RF and Microwave Networks

Professor Bratin Ghosh

Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Lecture - 02
One-port Network

Here we will go through the concept of one-port network and its characterization. A one port
network is characterized by a single impedance or admittance element. Consider a surface
enclosing a network, such that the field is zero on the surface except where it crosses the input
guide, as shown in figure 2.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:59)

Figure 2 presents a one port network. 𝐸̅ and 𝐻

̅̅̅ are the electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
𝑛̂ is the unit vector. I and V are the port current and voltages, respectively. Zin is the input
impedance. Pin the complex power delivered to the network is given by

Pin = −  E  H
*
ds (20)
(Refer Slide Time: 02:34)

𝑒̅ and ℎ̅ are the real and transverse modal fields over the terminal plane of the network. We can
write that fields ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑡 and ̅̅̅
𝐻𝑡 as below

E t ( x, y , z ) = V ( z )e( x, y )e − j  z (21a)

H t ( x , y , z ) = I ( z ) h ( x, y ) e − j  z (21b)

With normalization such that  e  h  d s = 1 the equation 20 can be rewritten as,

S

Pin = −VI *  e  h  ds = VI * (22)

S

Where V and I are mode voltages and currents at the reference plane i.e. at the cross section cut
by the surface enclosing the network.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:10)

However, because of the conservation of complex power, we get

VI * = Pin = Pd + j 2 ( wm − we ) (23)

where Pd represents the average power dissipated by the network and is a real quantity. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑚 is the
magnetic energy stored, and ̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑒 is the electric energy stored in the network.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:43)

Then the input impedance is given by

Pin VI * 1
Zin = = R + jX = = 2  Pd + j 2 ( wm − we )  (24)
I2 I 2
I

The real part of the input impedance Zin, R is related to the dissipated power, while the imaginary
part X is related to the net energy stored in the network. Similarly, the input admittance is given
by

Pin* 1
Yin = = G + jB =  Pd − j 2 ( wm − we ) 
V2  
2 (25)
V

Similar to the Equation 24, in equation 25 it can be observed that the real part is related to the
dissipated power Pd, while the imaginary part is related to the stored or the difference between
the stored magnetic energy and the stored electric energy. The real and imaginary parts of Yin are
the conductance and susceptance respectively.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:21)

From equations 24 and 25, we can find that if R=0 and G=0, we have a dissipation less network.
Which implies that for a lossless network, Zin is purely imaginary.
 2w( wm − we )
X= (26)
I2

For ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑚 > ̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑒 , X is a positive quantity i.e. X has the behavior of an inductive load. And ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑚 <
̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑒 , X is a negative quantity i.e. X has the behavior of a capacitive load. The second important
inference is that R and G cannot be negative in the lossy case as they contribute for power
dissipation, and power dissipated cannot be negative in the lossy case.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:47)

The third conclusion is that, at resonance, X = B = 0, which means that the electric and the
magnetic energy densities are equal. Now, consider a driving point impedance Z(ω) at the input
port of electrical network. The voltage and current at this port can be written as V(ω)= Z(ω) I(ω).
For an arbitrary frequency dependence, the time domain voltage v(t) is given by taking the inverse
Fourier transform of V(ω).


1 − jt
v(t ) =
2  V ( )e
−
d (27)
(Refer Slide Time: 13:23)

Now, since v(t) must be real, v(t)= v*(t) [⸪ v(t) is real]. Therefore, we get

  
− jt − jt
 V ( )e d = V
*
( )e d = V
*
(− )e jt d (28)
− − −

here, V(ω) must satisfy the relation,

V (− ) = V * ( )
(29)

Which means that the real part of V(ω), i.e. Re[V(ω)] is an even function of ω, while the
imaginary part Im[V(ω)] is an odd function in ω.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:13)

Similar results hold true for I(ω) and Z(ω).

Z (− ) = Z * ( )
(30)
Y (− ) = Y * ( )

Therefore, R and G are even functions of ω while X and B are odd functions of ω.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:20)

Therefore, in the lossless case the net power delivered to the network is 0. Therefore, we can
write Re [Pin]=0 Or Re [VI*] =0. As VI* is imaginary and hence V must be 90◦ out of phase with
I. Here it will be shown that everywhere within the network E is in phase with V and H is in
phase and hence E is 90◦ out of phase with H. Consider a reference plan such that V is real.
Therefore, 𝑛̂ × 𝑒 is real over the cross section of the input right and 0 over the rest of enclosing
surface. The expressions for the electric and magnetic fields are given as below.

E = Er + E i
(31)
H = Hr + H i

(Refer Slide Time: 18:49)

By substituting equation 31 into Maxwell's equations given as below

 E = − j H
(32)
 H = j E

the boundary conditions as well as the field equations will be satisfied by assuming E real and H
imaginary. This is therefore the only solution by the uniqueness theorem. So, the solution is
unique and therefore this must be the only solution that is E real and H imaginary.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:28)

Let us now consider the effect of a change in frequency. The frequency derivative of equation 32
is given as below:

E H
 = − j  H − j (33)
 

H E
 = j E + j (34)
 

Now, multiplying Equation 33 by H* and the conjugate of the second of Equation 32 by dE/dω
and subtract one from the other, we will obtain:


 

E  *
(
 H −  H
 
* E


) *
= − j  H H − j
H *

H + j E
* E


(35)
(Refer Slide Time: 23:07)

Now, we use the identity  ( F  G ) = F (   G ) − G (   F ) ,from Equation 35 we get:

 E * H * * E
  H  = − j  H 2 − j H + j E (36)
    

(Refer Slide Time: 25:18)

Similarly, if we scalarly multiply Equation 34 by E* and the conjugate of the first part of Equation
32 by dH/dω and subtract one from the other, we will obtain:
 


H  *
 E −  E
 
(
* H


)*
= j E E + j E
* E


− j H
* H



 H * * E * H
  E  = j E 2 + j E − j H (37)
    

(Refer Slide Time: 27:30)

Subtracting Equation 37 from Equation 36 we get

 E * H *
 H −  E  = − j  H 2 − j E 2 (38)
   

 E H *
    H
*
−

( )
 E  ds = − j   H 2 +  E 2 d (39)


Equation 39 is obtained by integrating Equation 38 throughout the region of space and by

applying divergence theorem to the left-hand term. The right side is proportional to the total
electromagnetic energy contained within the region.