a hypothesis based on a set of incomplete obseravations (inductive
raesoning) and then proceeds to examine that hypothesis through deductive
logic.
 Fallacious argument-an unsound argument caharacterized by faulty
reasoning.
Emotion and affect. Human feelings have a powerful influence on what we think
and understand about the world around us. Another word for emotion is affect
(not to be confused with effect, pronounced with an “ a as in apple”). For
example, the advertising, entertainment and news media have long recognized
that individuals more strongly rememeber information to which they have
developed an emotional response.
64
Faith. Religious faith is only one aspect of how faith relates to knowledge. For
some individuals, religious teachings provide them with knowledge surrounding
certain topics. What a person knows through faith is considered to require no
further analysis or proof-that is the nature of faith. For this reason, we can include
other sources of knowledge derived through faith.This includes relying on
knowledge attained through information shared by a mentor, expert, or authority.
Identifying someone as an authority is intensely personal and individualized. Just
an “beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, perceptions of another person’s
expertise are relative.
Imagination and Intuition. Sometimes what a person “knows” is not based on

external events or objects, knowledge might be generated as new ideas or
concepts completely through internal processes. Imagination , creativity and
intuition are special forms of cognitive activity, resulting in the creation of unique
forms of knowledge.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 3.3
Identification. Fill in the blank the correct information needed for each item.
1.____________________________We have already considered the ways that

individuals across the lifespan come to know about the world through engaging
their five senses.
2.____________________________In general, human beings rely on
information acquired through their senses as being reliable evidence.
3.____________________________You might argue that memory is not really a
way of knowing, that it is only a tool in the progress of knowing.
4.____________________________You would be partially correct in this
argument-it is a tool in the process. However, it is not ONLY a tool.
5.____________________________It is an integral and dynamic part of the
human mind’s informative processing system.
6.____________________________First moves into short-term memory as
something the person is actively aware of or thinking about.
7.____________________________A “buffer” is typically limited in space to
around 5-7 items at a time and lasts for only about 18-30 seconds. After that, the
memory either is cleared from the “buffer” zone and forgotten forever, or it is
moved to longer term memory.
65
8.____________________________Memory system has been a tremendous
storage capacity and can store lasting memories.
9.____________________________Also may be (re)shaped by internally
generated cognition based on our pre-existing understanding of the world-our
thoughts.
10.____________________________Reshapes itself over time and sometimes
people lose the connections needed to retrieve a memory.
11.______________________________We know and remember is influenced
by other external and internal information.
12.______________________________Like memory, language is both a
product and a producer of knowledge. Language is cteated set of signs and
symbols with meaning that exists because of conventional agreement on that
meaning.
13.______________________________It helps describe what we know about
the world, both for ourselves and to communcate with others.
14.______________________________It is about how the structures of
language constrain or place boundaries on human knowledge.
15.______________________________Humans may come to “know” something
through their own internal cognitive processing and introspection about it.
16.______________________________Human feelings have a powerful
influence on what we think and understand about the world around us.
17.______________________________Religious faith is only one aspect of how
faith relates to knowledge.
18.______________________________It provides people with knowledge
surrounding certain topics like what a person knows.
19.______________________________It was in the eye of the beholder”,
perceptions of another person’s expertise are relative.
20.______________________________Sometimes what a person “knows” is
not based on external events or objects, knowledge might be generated as new
ideas or concepts completely through internal processes. Imagination , creativity
and intuition are special forms of cognitive activity, resulting in the creation of
unique forms of knowledge.
POST-TEST
Definitions of Terms. Operationally define the following terms.
1. Sensory perception
2. Selective attention
3. Memory
4. Memory bias
66
5. Language
6. Reason
7. Logic
8. Deductive reasoning
9. Inductive reasoning
10. Abductive reasoning
11. Fallacious argument
12. Emotion and affect

13. Faith
14. Imagination
15. Intuition
EXTENSION
Ways of Knowing
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 3.3 Ways of Knowing.
2. Make a Reaction Paper on Ways of Knowing.
3. Explain the the Importance of Ways of Knowing.


(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Reaction Paper Well Made Not Fully
on Ways of Knowing. Made No Output
 Explain the Importance Well Explained Not Fully Not
of Ways of Knowing. Explained Explained
Total
67
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “The Knowledge and Truth behind Success of a Person” at

1. What is the difference between knowledge and truth?.

2. What kind of knowledge is needed to be successful in life?
3. Why some of the real people with with honest heart sometimes experience
failures in life?
4. Is it really true that “knowledge and truth” are two important aspects to be
successful in life?
68
References:
ACTON, H.B., The Illusion of the Epoch, Cohen & West, 1955.
Nonesuch press.
Books, 1961.
530-559.
1945.
69
1956.
1922.
Module 4
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
In this module, you will know the Philosophy of Science and Social
Sciences..
Philosophy is a science that study the general and fundamental problems

language. Philosophy is the root of all knowledge. It is considered as mother of
all sciences. Philosophy helps to coordinate the various activities of the individual
and the society. It helps us to understand the significance of all human
experiences. It develops acomprehensive system of thoughts about the universe
and the life as a whole.
this module.

* Philosophy of Science and Social Sciences.
70
1. Define Positivism and Empiricism;
2. Explain the Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology;
3. Describe the Nature of Meaningful Behavior;
4. Explain the Culture and Human Persons in the Society; and
5. Explain the Theories of Social Stratification.
..
General Objectives:
1. Define Positivism and Empiricism;

2. Explain the Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology;
3. Describe the Nature of Meaningful Behavior;
4. Describe the Culture and Human Persons in the Society; and
5. Explain the Theories of Social Stratification.

