Central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal

cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), composed of the cranial,
spinal, and peripheral nerves conducting impulses to and from
the CNS (motor and sensory nerves respectively) and ganglia
which are small groups of nerve cells outside the CNS .
NEURON(perikaryon )
The three major parts of every neuron.
The cell body is large and has a large,
euchromatic nucleus with a
well‐developed nucleolus. The
perikaryon also contains basophilic Nissl
substance or Nissl bodies, which are
large masses of free polyriposomes and
RER and indicate the cell’s high rate of
protein synthesis. Numerous short
dendrites extend from the perikaryon,
receiving input from other neurons. A
long axon carries impulses from the cell
body and is covered by a myelin sheath
composed of other cells.
Neurons, neuropil, and the common glial cells of the CNS.

(a) Most neuronal cell bodies

(N) in the CNS are larger than
the much more numerous glial
cells (G) that surround them
Cerebellum.

(a) The cerebellar cortex is convoluted

with many distinctive small folds, each
supported at its center by tracts of white
matter in the cerebellar medulla (M).
Each fold has distinct
molecular layers (ML) and granular layers
(GL). . Cresyl violet.
medulla (M) is densely packed with
several different types of very small
rounded neuronal cell bodies. The outer
molecular layer (ML). At the interface of
these two regions a layer of large Purkinje
neuron (P) perikarya can be seen
At the interface between the granular and molecular layers is a single layer with very
large neuronal cell bodies of unique Purkinje cells (P), dendrites of Purkinje cells
have hundreds of small branches, each covered with dendritic spines
Cerebral cortex
(a): Important neurons of the
cerebrum are pyramidal
neurons (P), which are
arranged vertically and
interspersed with numerous
glial cells in the eosinophilic
(b): From the apical ends of
pyramidal neuron, long
dendrites extend in the
direction of the cortical
surface, which can be best seen
in thick silver-stained sections
in which only a few other
protoplasmic glial cells are
seen.
 in the spinal cord the gray matter is internal, forming a roughly H-shaped
structure that consists of two posterior (P) horns (sensory) and two anterior (A)
(motor) horns all joined by the gray commissure around the central
canal. (a): The gray matter contains abundant large neuronal cell bodies):The
white matter surrounds the gray matter and contains primarily oligodendrocytes
and tracts of myelinated axons running along the length of the cord
Ependymal cells
Figure 9-18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies
Ganglia.
(a) A sensory ganglion (G)
has a distinct connective
tissue capsule (C) and
internal framework
continuous with the
epineurium and other
components of peripheral
nerves, except that no
perineurium.
(b) The small, rounded
nuclei of glia cells called
satellite cells (S
Spinal nerve
Ps. X450.
• Peripheral nerve connective tissue: Epi-, peri-, and endoneurium.
(a). The epineurium (E) consists of a dense superficial region and a looser deep
region that contains the larger blood vessels.). Nerve fibers (N) are bundled in
fascicles. Each fascicle is surrounded by the perineurium (P Axons and Schwann
cells are in turn surrounded by a thin layer of endoneurium. (c) As shown here
and in the diagram, septa (S) of connective tissue often extend from the
perineurium into larger fascicles. The endoneurium (En) and lamellar nature of
the perineurium (P) are also shown at this magnification, along with some
adjacent epineurium (E). X200. PT.