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Complex Power: V Ve I Ie
Complex Power: V Ve I Ie
Complex power
Ir
j 0D
V = V e
From... ..and... S = V ⋅I *
− jφ
I = I e
jφ
S=V Ie
We get: S = V I cos φ + j V I sin φ
and finally: S = P + jQ
23-Sep-11
Complex power,
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 3
Voltage or
Im current phasor
Note: The projection of a
revolving current and/or
voltage complex phasor (also
called vector) on the Re axis
represents the instantaneous
Re
values of the current and/or
Projection of a vector
on the Re-axis
voltage
V V
I= =
Circuit: Phasors: Z R
I V
+
φ= 0° I 2
V Z=R V ⋅V V *
S =V ⋅I = *
=
R R
-
2
V A resistance neither
Therefore: P=
R generates or consumes
Q=0 reactive power
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 6
V V V
I= = =−j
Circuit: Phasors: Z jω L ωL
I V
+
φ= 2
V Z=jωL 90° V ⋅V V *
I S =V ⋅I = j *
= j
ωL ωL
-
V
2
Q is positive ⇒
Therefore: Q= Inductance
ωL
consumes
P=0 reactive power
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 7
Circuit: Phasors:
I V
+ I I = = jω CV
Z
1
V Z= φ= -90° V
jω C S = V ⋅ I * = V ⋅ (− jω C ⋅ V * )
- 2
= − jω C V
Negative consumption =
generation Q is negative ⇒
2 Capacitance
Q = −ω C V generates
P=0 reactive power
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 8
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 9
Reactive Power
• Reactive power is supplied by
– generators
– capacitors
– transmission lines
– loads
• Reactive power is consumed by
– loads
– transmission lines and transformers (very high losses
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 10
Reactive Power
• Reactive power doesn’t travel well - must be supplied
locally.
• Reactive power must also satisfy Kirchhoff’s law - total
reactive power into a bus MUST be zero.
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 11
23-Sep-11
Advantages of three phase. Why 3 phases
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 12
systems?
23-Sep-11
3 separate identical
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 13
- +Vb Ib Z
+ Vc Ic Z
-
-
6 conductors!
symmetrical currents
Identical impedances!
Voltage phasors +
Vaf Ia Z Current phasors
Vbf
+ Ib Z
-
V cf Vcf Ic Z Ic
-
+
-
V af I
a
+ Va Ia Z
- +Vb Ib Z
+ Vc Ic Z
-
-
+ Va Ia Z
- +Vb Ib Z
+ Vc Ic Z
-
-
Ground wire
+v a ia Z
- +v b ib Z
- Ground wire
va (t ) = 2 V cos(ωt ) ia (t ) = 2 I cos(ωt − φ )
π π
vb (t ) = 2 V cos(ωt − ) ib (t ) = 2 I cos(ωt − φ − )
2 2
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 18
z = r + jω L 2
1
ia ZL/2
+ +
v1 (t ) = 2 V1 cos(ωt ) V2
– – ZL/2
-i a z = r + jω L
25 km
The system is balanced against the earth
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 19
•North America: a, b, c
•Europe: (old) R,S,T
•Europe: (new) L1, L2, L3
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 20
23-Sep-11
Symmetrical phase and
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 21
x
A triangle with
120° top angle: VL
V f = (V p ) =
x 3
3
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 24
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 25
3 different representation of symmetrical 3 phase
quantities :
Voltage or current
Wave-
Formulas:
forms:
va (t ) = 2 V sin(ω t )
b- Phase
time vb (t ) = 2 V sin (ω t −120°)
vc (t ) = 2 V sin (ω t + 120°)
a- Phase
c- Phase
c-Phase Im ia (t ) = 2 I sin(ω t − φ )
ib (t ) = 2 I sin(ω t −120° − φ )
Vectors: a-Phase Re
ic (t ) = 2 I sin(ω t + 120° − φ )
b-Phase
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 26
Instantaneous power
in a 3 phase system
va (t ) = 2 V sin(ω t ) ia (t ) = 2 I sin(ω t − φ )
vb (t ) = 2 V sin (ω t − 120°) ib (t ) = 2 I sin(ω t −120° − φ )
vc (t ) = 2 V sin (ω t + 120°) ic (t ) = 2 I sin(ω t + 120° − φ )
23-Sep-11
Instantaneous power
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 27
in a 3 phase system(2)
= 2 I V [ sin(ω t ) sin(ω t − φ )
+ sin(ω t − 120°) sin(ω t −120° − φ )
+ sin(ω t + 120°) sin(ω t + 120° − φ ) ]
23-Sep-11
Instantaneous total power
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 28
in a 3 phase system(3)
Use the following trigonometric identities to simplify:
1
sin x sin y = [ cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y ) ]
2
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 29
23-Sep-11
A mechanical analogy with a 3 phase
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 30
hydraulic generator
23-Sep-11
A mechanical analogy with a 1 phase
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 31
hydraulic generator
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 32
Substation layout
Substation equipment
Íslenska ENGLISH
Skinnur Busbar
Rafali Generator
Spennir Two-wdg transformer
Háspennulína Power line
Aflrofi Circuit breaker
Skilrofi Disconnector
Eldingavari Surge arrester
Straummælispennir Current transformer
Spennumælispennir Potential transformer
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 34
Substation layout
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2
2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 35
230/69 kV Substation
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 36
Bus bar
Current CT
Disconnect Circuit Disconnect
breaker
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 37
Gas insulated 245 kV switchgear in a switchyard in
Burfell
Newer indoor
switchyard
Old outdoor
switchyard
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 39
A new house
for an indoor
switchyard at
the Burfell
power station
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 40
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 41
Indoor switchyards
SF6 molecule
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 42
Substation Brennimelur
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 43
Source: Nicklasson
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 44
Circuit breakers
Iceland USA
Open Closed
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 45
Current transformer
• Reduces current
– Typically 1000/2 A
• Current monitored
– Control center
Source: Nicklasson
– Protection equipment
– P, Q transducers
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 46
Voltage/potential transformer
• Reduces voltage
– Typically x kV/110 V
• Voltage monitored
– Control center
– Protection equipment
Source: Nicklasson
– P, Q transducers
• C voltage divider
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 47
• Overvoltage trap
• Alternative to air gap
• Short-circuit to ground
Source: Nicklasson
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 48
References
• E. Lakervi, E.J. Holmes: Electricity
Distribution Network Design Peter
Peregrinus 1995, 2nd Ed
• http://www.rafhonnun.is/
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
Examples
Example 1
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
Examples
Example 1 –
solution
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
Example 2
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
Example 2 -solution
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
Example 4
23-Sep-11
Lecture #2 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson
Example 4 - solution
23-Sep-11