PRE-TEST
Let us determine how much you already know about the Philosophy of
Science and Social Sciences.

_________1. The study the social behavior of the mammalian species, Homo
sapiens.
a. Philosophy b. Social Science C. Positivism d.Empiricism
_________2. A science that study the general and fundamental problems

language.
71
_________3.It develops acomprehensive system of thoughts about the universe
and the life as a whole.
_________4. It is based on systematic scientific evidence and proof: in order to

be positive about knowing something, that something must be proven through
scientific evidence.
_________5. Positivism has been subjected to criticism by those scientists and

scholars who give importance to the role of interpretation, who deny simplistic
caus-effect relationships to explain phenomena
a. Thomas Kuhn b. Paul Lazarsfeld C. Karl Popper d.Paul Feyerabend
_________6. To develop quantitative research techniques by incorporating such

criticisms has also been adversely commented upon as “abstract empericism’ as
it has created false impressions of quantitative techniques as being objective,
and not adequately informed by theory and context.
_________7. He showed that science advances by deductive falsification

through a process of “ conjectures and refutations”.
_________8.According to this perspective imagination and creativity generates

knowledge and theories, not induction based on verifiable propositions.
_________9. The idea that methodological discussions cannot be subjected to

‘scientific reason’, and that methodology is not a normative discipline has been
pushed to a much greater extent.
72

efforts efforts
LEARNING OUTCOME 4.1 Positivism and Empericism
Introduction
We usually take the philosophical views of Ancient Greek and western
philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle to the way we think about knowledge
and its applications in our daily life.
They imparted to us the philosophy of positivism and empiricism. Positivism

and empiricism help us to get essentially the truth and knowledge in dealing with
something that we do not know and wanted to know and solve.
Positivism essentially involves adopting a stance where valid knowledge, or

“truth”. It is based on systematic scientific evidence and proof: in order to be
positive about knowing something, that something must be proven through
Empiricism is about proven knowledge, but contends that proof also may
come through the application of logic or through direct observable evidence.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
73
POSITIVISM AND EMPIRICISM
Positivism
Positivism is the perspective in the philosophy of science which is premised

on a belief that a scientific approach is the only base of knowledge. It holds that
onlythat constitutes authentic knowledge which is based on sensory experiences
and verification. Such experiences can be gained by observation and
experimentation enhanced by the use of tools which enhance our sensory
experiences.
Postulates of Positivism
The postulates of positivism refer to the foolowing three domains:
1. Similar classes of phenomena exhibiting same properties;

2. The absence of or slow rate of change of phenomena; and
3. Orderliness, regularity and constancy in nature, especially relating to
cause-effect relationships. Like positivists also reject metaphysical speculation
as a source of knowledge, and attempt to reduce all statements and
propopositions derived from data to pure logic.
Perspectives of Philosophical Positivists
Philosophical Positivists Perspective/s

1. Thomas Kuhn Positivism has been subjected to criticism by those
scientists and scholars who give importance to the
role of interpretation, who deny simplistic caus-
effect relationships to explain phenomena, and who
believe that all phenomena cannot be subjected to
observation and measurement in the same precise
way, or in the same degree of accuracy. Observer
bias and errors induced due to values, subjectivity,
diversity in human behavior are all seen as factors
that can affect the quality of quantitative research
methods. Human ability to uncover truth or reality
with certainty is questioned. Different kinds of
dualisms such as subjecrt-object, truth and non-
truth, cause-effect, fact-interpretation, facts-theory,
quantitative-qualitative etc. that are an integral
aspect of positivist methods are also critiqued
74
(Reading material on Thomas Kuhn).
2. Paul Lazarsfeld To develop quantitative research techniques by
incorporating such criticisms has also been
adversely commented upon as “abstract
empericism’ as it has created false impressions of
quantitative techniques as being objective, and not
adequately informed by theory and context. Other
critics of empiricism argue that observation and
experiment based measurements alone never be a
sufficient basis for the construction of
generalizations, laws and principles, while yet
others disapprove of the very tendency to
generalize and create laws especially in areas
where natural sciences, engineerin, and social
sciences intersect to a much greater degree.
The perspectives of these scholars and critics to

philosophical approaches to science, methodology,
and scientific method have played a very important
role both in facilitating “better” methods of research,
and in helping us undertand the utility and
effectiveness of research tools, concepts, and
theories.
3. Karl Popper He developed the idea of falsification. In criticzing
logical-positivists, he rejected the verifiability of
theories and hypothesis, and asserted that theories
can only be falsified. Instead of scientific knowledge
being discovered and verified by way of inductive
generlaizations. He showed that science advances
by deductive falsification through a process of “
conjectures and refutations”. Hypotheses and
theories are conjectures about the world that are
usually tentative, and can be disproved through
refutations. Among other developments, this notion
led to the evolution of popular methods of
hypothesis testing., pouplar modes of formatting a
hypothesis, especially the notion of null hypothesis.
Theories and branches of knowledge which can be
expressed in specific forms amenable to falsification
have the status of science which are distinct from
non-science. Those theories that survive attempts at
falsification are corroborated and accepted so long
as they are not falsified.
75
According to this perspective imagination and
creativity generates knowledge and theories, not
induction based on verifiable propositions.
Methodological questions should be guided by this
principle.
4. Paul Feyerabend The idea that methodological discussions cannot be
subjected to ‘scientific reason’, and that
methodology is not a normative discipline has been
pushed to a much greater extent by Feyerabend
than other contributors to philosophy of science.
Through an exhaustive resaerch of hundreds of
scientific projects and processe of inventions and
discoveries, Feyerabend rejected the notion that the
choice of method using scientific criteria plays an
important role in success and effectiveness of
research. He showed that there are no standardized
methodological rules or guidelines that were always
used by scientists in their research. Arguing for
Methodological individualism/pluralism in his work
“Againsts Method”, he stated that any prescriptions
regarding methodology would tend to limit the
activists of researchers, and thus result in restricting
scientific progress. Instead he proposed theoretical
anarchism, which according to him promotes
scientific activity that would be more humanitarian
way, allow for greater creativity and rejects
imposition of authoritarian perspectives and views.
Freedom in society and for scientists would make it
possible to for researchers to have a more
subjective understanding of both natuiral and social
phenomena, of human beings and natural entities,
and thereby avoid the pitfalls of an ‘onjective’
approach which by being insensitive and
unsympathetic can cause harm to humans, society
and environment.
Empiricism
Scientific evidence, developed through positivism lens, results from a

national, logically planned process identified as the scientific process.
Similar to positivism, empiricism is about proven knowledge, but contends

that proof also may come through the application of logic or through direct
observable evidence. Much of what is taught in the United Stated about
76
knowledge and epistemology is somewhat constrained by traditions of western
philosophy. Challenges to these constraints emerged in the literature during the
1990’s under the headings of naturalistic epistemology, anthroepistemology and
ethoepistemology (e.g., Maffie, 1990: 1995). An important contribution to our
understandiong of knowledge is an anthropological appreciation that knowledge
is constructed within a cultural context. This is quite different from the positivist
perspective concerning single, provale truths that are waiting to be discovered. In
other words, what we know, how we come to know it, and how we think about
knowing all are influenced by the personal, historical, and cultural contexts
surrounding experiences. For example, consider what you “know” about
deafness as disability. This deficiency perspective comes from the cultural
context of having lived in a hearing world. However, members of the Deaf
community offer a different perspective: living within deaf culture and linguistic
structures (i.e., using sign language to communicate) conveys specific social and
cultural implications for human development, behavior, thinking and worldview
(Jones, 2002). These implications are viewed the same way other cultures are
viewed-as cultural differences when being compared, not as deficiencies, or
“otherness”. This diversity of experience perspective (rather than disability
perspective) could be applied to other topics, such as autism, reflecting human
neurodiversity rather than disorder.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 4.1

_________1. It essentially involves adopting a stance where valid knowledge, or

“truth”.
a. Positivism b. Empiricism C. Truth d.Knowledge
_________2. It is based on systematic scientific evidence and proof: in order to

be positive about knowing something, that something must be proven through
_________3. Empiricism is about proven knowledge, but contends that proof

also may come through the application of logic or through direct observable
evidence.
77

called .
a. Epistemology b. Empiricism c.Positivism D. None of these


Philosophy


evidence

ways

association.

78
efforts efforts
POST-TEST
Identification. Read the each statement/question below and provide the the
needed information.
1. __________________is the study of general and fundamental problems

language.
__________________ and the society.
5. Philosophy helps us to understand the significance of all
________________.
6. Philosophy develops a ________________________system of thoughts
__________________.
9. ______________________essentially involves adopting a stance where
valid knowledge, or “truth”. Is based on systematic scientific evidence and
proof: in order to be positive about knowing something, that something must
be proven through scientific evidence.
10. _______________________is about proven knowledge, but contends that
proof also may come through the application of logic or through direct
observable evidence.
11. ______________________who adopt an antropological, ethnoepistemology
perspective are open to considering the beliefs of ordinary people around the
world alongside those of leaders, academics, scientists, colleagues and
authorities.
79
12. ______________________considered the ways that individuals across the
lifespan come to know about the world through engaging their five senses.
13. ______________________is not really a way of knowing, that it is only a tool
in the progress of knowing. You would be partially correct in this argument-it
is a tool in the process. However, it is not ONLY a tool.
14. ______________________Like memory, language is both a product and a
producer of knowledge.
15. ______________________Humans may come to “know” something through
their own internal cognitive processing and introspection about it.
EXTENSION
Positivism and Empericism
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 4.1 Positivism and Empiricism.
2. Compare and Contrast the Positivism and Empiricism.
3. Explain the similarities and differences of Positivism and Empiricism.


(5) (3) (1)
 Compare and Contrast Well Compared Not Fully
the Positivism and and Contrasted Compared No Answer
Empiricism. and
Contrasted
80
 Explain the similarities
and differences of Well Explained Not Fully No Answer
Positivism and Explained
Empiricism.
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “Logical Positivism and Classical Empiricism” at

1. Define the Logical Positivism and Classical Empiricism.

2. Differentiate Logical Positivism and Classical Empiricism.
3. What are their examples of Logical Positivism?.
4. What are the examples of Classical Empiricism?
81
References:

Books, 1961.
530-559.
82
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL., Positivism and Empiricism, Bowes and Bowes, 1951
1945.
1956.
1922.
LEARNING OUTCOME 4.2 Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology
Introduction
In conducting a research, we usually have our assumptions. Assumptions is
the act of laying claim or taking possession of something or an assuming that
something is true.
Epitemology, Ontology and Axiology address the often unspoken

assumptions that rest beneath the surface of the research and theory we read
and conduct.
83
Epistemology is the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of
knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity.
Ontology is a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations

of being.
Axiology is the study of the nature, types, and criteria of values and of value
judgments especially in ethics.
 Computer/Laptop
 Internet Access
 Video Clips
 Handouts
EPISTEMOLOGY, ONTOLOGY AND AXIOLOGY
Epitemology, Ontology and Axiology address the often unspoken

assumptions that rest beneath the surface of the research and theory we read
and conduct. The terms are abstract because the subjects are abstract. Most
researchers don’t write much about their underlying assumptions but, their
research leaves clues.
Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology help us understand and appreciate
research in more sophisticated ways.
Epistemology is a branch of Philosophy that studies knowledge or knowing.

The epistemological question is “How do we know what we claim to know?” It is
all about knowing the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge
especially with reference to its limits and validity.
Theorists have different epistemological assumptions. These assumptions

are:
 Knowledge is out there waiting to be discovered.
 People develop knowledge based upon our perceptions and experiences.
84
 All knowledge is relative, a mere social construction. It’s whatever we say it
is...
Most researchers don’t come right out and state their Epistemological
Assumptions directly and their work leaves clues, especially how they approach
their research methods.
Ontology is branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of human beings’

existence as individuals, in society and in the universe. The ontological question
is “Who are we? What are we here for?”. It is concerned with the nature and
relations of being.
The other ontological questions are “Do we make real freewill choices? Or,
are external forces controlling our outcome?”; Are humans best understood as
individuals? Or, are we best understood as existing in a group social system?”.
For example, the simple communication that occurs in a movie
i,ROBOT...’Sonny, do you know why Dr. Lanning built you?”...”No, but I believe
my father made me for a purpose”.
One place researchers leave clues about their Ontological Assumptions is in

their level of focus on people. For example, how individual characters affect the
organization. Another way to spot researchers’ Ontological assumptions is by
how much agency they assume people have...”It’s the system man! Or I can
make it better!”.
Axiology is a branch of Philosophy that studies values. The axiological

question is “What do we value? What values should guide our research?”. This is
concerned with the nature, types, and criteria of values and of value judgments
especially in ethics.
The other axiological questions are “ What value(s) or outcomes will result
from our research?”; “Can research be neutral or do our personal values shape
how we do research?” and “Should we seek just to understand or seek to chane
the world for the better?”. For example, the values between I-THOU.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 4.2

_________1. It essentially involves adopting a stance where valid knowledge, or

“truth”.
85
a. Epistemology b. Ontology C. Axiology d.None of these
_________2. The study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge

especially with reference to its limits and validity.
_________3. A branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of

being.
_________4. The study of the nature, types, and criteria of values and of value
judgments especially in ethics.
called .
_________6. A branch of Philosophy that studies knowledge or knowing.
_________7. This question “How do we know what we claim to know?”
a. Epistemological b. Ontological c. Axiological d.None of these

question question question
_________8. “Who are we? What are we here for?”

_________9. Are humans best understood as individuals? Or, are we best

understood as existing in a group social system?”

_________10. “What do we value? What values should guide our research?”
86
POST-TEST
Explanation. Read and explain the following.
1. Knowledge is out there waiting to be discovered.

2. People develop knowledge based upon our perceptions and experiences.
3. All knowledge is relative, a mere social construction. It’s whatever we say it
is...
4. Unspoken assumptions that rest beneath the surface of the research.
EXTENSION
Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 4.2 Epistemology, Ontology and
Axiology.
2. Make a Reaction Paper on Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology.
3. Explain the importance of Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology.


(5) (3) (1)
87
 Make a Reaction Paper Well Compared Not Fully
on Epistemology, and Contrasted Compared No Answer
Ontology and Axiology. and
Contrasted
 Explain the importance
of Epistemology, Well Explained Not Fully No Answer
Ontology and Axiology. Explained
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “Explain the importance of Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology” at

1. Define the Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology.

3. What are their examples of Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology?.
References:

88
Nonesuch press.
Books, 1961.
530-559.
1945.
POPPER, KARL, Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology, Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1957.
1956.
LEARNING OUTCOME 4.3 The Nature of Meaningful Behavior
Introduction
89
In the words of Max Weber, we are concerned with human behavior “if and in
so far as the agent or agents associate a subjective sense. (Sinn) with it”. (33:
Chapter I ).
Weber says that the ‘sense’ of which he speaks is something which is

‘subjectively intended’; and he says that the notion of meaningful behavior is
closely associated with notions like motive and reason.
“Motive” means a meaningful configuration of circumstances which, to the

agent or observer, appears as a meaningful “ reason” (Grund) of the behavior in
question.’ (Ibid.)
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 Handouts
THE NATURE OF MEANINGFUL BEHAVIOR
Human Behavior is another term for Anthropology.Anthropology is the study

of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to
physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture.
The nature of meaningful human behavior was derived from different kinds of
Human Geography such as cultural, population, history and urban:
1.Cultural Geography – deals with the study of the distribution of cultural traits
such as customs, traditions, taboos, dialects, and dwellings.
2. Population Geography – deals with the study of the numbers and distribution
of people. It is related to demography, the statistical study of population. The
population geographer deals with regional differences in numbers, ethnic
groupings, religious compositions, and rate of population growth.
90
4. Historical Geography – is the study of the manner by which geographic
patterns of man and his works change through time, ot it may place emphasis
only on the complete geography of a small region of a certain time.
5. Urban Geography – is the study of cities with the important roles cities play in
the life of a nation. This is also one of the latest growing kinds of human
geography. It is concerned with the study of the site of city.
The Relationship of Geography to Other Disciplines
Geography occupies a unique position in the field of knowledge due to the

richness of its content. It integrates and provides the connecting links between
and among various disciplines that have something links between among
disciplines that have something to do with the Eatrh’s surface.
Sir Patrick Geddes – a British planner, called the Geography as “ the

synthesis and mother of all sciences.
Emmanuel Kant – a great philosopher called the Geography as “ the basis of

history”.
The fields of Human knowledge divided into three (3), namely: a) Natural
Sciences, b) Social Sciences, and c) Humanities.
Natural Science is any of the sciences (as physics, chemistry, or biology)

that deal with matter , and their interrelations and transformations or with
objectively measurable phenomena.
functioning of human society and with the relationships of individuals as
members of society. It is also a science (as economics or political science)
dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human behavior and society.
Humanities is the quality or state of being human or being kind to other

people or to animals.
ASSESSMENT L.O. 4.3
Identification. Read the following statements and provide the needed

information. Write your answer in the spcae provided for them.
91
1._____________________________another term for Anthropology.
2._____________________________deals with the study of the distribution of
cultural traits such as customs, traditions, taboos, dialects, and dwellings.
3._____________________________deals with the study of the numbers and
distribution of people. It is related to demography, the statistical study of
population. The population geographer deals with regional differences in
numbers, ethnic groupings, religious compositions, and rate of population growth.
5._____________________________is the study of the manner by which
geographic patterns of man and his works change through time, ot it may place
emphasis only on the complete geography of a small region of a certain time.
4._____________________________is the study of cities with the important
roles cities play in the life of a nation.
6._____________________________This is also one of the latest growing kinds
of human geography. It is concerned with the study of the site of city.
7._____________________________occupies a unique position in the field of
knowledge due to the richness of its content.
8._____________________________It integrates and provides the connecting
links between and among various disciplines that have something links between
among disciplines that have something to do with the Eatrh’s surface.
9._____________________________a British planner, called the Geography as
“ the synthesis and mother of all sciences.
10._____________________________a great philosopher called the Geography
as “ the basis of history”.
11._____________________________is any of the sciences (as physics,
chemistry, or biology) that deal with matter , and their interrelations and
transformations or with objectively measurable phenomena.
12._____________________________is a branch of science that deals with the
institutions and functioning of human society and with the relationships of
individuals as members of society.
13._____________________________It is also a science (as economics or
political science) dealing with a particular phase or aspect of human behavior
and society.
14._____________________________is the quality or state of being human or
being kind to other people or to animals.
15._____________________________The study of human races, origins,
societies and cultures.
POST-TEST
1. Define GEOGRAPHY.
2. Why it is the study of Geography important to man?
3. Differentiate Physical Geography and Human Geography
4. Give at least 5 examples of the varieties found within the human habitat.
92
EXTENSION
Nature of Meaningful Behavior;
Directions:
1. Read again the the Information Sheet 4.3 Nature of Meaningful Behavior;
2. Make a Reaction Paper on Human Geography as Nature of Meaningful
Behavior.
3. Explain the importance of Human Behavior.


(5) (3) (1)
 Make a Reaction Paper Well Compared Not Fully
on Human Geography and Contrasted Compared No Answer
as Nature of Meaningful and
Behavior. Contrasted
 Explain the importance
of Human Behavior. Well Explained Not Fully No Answer
Explained
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
93
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “Natural Science vs. Social Science” at https//www.youtube.com.ph
1. Define the Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology.

3. What are their examples of Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology?.
References:

Nonesuch press.
94
Books, 1961.
530-559.
1945.
1956.
1922.
WELDON, T.D., The Vocabulary of Politics. Penguin Books, 1953
LEARNING OUTCOME 4.4 CLUTURE AND HUMAN PERSONS IN THE

SOCIETY
Introduction
Society is pertaining to the people in general thought of as living together in
an organized communities with shared laws, traditions and values.
95
In the society, there are varied kinds of people, there are fashionable and
wealthy, middle class people, and poor/deprived people.
Cultures of people as per general observation but not all are usually changed
and adapted depends on their economic status, level of education, behavior and
ways of thinking.
Culture is the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society. A particular

society has its own beliefs, ways of life, arts, etc.
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CULTURE AND HUMAN PERSONS IN THE SOCIETY
The Human Person in the Society
“Humans view the society as a necessity in developing and living a full and
meaningful life”
Society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction. Typically
subjected to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. The
society develops the human beings’ potential (SHS)
•Social exchange
•Mutual service
•Dialogue among others
Aristotle
•Believes that man is a ‘social animal’

•In addition, he considers people to be the following:
1.Understood
2.Defined
96
3.Personal meanings be acquired based on how he functions
“Social rules and regulations assist in shaping and fashioning individual’s
thoughts, desires, and/or behavior”.
Plato
•Envisioned a society where a philosopher was a king who ruled over people who
were grouped by their personal attributes
“An ideal society should always have a place for everyone and that no one
should feel like an outcast”
Karl Marx
•Believes that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness build up a human

person
•Believes that it is the human person himself that produces ‘human nature’ being
taken from ‘social relations’
•Individuals live their lives through social activities
•Man must take part in the collective process at the same time strive with one
another so that they can be considered as a ‘human being’
•Feelings and roles must be acknowledged
“It is through joined activities through mutual relations that humans make and
remake themselves”
Dynamics of Social Relations
1. Confucianism
-‘A person can only become truly human when man attends to his social
duties’
Two Types of Human Relationships
1.Exchange Relationships – there is an expectance
2.Communal Relationships – there is willingness/ genuineness
2. Social Exchange Theory

•Its balance is not always equal
•When the cost outweighs the benefit, relationship is terminated
•Level of fairness varies between relationships (more generous - give a lot.
Stingy - won’t
give anything at all)
3. Attachment Theory
• believes that people normally feel secure when a ‘significant other’ is
present
and will feel anxious if not around
•Human contact is desired
1. Need for attachment
97
2. Need for affiliation
4. Uncertainty Reduction Theory

•Humans reduce their anxiety by getting to know them better
•By knowing people together, behavior can be predicted and trust will be built
eventually
5. Equity Theory
•Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness
•People value fair or equal treatment which motivates them to maintain their
fairness in their relationships
6. Minding Relations Relationship

•Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind
•Has 5 components of a satisfying relationship:
1. Self-disclosure
2. Respect and acceptance
3. Cultivating relationship
4. The principle of reciprocality
5. Continuity
6. Self-disclosure
•Partners share intimate information with each other to increase trust which
make couples grow together over time
7. Respect and acceptance

•Respect and acceptance must be maintained no matter how negative the
information that was shared by their partners
8. Cultivating Relationship
•Enhancing attributions for behaviors people in a minding relationship should
make positive attributions, description, and/ or explanation of each other’s
behavior
9. Principle of Reciprocity
•No matter how hard one person tries to establish a positive foundation in a
relationship, the lack of matching response from the partner will ultimately
undermine the overall quality of the relationship
10. Continuity
•For the relationship to last, all 5 must continue throughout the relationship’s
life.
Cultures
98
Why bother with societies and cultures? Humans are weak. Societies are
mutual support pacts. Weakness of humans lead to social movement. Social
movement action is one example of diverse forms of collective behavior,
including fads, rumors, strikes, panics, rubber-necking, football riots, lynch mobs,
herd stamped, etc.
Gabriel Tarde and Gustav Le Bon tried to understand collective behaviors as

mass social psychology. The Laws of Imitation and the dynamics of a “group
mind” could explain the apparently irrational aspects of collective actions.
Contemporary collective action models seek to explain how behaviors diffuse

among actors in a collective context, while emphasizing how decisions to
participate involve the rational choices of interdependent decision-makers. The
eruption and spread of collective behaviors depends on relations within a group
and on the imitators’ identification with the instigators.
Culture is the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society. A particular

society has its own beliefs, ways of life, arts, etc.
Early Human Culture:
Small groups of around 25

Gatherer/hunters
Nomadic
Limited possessions
more permanent settlements
Became tribes
Xenophobia
End of the Ice Age (About 12,000 BCE):
The high grasslands began to dry out

Tribes migrated down into the river valleys looking for food
 Tigris/Euphrates
 Indus
 Yellow
 Nile
ASSESSMENT L.O. 4.4
Identification. Read and understand each question/statement below. Then,

provide write your best answer in the space provided for them.
99
1._________________is a group of people involved in persistent social
interaction.
2._________________Believes that man is a ‘social animal’.
3._________________Envisioned a society where a philosopher was a king who
ruled over people who were grouped by their personal attributes.
4._________________Believes that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness
build up a human person.
5._________________‘A person can only become truly human when man
attends to his social duties’.
6.__________________When the cost outweighs the benefit, relationship is
terminated and level of fairness varies between relationships (more generous -
give a lot.
7.__________________believes that people normally feel secure when a
‘significant other’ is present and will feel anxious if not around
8.__________________Humans reduce their anxiety by getting to know them
better and by knowing people together, behavior can be predicted and trust will
be built eventually.
9.__________________Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness.
10._________________Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind.
11._________________Partners share intimate information with each other to
increase trust which make couples grow together over time
12._________________must be maintained no matter how negative the
information that was shared by their partners
13._________________Enhancing attributions for behaviors people in a minding
relationship should make positive attributions, description, and/ or explanation of
each other’s behavior
14._________________No matter how hard one person tries to establish a
positive foundation in a relationship, the lack of matching response from the
partner will ultimately undermine the overall quality of the relationship
15._________________For the relationship to last, all 5 must continue
throughout the relationship’s life.
16._________________is the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society.
17._________________ They tried to understand collective behaviors as mass
social psychology.
18._________________are mutual support pacts.
19._________________is one example of diverse forms of collective behavior,
including fads, rumors, strikes, panics, rubber-necking, football riots, lynch mobs,
herd stamped, etc.
20._________________they are weak.
POST-TEST
Identification. Provide the the needed information.
Early Human Culture:
1. ______________________.
100
2. ______________________.
3. ______________________.
4. ______________________.
5. ______________________.
6. ______________________.
7. ______________________.
End of the Ice Age (About 12,000 BCE):
1. ______________________.
2. ______________________.
a. ______________________.
b. ______________________.
c. ______________________.
d. ______________________.
EXTENSION
Filipino Culture and Society

Directions:
1. Read about the Filipino Culture and Society.

2. Determine the different cultures of Filipinos.
3. Describe the Filipino society before and now.
3. Explain the importance of Filipino Culture and Society.


(5) (3) (1)
101
Determine the different Well Not Fully
cultures of Filipinos. Determinded Determined No Answer
Describe the Filipino society Well Described Not Fully
before and now. Described No Answer
Explain the importance of
Filipino Culture and Society. Well Explained Not Fully No Answer
Explained
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “Filipino Cultures, Beliefs and Traditions” at https//www.youtube.com.ph
1. Define the cultures, beliefs and traditions.

2. Identify the different cultures, beliefs and traditions of Filipinos.
3. What are the other examples of cultures, beliefs and traditions that you know?
4. Give your insights about the attititudes of Filipinos regarding the superstitious
beliefs.
References:

Nonesuch press.
102
530-559.
1945.
1956.
SIMMEL, GEORG, Social Conflict, Glencoe, Free Press, 1955.
LEARNING OUTCOME 4.5 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Introduction
Society is pertaining to the people in general thought of as living together in
an organized communities with shared laws, traditions and values.
103
Social Stratification is when people are ranked in a hierarchy that
differentiates them as superior or inferior.
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 Handouts
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Social Differentiation is the process of categorizing people by age, height,

occupation, or some other personal attribute.
Social Stratification is when people are ranked in a hierarchy that

differentiates them as superior or inferior.
The hierarchies of stratification—class, race and gender—place groups,

individuals, and families in the larger society.
Life Chances refers to the chances throughout one’s life cycle to live and to
experience the good things in life.
Traditionally, the family has been viewed as the principal unit in the class
system.
Social Class
Social classes are formed when a number of people occupy the same
relative economic rank in the stratification system. Privilege refers to the
distribution of goods and services, situations and experiences that are highly
valued and beneficial. Class privileges are based on the systematic linkages
between families and society.
104
Race and Ethnicity
Race is socially defined on the basis of a presumed common genetic

heritage resulting in distinguishing physical characteristics. Ethnicity refers to the
condition of being culturally rather than physically distinctive. The most important
feature of racial stratification is the exclusion of people of color from equal access
to society’s valued resources.
Gender
The sex-gender system is the stratification system that assigns women’s and
men’s role unequally. Sex roles refers to behaviors determined by an individual’s
biological sex. Patriarchy is the term for forms of social organization in which men
are dominant over women.
The Intersection of Class, Race and Gender
The hierarchies of class, race and gender are interrelated systems of

stratification. These systems of inequality forms what Patricia Hill Collins calls a
matrix of domination in which each of us exists.
Theories of Stratification
Order Theory
Order theorists argue that social inequality is universal and natural. They
argue that inequality serves as a basic function by motivating the most talented
people to perform the most important tasks.
Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists argues that social inequality is basically unjust and the
source of many social problems. They argues that the oppressed often accept
their deprivation as the result of false consciousness.
Biological Inferiority
105
The biological explanation of poverty is that the poor are innately inferior.
Some theorists have argued that certain categories of people are disadvantaged
because they are less well endowed mentally (a theoretical version of social
Darwinism).
Cultural Inferiority
The culture of poverty thesis contends that the poor are qualitatively different
in values and lifestyles from the successful and that these differences explain the
persistence of poverty from generation to generation.
Critics of innate inferiority and culture-of-poverty explanations charge that, in
blaming the victim, both theories ignore how social conditions trap individuals and
groups in poverty. The source of the problem lies not in the victims but in the way
society is organized to advantage some and disadvantage others.
Structural Theories
Institutional Discrimination occurs when the customary ways of doing things,

prevailing attitudes and expectations, and accepted structural arrangements work
to the disadvantage of the poor. The poor are trapped by this type of
discrimination.
The Political Economy of Society
The basic tenet of capitalism--the primacy of maximizing profit-- promotes

poverty in several ways. Employers are constrained to pay their workers the least
possible in wages and benefits. By maintaining a surplus of laborers wages are
depressed. Employers make investment decisions without regard for their
employees.
106
(Source: https//www.linked.com)
ASSESSMENT L.O. 4.5
Multiple Choioce. Read and understand each question/statement below. Then,

______1. It is the process of categorizing people by age, height, occupation, or

some other personal attribute.
107
a.Social b.Social c. Life Chances d. Social Classes
Stratification Differentiation
______2.It is when people are ranked in a hierarchy that differentiates them as
superior or inferior.
______3. Refers to the chances throughout one’s life cycle to live and to
experience the good things in life.
______4. The principal unit in the class system.
a.Privelege b.Family c. Race d. Social Classes
______5. Formed when a number of people occupy the same relative economic
rank in the stratification system.
a.Privelege b.Family c. Race d. Social Classes
______6. Race is socially defined on the basis of a presumed common genetic
heritage resulting in distinguishing physical characteristics.
a.Privelege b.Family c. Race d. Ethnicity
______7. Refers to the condition of being culturally rather than physically
distinctive.
a.Gender b.Family c. Race d. Ethnicity
______8. The stratification system that assigns women’s and men’s role
unequally.
a.Gender b.Family c. Race d. Ethnicity
______9. Argue that inequality serves as a basic function by motivating the
most talented people to perform the most important tasks.
a.Order Theory b.Conflict Theory c. Biological d. Cultural
Inferiority Inferiority
______10. They argues that the oppressed often accept their deprivation as the
result of false consciousness.
108
______11. They have argued that certain categories of people are
disadvantaged because they are less well endowed mentally (a theoretical
version of social Darwinism).
______12. The culture of poverty thesis contends that the poor are qualitatively
different in values and lifestyles from the successful and that these differences
explain the persistence of poverty from generation to generation.
______13. Institutional Discrimination occurs when the customary ways of doing
things, prevailing attitudes and expectations, and accepted structural
arrangements work to the disadvantage of the poor.
a.Order Theory b.Structural c. Biological d. Cultural
Theory Inferiority Inferiority
______14. The basic tenet of capitalism--the primacy of maximizing profit--
promotes poverty in several ways.
a.Political Economy of b.Structural c. Biological d. Cultural
Society Theory Inferiority Inferiority
______15. The are constrained to pay their workers the least possible in wages
and benefits and make investment decisions without regard for their employees.
a.Employees b.Employers c. Laborers d. Agency
POST-TEST
Discussion. Give your own understanding and discuss the following:
1. How Class, Race and Gender Intersects?

2. How Stratification Theories Affects Human and Society?
EXTENSION
109
Social Stratification
Directions:
1. Read about the printed PPT on Social Stratification.

2. Determine the difference between social stratification and social
differentiation.
3. Explain the importance of Social Stratification.


(5) (3) (1)
Determine the difference Well Not Fully
between social stratification Determinded Determined No Answer
and social differentiation.
Explain the importance of
Social Stratification. Well Explained Not Fully No Answer
Explained
Total
3 - Satisfactory
1 - Poor
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Watch: “Social Change” and “Social Movements” at https//www.youtube.com.ph
1. Define the Social Change.

2. How Social Change occur?
3. Find the difference between Social Change and Social Movements
110
References:

Nonesuch press.
111
Books, 1961.
530-559.
PALMIANO, DARIEL A. , Philosophy of a Human Person, 2015
1945.
1956.
1922.
AUTHOR’S VITAE
112
NAME: GRACE BALDOVIA VERIDIANO, Ph.D.
Contact No. : 09305221129/09091962338
Email: Grace.veridiano78@yahoo.com
Bithplace: Castilla, Sorsogon
Address: Zone 2 Buendia St. Malitbog, Minalabac, 4414 Camarines Sur
Position: MPCF Associate Professor 1/DEPED -ANHS SHS Science Teacher
Husband: Jorge Solares Veridiano
Children: Jamil Lyka B. Veridiano
Yul Francis B. Veridiano
Marc Ringo B. Veridiano
Nova Jyn B. vERIDIANO
Parents: Loreta Latap Salomon
Ernesto Bustilla Baldovia
Address: Zone 4 Sto. Domingo, Bula 4430 Camarines Sur
Educational Background:
Primary Sto. Domingo Elem. School, Bula, C.S., 186-1992 Valedictorian
Secondary Pili Nationa HS, Pili, C.S., 1992-1996 Fifth Honors
Tertiary Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Pili Main Campus,
1996-2000
Post-graduate Studies MSAED @ CBSUA Pili Main Campus, 2003-2004/20015-2016
PhD-Development of Education (DEVED) @ CBSUA Pili Main Dean’s List

Campus, 2016-2019
Achievements: International Speakership on (Japan, 2018)
School /District/Division Local Speakerships (Science & Research)

Regional Demo-Teaching
Researcher
Private Research Consultant
Outstanding Teacher 2016 (Minalabac District)
IM/Module Writer (Adviser: DR. RAMONA ISABEL S. RAMIREZ)
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History of Social Science and Philosophy

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History of Social Science and Philosophy

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Module 1

HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY

What this module is about

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters

What you are expected to learn

Content Standard/Performance Standard

This module will enable you to:

1. Familiarize the history of Philosophy and Social Science;

How to learn from this module

1. Read and understand the module very well.

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning

WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the Information Sheet L.O.1.1

INFORMATION SHEET L.O.1.1

HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHY

History of Social Sciences

The idea that society may be studied in a standardized and objective

Around the start of 20th century, enlightenment philosophy was challenged in

In the contemporary period, there continues to be little movement toward

ASSESSMENT L.O. 1.1

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity.

Activity Sheet L.O.1.1

History of Social Science and Philosophy

HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM?

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.

Activity Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Poor

Interpretation of the Scores:

Watch: “History of Social Science” and “History of Philosophy” at

Question to Answer: (Send to GC Messenger or email of the teacher)

A. History of Social Science

1. When was Social Science discovered?.

1. When was Philosophy discovered?.

LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2 NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read the Information Sheet L.O.1.2

INFORMATION SHEET L.O.1.2

NATURE AND SCOPE OF SCOCIAL SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHY

Nature/Concept of Social Science

Scope of Social Science

Social Science as a whole has many branches. These social sciences

The Study of Philosophy

Philosophy is considered as mother of all sciences. Epistemology,

Importance of Social Science and Philosophy

Social Science help us to understand how institutions develops behavior of

Philosophy help us identify the general and fundamental problems

ASSESSMENT L.O. 1.2

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

______1. Branch of science that deals with the A. Philosophy

______3. The main concern of Social Science. C. Social Science

______4. Philosophy enhances the human skills D. Institutions and

______5. Philosophy helps us to understand the E. Logical analysis

______6. Philosophy teaches critical thinking, close F. Comprehensive

______7. Philosophy develops a _________of thoughts G. Human behavior

______8. Social Science help us to understand how H. Experiences

______9.Philosophy enhances a person’s problem- I. Human society

______10.Social Science also dealing with a particular J. Problem concerns

_______1. Philosophy is also a science (such as economics or political science)

HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity.

Activity Sheet L.O.1.2

1. Analyze the Nature and Scope of Social Science and Philosophy.

7. Philosophy develops a ___of thoughts G. Human behavior